The effects of mixed silage of Stylosanthes Guianensis Reyan No. 2 and Pennisetum purpureum × P. glaucum cv. Reyan No. 4 on fermentation quality and nutrient composition were studied to screen out the appropriate proportion of mixed silage, and provide theoretical basis for the preparation of high-quality silage. The experiment was divided into 4 groups. The mixed silage ratios of Reyan No. 4 and Reyan No. 2 were 100∶0 (CK), 85∶15 (A₁), 70∶30 (A₂) and 55∶45 (A₃), respectively. Ensilage was unsealed for 30 days and sampled for detection. A₂ had the best sensory evaluation. With the increase of the ratio of Reyan No. 2, pH and NH₃-N/TN values gradually increased, and there were significant differences between A₁, A₂, A₃ and CK (P<0.05). The lactic acid (LA) content of A₃ was significantly lower than that of CK (P<0.05). The lactic acid/acetic acid (LA/AA) value was greater than 2.6 in all experimental groups. Butyric acid (BA) in A₂ was significantly lower than that in other groups (P<0.05). With the proportion of Reyan No.2 increasing, the content of crude protein (CP), dry matter (DM) and ether extract (EE) in all groups increased, and were significantly higher than those of CK (P<0.05). Water-soluble carbohydrate (WSC) content showed an increasing trend, and there was no significant difference among groups (P>0.05). Neutral detergent fiber (NDF) decreased gradually, and there was no significant difference among all groups (P>0.05). Acid detergent fiber (ADF) in all groups was significantly decreased (P<0.05). The ash content of each group decreased, and there was no significant difference among A₁, A₂ and A₃ compared with CK (P>0.05). In conclusion, the mixed silage of Reyan No. 2 and Reyan No. 4 can improve the fermentation quality and nutritional value of silage. Considering the fermentation quality and nutritional value, it is suggested that A₂ is suitable for silage.

Ganoderma lucidum polysaccharides (GLPs), the main efficacy components of G. lucidum body, have remarkable efficacy in improving immunity, anti-tumor and liver protection and so on. In order to reveal the effect of gradient ethanol precipitation process on the structural characteristics and biological activity of GLPs, the crude GLPs were extracted from G. lucidum body using anhydrous ethanol to removal impurities such as pigments and hot water extraction process. GLPs were classified by gradient ethanol (40%, 50%, 60%, 70%, 80% and 90%) precipitation, and 6 GLPs, including GLP40, GLP50, GLP60, GLP70, GLP80 and GLP90, were obtained. The structural features of GLPs such as composition, functional group characteristics, molecular weight distribution, and biological activities such as in vitro antioxidant activity and the growth effect of Lactobacillus rhamnosus LGG were characterized by GC-MS, near infrared GC-MS, NIR spectroscopy, gel chromatography and other modern instruments. The results showed that the 6 GLPs contained rhamnose, xylose, arabinose, mannose, glucose and galactose, with glucose, mannose and xylose predominating, GLP40 mainly consisted of mannose and xylose, GLP50, GLP60, GLP70, GLP80 and GLP90 mainly consisted of glucose and mannose, and the highest percentage of glucose was found in GLP80 and GLP90. The typical functional groups of the 6 GLPs fractions at 892.9 cm^-1, 1048-1084 cm^-1, etc. were intact and did not differ significantly from each other, and all of them were β-type glucan conformations. The molecular weight of the 6 GLPs was different, and the heavy average molecular weight, number average molecular weight and peak molecular weight showed positive correlations. 97-14 925, 99-49 410, 98-32 030, 3614-19 589, 3614-10 795, 4385-11 084 g/mol, with preferential precipitation of high molecular weight GLPs at low ethanol concentrations. 6 GLPs had stronger DPPH radical scavenging ability, hydroxyl radical scavenging ability, and total antioxidant capacity, and GLP90 had stronger antioxidant activity than the other fractions. The 6 GLPs helped to promote the growth of L. rhamnosus LGG. The above findings would provide data support for the study of GLPs extraction process and product development.

Solanum xanthocarpum fruits are used as the test material, and the extraction process of chlorogenic acid is studied in detail by using the ultrasonic-assisted ethanol extraction test method. Values of four group parameters for the volume solubility of ethanol aqueous solution, ratio of liquid to the material, ultrasonic time, ultrasonic temperature were adjusted, and then the proposed extraction process parameters of chlorogenic acid from single-factor experiments and the corresponding results were optimized. The optimized parameters were ethanol concentration 65%, ratio of liquid to material 50 mL/g, ultrasonic temperature 60 ℃ and ultrasonic time 40 min. On the basis of the above single factor optimization results, the final quadratic multiphase mathematical model was obtained further by optimization from the Box-Behnken response surface method. The extraction process parameters were ethanol concentration 64.7%, liquid-to-solid ratio 55.8 mL/g, and ultrasonic temperature 56.0 ℃ for 40.5 min, and the optimal extraction rate of chlorogenic acid was 6.81%. The extract of S. xanthocarpum fruits had good antioxidant capacity to DPPH and ABTS free radical scavenging with IC₅₀ values of 55.7 mg/L and 20.1 mg/L, respectively.

