Objective To investigate the residues characteristics of veterinary drug in Gallus gallus domesticus from Hubei Province and assess the dietary exposure risks. Methods The 34 types of veterinary drug residues were detected in 100 randomly collected samples of Gallus gallus domesticus from farms, agricultural markets, wholesale markets and slaughterhouses in Hubei Province in 2024 by ultra performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (UPLC-MS/MS). The dietary exposure risk assessment of detected veterinary drug residues was conducted using the veterinary drug residue risk ranking matrix of the United Kingdom Veterinary Drug Residue Committee and the index of food safety (IFS) method. Results The 12 kinds of veterinary drugs were detected in the samples, with a residue detection rate of 49%. Among these, 2 kinds of drugs were prohibited for use in food animals, and 1 kind of drug was approved for therapeutic use but prohibited from detection in animal-derived foods. The risk assessment revealed that the IFS values of all detected veterinary drugs were significantly less than 1, indicating a low dietary exposure risk from residues. Conclusion This suggests that the quality and safety of Gallus gallus domesticus in Hubei Province are satisfactory, with minimal health risks posed by residual veterinary drugs to humans.

Objective Taking silicon dioxide fired from barley shells as the research object, to explore the potential application of its aqueous solution in efficient extraction of active functional components (flavonoids and polyphenols compounds) from plant materials represented by purple corn tea. Methods The silica aqueous solution was subjected to an acute oral toxicity test, and the mice were observed for 14 consecutive days, and the reactions, deaths and weight of the mice were recorded. Through the acute oral toxicity test, it was found that the acute oral toxicity median lethal dose (LD₅₀) of the test substance to female and male ICR mice was greater than 5000 mg/kg BW, which was actually non-toxic. Subsequently, this study took purple corn tea as an example, and based on the single factor experiment, adopted the response surface methodology and combined it with ultrasound-assisted extraction technology to systematically evaluate the effects of key factors such as solvent type, liquid-to-solid ratio, extraction temperature and time on the extraction efficiency of flavonoids and polyphenols. Results A barley husk-derived silica aqueous solution with a mass concentration of 7000  mg/L was used as the extraction solvent. The optimal extraction conditions for flavonoids were a solid-to-liquid ratio of 0.04  (g/mL), an extraction temperature of 67  ℃, and an extraction time of 34.3  min. For polyphenols, the optimal extraction conditions were a solid-to-liquid ratio of 0.04  (g/mL), an extraction temperature of 50.7  ℃, and an extraction time of 61.6  min. Conclusion Compared with other solvents, the silica aqueous solution derived from barley husks exhibits superior extraction performance under the same conditions, demonstrating its preliminary feasibility for extracting flavonoids and polyphenols from purple corn tea and indicating its promising potential for further development and application.

Many foodborne Chinese herbs exhibit significant efficacy in sedation and hypnotic effects, with the advantages of safety, mildness, and convenience. These properties have garnered widespread attention from individuals suffering from insomnia, scientific researchers, and relevant practitioners. Such herbs are predominantly utilized in health foods and ordinary foods. In the realm of health foods aimed at aiding sleep, dosage forms are diverse, and ingredients such as Semen Ziziphi Spinosae, Ganoderma lucidum, and Schisandra chinensis are frequently employed. Within the domain of ordinary foods, a variety of products including medicinal diets, beverages, and snacks are involved, showcasing diverse product forms and production processes. Regarding research advancements, the effective dosages of different food-derived Chinese herbs medicines for improving sleep vary, and their sleep-aid components encompass terpenoids, alkaloids, flavonoids and other constituents. The mechanisms of action span neurotransmitter regulation, signaling pathway modulation, gut microbiota improvement, antioxidative and anti-inflammatory activity. Nevertheless, there remain deficiencies in the research and product development of foodborne Chinese herbal medicines for sleep aid. This paper systematically summarized the applications and usage rules of foodborne Chinese herbal medicines in sleep aid foods, reviewed modern research on foodborne Chinese herbal medicines and sleep aids, and elucidated the efficacious components and mechanisms of foodborne Chinese herbal medicines for sleep enhancement, thereby providing valuable references for the research and development of sleep aid products based on foodborne Chinese herbal medicines.

Foodborne pathogenic bacteria are one of the main causes of foodborne illness, and pose a serious threat to global public health. At present, the detection of pathogenic bacteria in food primarily relies on conventional plate culture method and auxiliary means, such as chromogenic medium and biochemical identification. However, these methods are long-term, cumbersome and prone to false positives, making them inadequate to meet the demands of modern food safety for rapid and accurate detection. Therefore, the development of rapid and effective detection technologies is crucial for the timely detection, control and elimination of bacterial contamination. This paper took several common foodborne pathogenic bacteria, including Escherichia coli, Salmonella Typhimurium, Listeria monocytogenes, and Staphylococcus aureus, as examples to provide a detailed analysis of the principles, applications, advantages and limitations of various detection methods, and discussed the development trend of detection technology in the future. This study provides both theoretical support and practical guidance for enhancing existing detection methods and the developing new rapid detection technologies, with the goal of more effectively tackling challenges related to food safety.

