Based on the investigation of communities, the community type, species composition, diversity, succession degree and diameter breast-high structure of alpine wetland from wet herbaceous to woody plant stage in alpine wetland of Mao'er Mountain, Guangxi and exploring the succession process and trends of plant communities were analyzed using the quadrat method. 136 vascular plant species, belonging to 103 genera and 62 families, were recorded in the survey area. The proportion of single family and single species was large. Simpson index was high and the species diversity was rich. It had important status and high research value in the alpine wetland of Mao'er Mountain. The geographical composition of species was complex, with transitional characteristics of tropical, subtropical and north temperate zones, which containing the endemic genera of Latouchea, Notoseris and Tsuga chinensis. Wetlands of T. chinensis was rare, and the wetlands in this area remained pristine, which had great conservation significance. It was a composite structure which including grass, scrub and tree layers. Flora was divided several different communities by calculating the importance values of the species. Plant species richness was not an accurate measure of community succession. The number of plant species generally increased and then decreased as succession progresses. And the maximum value occurred in the middle and late period of succession. It can be inferred that the succession sequence from wet herbaceous plant stage to woody plant stage is Juncus prismatocarpus grass→Carex nemostachys grass→Rubus caudifolius shrub→Acer sinense shrub→Fargesia nitida shrub→theropencedrymion of T. chinensis community→laurilignosa of Cyclobalanopsis stewardiana + Bennettiodendron leprosipes community→Mixed evergreen deciduous forest of Gamblea ciliata var. Evodiaefolia community. It was the forward succession under natural conditions. By analyzing the DBH structure of the dominant species in tree communities, the community succession was in process. T. chinensis community was large fluctuations, C. stewardiana and B. leprosipes was stable community, and there was a tendency of decline in population development of G. ciliata var. Evodiaefolia community. The end result of succession was formed a climax community. So it's still in the progress of succession in alpine wetland of Mao'er Mountain, the final stable forest community had not been formed so far.

Ganoderma lucidum polysaccharides (GLPs), the main efficacy components of G. lucidum body, have remarkable efficacy in improving immunity, anti-tumor and liver protection and so on. In order to reveal the effect of gradient ethanol precipitation process on the structural characteristics and biological activity of GLPs, the crude GLPs were extracted from G. lucidum body using anhydrous ethanol to removal impurities such as pigments and hot water extraction process. GLPs were classified by gradient ethanol (40%, 50%, 60%, 70%, 80% and 90%) precipitation, and 6 GLPs, including GLP40, GLP50, GLP60, GLP70, GLP80 and GLP90, were obtained. The structural features of GLPs such as composition, functional group characteristics, molecular weight distribution, and biological activities such as in vitro antioxidant activity and the growth effect of Lactobacillus rhamnosus LGG were characterized by GC-MS, near infrared GC-MS, NIR spectroscopy, gel chromatography and other modern instruments. The results showed that the 6 GLPs contained rhamnose, xylose, arabinose, mannose, glucose and galactose, with glucose, mannose and xylose predominating, GLP40 mainly consisted of mannose and xylose, GLP50, GLP60, GLP70, GLP80 and GLP90 mainly consisted of glucose and mannose, and the highest percentage of glucose was found in GLP80 and GLP90. The typical functional groups of the 6 GLPs fractions at 892.9 cm^-1, 1048-1084 cm^-1, etc. were intact and did not differ significantly from each other, and all of them were β-type glucan conformations. The molecular weight of the 6 GLPs was different, and the heavy average molecular weight, number average molecular weight and peak molecular weight showed positive correlations. 97-14 925, 99-49 410, 98-32 030, 3614-19 589, 3614-10 795, 4385-11 084 g/mol, with preferential precipitation of high molecular weight GLPs at low ethanol concentrations. 6 GLPs had stronger DPPH radical scavenging ability, hydroxyl radical scavenging ability, and total antioxidant capacity, and GLP90 had stronger antioxidant activity than the other fractions. The 6 GLPs helped to promote the growth of L. rhamnosus LGG. The above findings would provide data support for the study of GLPs extraction process and product development.