In order to clarify the effects of tropical organic materials on the physicochemical properties and microbial community structure of latosol, pineapple leaves, banana stems, coconut husk and organic fertilizer were selected as the test materials in this study and carried out organic materials-soil mixture incubation experiment with 90-day. After that, the effects of organic materials on soil pH, available phosphorus, aggregate, microbial community structure change and enzyme activity were compared with those of CK. The results showed that banana stems and organic fertilizer could increase soil pH value and available phosphorus content, and pineapple leaf aggravated soil acidification in the short term. Pineapple leaves and banana stems were helpful to promoting the formation of diameter > 0.25 mm aggregates. Pineapple leaves, banana stems and organic fertilizer increased the activities of soil xylanase, cellulase and leucine aminopeptidase, as well as the G⁺ strains, G^- strains, eukaryotes and fungi in soil. The average proportion of G⁺ strains in banana stems and pineapple leaves was 27.8% higher than that in CK (21.4%). Compared with CK, the proportion of fungi in banana stalk, pineapple leaf, coconut bran and organic fertilizer increased by 300.2%, 232.1%, 165.0% and 51.9%, respectively. The application of organic fertilizer significantly increased the proportion of AM fungi, while pineapple leaves and banana stems helped to increase the number of eukaryotic organisms in soil.

Based on the investigation of communities, the community type, species composition, diversity, succession degree and diameter breast-high structure of alpine wetland from wet herbaceous to woody plant stage in alpine wetland of Mao'er Mountain, Guangxi and exploring the succession process and trends of plant communities were analyzed using the quadrat method. 136 vascular plant species, belonging to 103 genera and 62 families, were recorded in the survey area. The proportion of single family and single species was large. Simpson index was high and the species diversity was rich. It had important status and high research value in the alpine wetland of Mao'er Mountain. The geographical composition of species was complex, with transitional characteristics of tropical, subtropical and north temperate zones, which containing the endemic genera of Latouchea, Notoseris and Tsuga chinensis. Wetlands of T. chinensis was rare, and the wetlands in this area remained pristine, which had great conservation significance. It was a composite structure which including grass, scrub and tree layers. Flora was divided several different communities by calculating the importance values of the species. Plant species richness was not an accurate measure of community succession. The number of plant species generally increased and then decreased as succession progresses. And the maximum value occurred in the middle and late period of succession. It can be inferred that the succession sequence from wet herbaceous plant stage to woody plant stage is Juncus prismatocarpus grass→Carex nemostachys grass→Rubus caudifolius shrub→Acer sinense shrub→Fargesia nitida shrub→theropencedrymion of T. chinensis community→laurilignosa of Cyclobalanopsis stewardiana + Bennettiodendron leprosipes community→Mixed evergreen deciduous forest of Gamblea ciliata var. Evodiaefolia community. It was the forward succession under natural conditions. By analyzing the DBH structure of the dominant species in tree communities, the community succession was in process. T. chinensis community was large fluctuations, C. stewardiana and B. leprosipes was stable community, and there was a tendency of decline in population development of G. ciliata var. Evodiaefolia community. The end result of succession was formed a climax community. So it's still in the progress of succession in alpine wetland of Mao'er Mountain, the final stable forest community had not been formed so far.