The contamination problem of Bacillus cereus seriously affects the food safety of China, the development of prevention and control technology against Bacillus cereus is urgent. Lactic acid bacteria, as a safe and efficient biological control method, have a good prospect in controlling Bacillus cereus precisely. Previous studies have found that Lactiplantibacillus, Lactobacillus and Lacticaseibacillus are the main genus of antagonistic bacteria. The antibacterial components against Bacillus cereus are mainly bacteriocins, organic acids and extracellular polysaccharides. The antagonistic mechanism mainly included destroying the integrity of cell membrane, inhibiting spore germination, biofilm formation and toxin expression, but the mechanism of internal gene expression regulation is still lack of in-depth exploration. This paper reviewed the progress in controlling of Bacillus cereus by lactic acid bacteria, summarized the lactic acid bacteria species, antibacterial compounds and their antagonistic mechanisms against Bacillus cereus, as well as the applications in food, also prospected the investigation of new types of microbial antibacterial components, the mechanism of action and the future applications, to provide new insights for the development of green prevention and control technologies of foodborne pathogens.

Objective To study the decontamination effects of different photosensitizers combined with blue light irradiation on Porphyra yezoensis. Methods This study first compared the bactericidal effects of 4 kinds of photosensitizers (curcumin, vitamin K3, riboflavin, and sodium copper chlorophyllin) and 3 kinds of wavelengths (405, 420 and 460 nm) on Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus. Two kinds of blue light wavelengths (405 nm and 420 nm) and photosensitizers (curcumin and riboflavin) were then applied to fresh Pyropia yezoensi before drying. The influences of curcumin concentration, irradiation time, and distance were examined. The changes in hygienic indicator bacteria, color difference (ΔE), and nutritional content were measured before and after treatment and drying. Results The decontamination effect on fresh Pyropia yezoensi were consistent with those in the pure bacterial system. Blue light combined with photosensitizers exhibited stronger sterilization efficiency. The optimal treatment was 420 nm blue light combined with 100 μmol/L curcumin (5 cm distance, 150 min). The total viable count and coliforms in untreated fresh Pyropia yezoensi were 5.69 log CFU/g and 4.34 log CFU/g, respectively, which increased to 6.63 log CFU/g and 4.15 log CFU/g after primary drying. Total viable count and coliforms respectively decreased by 1.88 log CFU/g and 1.46 log CFU/g after treatment, and decreased by 1.94 log CFU/g and 1.35 log CFU/g after drying. ΔE of dried Pyropia yezoensi after treatment ranged between 0.5 and 1.5, indicating a slight but noticeable change, while no significant differences (P>0.05) were observed in nutritional components such as vitamin C and vitamin E. Conclusion After treatment with 420 nm blue light and 100 μmol/L curcumin, the total viable count of dried Pyropia yezoensi was reduced to 4.56-4.82 log CFU/g. Apart from slight color difference due to staining, there was no significant change in nutritional components. This study provides technical support for developing a safe, efficient and environmentally friendly preservation and processing method for Pyropia yezoensi.

Objective To establish a method for the determination of biogenic amines in prefabricated food by ultra performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. Methods The samples were extracted with 5% trichloroacetic acid, defatted with n-hexane, and purified using a cation exchange solid-phase extraction cartridge prior to instrumental analysis. The separation was carried out on an ACQUITY UPLC BEH Amide column with gradient elution using a mobile phase made up of pH 4.5, 90 mmol ammonium formate and acetonitrile. Detection was carried out in electrospray ionization-positive ion multiple reaction monitoring mode, and isotope internal standard method was used for quantitation. Results The method demonstrated a good linear standard curve (r≥0.9990); the limits of detection of histamine, tyramine and tryptamine were 0.1 mg/kg, and the limits of detection of putrescine and cadaverine were 1.0 mg/kg; the average recoveries of the 5 kinds of target compounds ranged from 85.7% to 123.4% with relative standard deviations of 2.89%-14.14%. In 201 samples, the detection rates of 5 kinds of biogenic amines were 90.5%. Cadaverine, histamine, putrescine, tyramine and tryptamine were detected, with average content of 2.39, 3.69, 17.86, 9.45 and 0.23 mg/kg. Conclusion This method is rapid, simple, sensitive and accurate, and is sutiable for qualitative and quantitative detection of biogenic amines in prefabricated food.