Based on the survey data in 2003 and 2019, the diversity of wetland vascular plants in Jianhu Provincial Nature Reserve in Yunnan was studied. The wetland plants were determined according to the standards issued by the State Forestry Administration and the division of relevant literatures. The results showed that there were 129 species of wetland vascular plants belonging to 83 genera and 34 families in Jianhu wetland, which could be divided into 12 distribution types and 12 forms. The temperate species accounted for 75.19% of the total number of wetland vascular plants in the reserve; There were 13 species endemic to China, accounting for 10.08% of the total number of wetland vascular plants in the reserve, including 4 species endemic to Yunnan, accounting for 3.10% of the total number of vascular plants in the wetland reserve. According to the classification and statistics of life forms, 92 species of hygrophytes, 19 species of submerged plants, 9 species of emergent plants, 5 species of floating plants and 4 species of floating leaf plants were obtained. The wetland vegetation consisted of 5 vegetation subtypes, hygrophyte type, emergent plant type, floating plant type, floating leaf plant type and submerged plant type, and 17 formations, for example, Polygonum hydropiper, Oenanthe javanica and Carexbolting sp. formation and Polygonum hydropiper, Polygonum amphibium and Polygonum strindbergii formation. According to the species habits, morphological characteristics, habitats and sources in the field investigation, it is determined that there were 4 categories and 63 species of secondary vascular plants in Jianhu wetland, and the floristic secondary degree was 48.84%. There were 39 species of wetland vascular plants in Jianhu Lake and Lashihai in Northwest Yunnan, with a species similarity of 22.29%, and 18 species of wetland vascular plants in Chenghai in Central Yunnan Province, with a species similarity of 10.00%, with a higher similarity with Lashihai. The results show that the vascular plants in Jianhu wetland are characterized by high species richness, significant temperate components, extremely low endemic rate, complete life forms, diverse community types, high floristic secondary degree and obvious components in Northwest Yunnan. The main reasons for the diversity of wetland vascular plants in Jianhu Lake are the high altitude, north latitude and serious human impact on Jianhu Lake, which are directly related to the characteristics of Jianhu Lake, such as shallow water, fast water replacement, low pollution, gentle lake bed inclination, large bank curvature and thick sludge at the bottom.

Litchi (Litchi chinensis Sonn.) is one of the most distinctive fruits in South China and is one of the pillar industries of rural economy in South China. At present, the cultivated area of litchi in China is more than 533 000 hm² and the output is more than 2.3 million tons, accounting for more than 80% of the total cultivated area and more than 65% of the total output in the world. The panicle of litchi is paniculate, terminal, generally composed of cymes, with a length of 10-40 cm and 200-1500 florets. Excessive number of florets will consume tree nutrition and affect litchi fruit setting. Therefore, reducing the number of florets by regulating branches is an effective measure to improve fruit setting. SUPPRESSOR OF MAX2 1-LIKE 7 (SMXL7) is an important component of strigolactone signaling pathway and a new inhibitor with dual functions. SMXL7 is involved in leaf morphology regulating and branch development in Arabidopsis and rice. In order to identify the regulatory factors involved in the panicle branch development in litchi, LcSMXL7 the homologous of arabidopsis SMXL7 was cloned, the sequence of LcSMXL7 was obtained from RNA-seq data and the gene sequence, physicochemical properties, evolutionary relationships, conserved domain, tissue expression pattern, subcellular localization and gene function were analyzed. The open reading frame of LcSMXL7 was 3408 bp length, encoding 1135 amino acids. LcSMXL7 protein contained two CLP domains and one AAA_2 domain. The molecular formula, molecular weight and theoretical isoelectric point of LcSMXL7 was C₅₄₂₉H₈₆₃₂N₁₅₃₀O₁₇₁₅S₃₈, 123.99 kDa and 5.96. The Instability index, aliphatic index and grand average of hydropathicity of LcSMXL7 was 46.38, 83.74 and -0.305, respectively. LcSMXL7 was highly expressed in stems, seeds and leaves, followed by panicle, male flowers and pericarps, while the expression was low in female flowers, pulp and roots. Phylogenetic tree analysis showed that LcSMXL7 was closely related to SMXL7 protein from woody fruit trees sweet orange and mango. Subcellular localization analysis showed that LcSMXL7 was located in the nucleus, suggesting that it may participate in the regulation of gene expression as a transcription factor. Transgenic results showed that overexpression of LcSMXL7 in Arabidopsis could significantly increase the number of branches, indicating that LcSMXL7 could positively regulate the development of branches in Arabidopsis. We clarified the LcSMXL7 protein characteristics, tissue expression pattern, evolutionary relationships, conserved domain, subcellular localization and gene function, which would build a foundation for elucidating the molecular mechanism of LcSMXL7 in branch development.

C2H2 zinc finger protein is one of the most common zinc finger proteins and widely found in eukaryotes. It plays an important role in plant growth and development, abiotic stress response to salt, low temperature and drought stress. In this study, the C2H2 amino acid sequence of Arabidopsis thaliana were used to blast with local BLASTP in the oil palm genome database and to predict the conservative domains, and to screen the C2H2 zinc finger protein family of oil palm. The physical and chemical properties, evolutionary relationships, chromosomal location, gene structure, conservative motif and promoter cis-elements were analyzed through bioinformatics softwares, the expression of EgC2H2 gene was analyzed by the transcriptome data and real-time fluorescence quantitative PCR under low temperature stress. A total of 73 C2H2 type zinc finger protein family members were identified from the genome of oil palm. The number of amino acids in EgC2H2 family was between 128 and 556, The molecular weight was between 14 176.73 and 58 983.30 Da, the isoelectric point was between 4.99 and 9.62, the instability index was between 38.84 and 86.01, and the gravy was between -1.154 and -0.226. Subcellular localization showed that the C2H2 gene family were localized in the nucleus. Phylogenetic tree analysis showed that EgC2H2 family members were divided into four subfamilies, most members of EgC2H2 family were classified into subfamily Ⅰ and subfamily Ⅱ, and the domains of the same subfamily members were highly consistent. Chromosome location results showed that EgC2H2 family members were unevenly distributed on the 16 chromosomes of oil palm. Analysis of promoter cis-elements showed that the EgC2H2 family contained many promoter cis-elements related to light response elements, plant hormones response elements and stress response elements. Transcriptome analysis showed that most EgC2H2 genes responded to low temperature stress, and most EgC2H2 genes were highly expressed in cold-tolerant materials and low expressed in cold-sensitive materials. qRT-PCR analysis showed that the expression level of EgC2H2-23, EgC2H2-11, EgC2H2-19, EgC2H2-17 and EgC2H2-21 was significantly up-regulated, and the expression level of cold-tolerant materials was significantly higher than that of cold-sensitive materials. It was speculated that the genes would play a key role in oil palm response to low temperature stress, and can be used as candidate genes for further study. This study would provide theoretical reference for further study on the functional analysis of C2H2 gene family in oil palm.

Hirschmanniella spp. are migratory endoparasitic nematodes which are parasitic in the root of rice. They are widely distributed in different types of fields and have become serious parasitic nematodes to rice. The plant-parasitic nematode Hirschmanniella mucronate is one of the most serious rice nematodes in Jiangxi, China. At present, breeding and planting other disease-resistant varieties is the most economical and effective measure to control the disease. The significant up-regulated OsECH1 gene was screened by transcriptome analysis of healthy susceptible rice 'Bawangbian' root tissues and susceptible rice 'Bawangbian' root tissues infected by H. mucronata. Phylogenetic analysis of OsECH1 and its homologous proteins showed that OsECH1 and other homologous proteins had the same structure, including the same conserved domain PLN02874. And OsECH1 belonged to the ECH protein family. Besides, five homologous genes were found in the genome of 'Nipponbare' group and OsECH1 was located in Chr1. The full length of OsECH1 was cloned and the recombinant expression vector was constructed by homologous recombination technique. Meanwhile, the transgenic rice was transformed by GV1301. RT-qPCR was used to analyze the effect of OsECH1 gene expression level on the infection of H. mucronate in rice. The results showed that overexpressing OsECH1 in rice could reduce the infection of H. mucronata, while silencing OsECH1 in rice could significantly increase the infection of H. mucronata. The results of subcellular localization of OsECH1 showed that the protein was expressed in nucleus. And the results of His-tag pull down demonstrated that the protein may interacted with five defence-related proteins. The five defense-related proteins belonged to vATP-synt_E protein family, Ricin-B protein family, catalase and B_lectin protein family respectively. Meanwhile, RT-qPCR results showed that OsECH1 had regulatory effects on the five proteins. The results would provide a basis for further understanding the function of OsECH1 gene, and for understanding the molecular mechanism of OsECH1.

Identification of heterozygote is a key step in the cross breeding of Lentinula edodes. A new ISSR technique (N-ISSR) was designed in this study based on discrimination between the two nucleus of the donor strain to identify quickly and accurately the authenticity of hybrid strains of L. edodes. The new ISSR was used to identify 40 hybrid strains which were from the Di-mon mating between dikaryon wild strain YX7 and spore monokaryons of cultivated strain 808, as well as microscopy observation combined with antagonistic test (MOCAT) and the traditional ISSR technique (T-ISSR) as the control. N-ISSR results showed 27 strains were confirmed to be true heterozygote as they possessed specific DNA bands from one of the nucleus of donor strain YX7, and the other 13 strains were confirmed to not be heterozygote. Among them, 11 strains were strain YX7 itself as they possessed both specific DNA bands from the two nucleus of strain YX7, and 2 strains were spore monocaryons of strain 808 as they had no any specific DNA bands of donor strain YX7. Compared with MOCAT, N-ISSR could thorough identify all the 27 heterozygote strains, which included the 19 strains identified as heterozygote, the 6 strains unable to be identified and 2 strains incorrectly identified as non-heterozygote by MOCAT. N-ISSR could identify all the 27 heterozyote stains and 13 non-heterozyote stains with simple primer, and could classify the heterozygote strains into two groups according to the type of nucleus received from the donor. On contrast, T-ISSR needed 4 primers to identify all the 27 heterozygote strains, and was unable to con firm the other 13 stains as non-heterozygote stains, and was unable to classify the heterozygote strains into two groups. In conclusion, N-ISSR was an effective tool to be used for fast, extensive and accurate identification of heterozygote and non-heterozygote strains of L. edodes, and would be a technical support for further study on the cross breeding and genetic analysis of L. edodes.