Objective To develop a method for the simultaneous determination of 18 kinds of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) in pork by isotope dilution-gas chromatography-high resolution magnetic mass spectrometry. Methods The optimal conditions of the accelerated solvent extractor and fully automated clean-up apparatus were determined by optimizing the extraction rate of the target substances using an accelerated solvent extractor and a fully automated clean-up instrument combined with isotope dilution method coupled with gas chromatography-high resolution magnetic mass spectrometry. A 4-factor, 3-level orthogonal test was designed using the extraction temperature, static extraction time and the number of cycles as the main factors to investigate the effect of the accelerated solvent extractor on the extraction rate of the fat content of the samples. The effects of the accelerated solvent extractor on the extraction rate of fat content of the samples were investigated. Results The linear relationships of the indicator PCBs (PCB28, PCBB52, PCB101, PCB118, PCB138, PCB153, PCB180) was good in the range of 0.5 to 200.0 pg/µL, and the linear range of the DL-PCBs (PCB77, PCB81, PCB105, PCB114, PCB123, PCB126, PCB156, PCB157, PCB167, PCB169, PCB189) had a good linear relationship in the range of 0.10 to 40.0 pg/µL, the correlation coefficients were all above 0.999. The limits of detection were in the range of 0.001-0.004 pg/g, and the limits of quantitation were in the range of 0.004-0.012 pg/g; the accuracy and precision of the fishmeal matrix standard reference material were tested by this study, and the PCBs levels were within the range with the relative standard deviations of 1.0%-7.5%. For the determination of actual samples of pork, and the contamination levels of PCBs in 18 kinds of were 1978.9-2530.8 pg/g fat. Conclusion This study is efficient, accurate, sensitive and suitable for the determination of 18 kinds of PCBs in pork.

Objective To analyze the content characteristics of 5 kinds of heavy metals including lead (Pb), cadmium (Ca), total arsenic (As), total chromium (Cr), and total mercury (Hg) in Arachis hypogaea L. sold in Anhui Province, and to establish risk assessment of dietary exposure based on consumption data. Methods A total of 80 Arachis hypogaea L. samples were collected from 16 cities in Anhui Province. The content of Pb, Ca, As, Cr and Hg in Arachis hypogaea L. samples were determined using inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS). The Nemerow comprehensive pollution index were applied to evaluate the heavy metal pollution status in Arachis hypogaea L.. Combined with the consumption survey data on Arachis hypogaea L. consumption of residents in Anhui Province from 2015 to 2017, to analyze the exposure of various population groups in Anhui Province to heavy metals via Arachis hypogaea L. consumption, and the health effects were evaluated. Results Among the 80 Arachis hypogaea L. samples, the detection rates of Pb, Cd, As, Cr and Hg were 92.5%, 100.0%, 100.0%, 93.8% and 7.5%, respectively. Except for Cr, which had an over-limit rate of 5.0%, all other elements remained within the acceptable limits. The difference was statistically significant (P<0.05). The single-factor pollution index of samples collected from Huainan City and Chuzhou City was greater than 0.7. Males aged 18-50 years had the highest Cr EDI [0.0622 μg/(kg·d), P_97.5=0.413 μg/(kg· d)]. The margin of exposure (MOE)/margin of safety (MOS) values of the 5 kinds of heavy metal elements in Arachis hypogaea L. were all greater than 1. The MOS value of the Cr element from 18-50 aged was lowed than 10, while the MOS values of Cd in were the lowest. Conclusion The detection rates of 5 kinds of heavy metals in Arachis hypogaea L. in Anhui Province are high, but the over-limit rates are low. Cr levels exceeds standards in certain localized areas, while Cd pollution indices varied across different sampling stages. The health risks from heavy metal exposure through Arachis hypogaea L. consumption are determined to be at acceptably low levels for local residents.

Nuts, being nutritionally rich, are widely favored by the public as healthy snacks. Nevertheless, the issue of mycotoxin contamination presents a potential hazard to their safety for consumption. During the processes of nut cultivation, harvesting and storage, nuts can become contaminated by fungi and produce toxins. These fungal toxins have the ability to accumulate in the human body. Prolonged consumption of contaminated nuts can cause harm to vital organs such as the liver and kidneys, thereby elevating the risk of cancer and neurological disorders. This article conducts a systematic analysis of the types and ecological distribution characteristics of mycotoxigenic fungi within the nut supply-chain. Moreover, it placed emphasis on reviewing the latest advancements in the current mycotoxin detection technology systems. These included well-established methods like mass spectrometry, chromatography, chemiluminescence and fluorescence, as well as modern toxin detection technologies and their recent breakthroughs. On this basis, the article also explored the future development trajectory of toxin detection technology. The ultimate goal is to offer a reliable guarantee for the stable development of the nut industry.