In order to reveal the mechanism of flower development and provide a theoretical basis for solving the problems of flowering in the sugar apple industry, the Auxin Response Factor (ARF) family genes were identified and the expression patterns were analyzed. Based on transcriptome sequencing, 11 AsARF genes were selected and identified. The biological functions of AsARF family genes were preliminarily analyzed by homologous evolution analysis, protein domain analysis, subcellular localization, qRT-PCR, and other techniques. The AsARFs were divided into five classes based on phylogenetic analysis. The proteins had molecular weight varying from 73.85 to 112.51 kDa and isoelectric point from 5.42 to 7.63. All the AsARFs contained two domains of DBD and MR, and, except for AsARF3a, 6a and 6b, they also all contained a CTD domain. Subcellular location prediction results showed that the AsARF members were mainly located in the nucleus. Based on amino acid enrichment in the intermediate region of the protein, AsARF5a, AsARF5b, AsARF6c, AsARF6d, AsARF7 and AsARF16 were speculated to be transcriptional activators, while AsARF2, AsARF3a, AsARF3b, AsARF6a and AsARF6b were presumed to be transcriptional repressors. Three CTD domain-deleted ARF genes were identified and they may have unique biological functions. The results of subcellular location experiments showed that AsARF2, AsARF3a and AsARF6a were localized in the cell nucleus. Real-time quantitative PCR results showed that AsARF3a, AsARF3b, AsARF5a, AsARF5b, AsARF6a and AsARF7 genes were expressed more in the inflorescent meristem. AsARF2 and AsARF6b genes were highly expressed in flower buds. AsARF2, AsARF3a, AsARF5a, AsARF5b, AsARF6b, AsARF6c and AsARF16 genes were predominantly expressed in normal flowers, while the expression of AsARF3b, AsARF6a, AsARF6d and AsARF7 genes in malformed flowers was greater than that in normal flowers. These results suggest that AsARF may play key roles in regulating the flower development in sugar apple. The high expression of AsARF6b and AsARF6c in normal flowers and AsARF6a and AsARF6d in abnormal flowers indicate that they play important roles in the normal development of flowers.

Based on the survey data in 2003 and 2019, the diversity of wetland vascular plants in Jianhu Provincial Nature Reserve in Yunnan was studied. The wetland plants were determined according to the standards issued by the State Forestry Administration and the division of relevant literatures. The results showed that there were 129 species of wetland vascular plants belonging to 83 genera and 34 families in Jianhu wetland, which could be divided into 12 distribution types and 12 forms. The temperate species accounted for 75.19% of the total number of wetland vascular plants in the reserve; There were 13 species endemic to China, accounting for 10.08% of the total number of wetland vascular plants in the reserve, including 4 species endemic to Yunnan, accounting for 3.10% of the total number of vascular plants in the wetland reserve. According to the classification and statistics of life forms, 92 species of hygrophytes, 19 species of submerged plants, 9 species of emergent plants, 5 species of floating plants and 4 species of floating leaf plants were obtained. The wetland vegetation consisted of 5 vegetation subtypes, hygrophyte type, emergent plant type, floating plant type, floating leaf plant type and submerged plant type, and 17 formations, for example, Polygonum hydropiper, Oenanthe javanica and Carexbolting sp. formation and Polygonum hydropiper, Polygonum amphibium and Polygonum strindbergii formation. According to the species habits, morphological characteristics, habitats and sources in the field investigation, it is determined that there were 4 categories and 63 species of secondary vascular plants in Jianhu wetland, and the floristic secondary degree was 48.84%. There were 39 species of wetland vascular plants in Jianhu Lake and Lashihai in Northwest Yunnan, with a species similarity of 22.29%, and 18 species of wetland vascular plants in Chenghai in Central Yunnan Province, with a species similarity of 10.00%, with a higher similarity with Lashihai. The results show that the vascular plants in Jianhu wetland are characterized by high species richness, significant temperate components, extremely low endemic rate, complete life forms, diverse community types, high floristic secondary degree and obvious components in Northwest Yunnan. The main reasons for the diversity of wetland vascular plants in Jianhu Lake are the high altitude, north latitude and serious human impact on Jianhu Lake, which are directly related to the characteristics of Jianhu Lake, such as shallow water, fast water replacement, low pollution, gentle lake bed inclination, large bank curvature and thick sludge at the bottom.

The evaluation index system of heat resistance of Camellia gauchowensis Chang was studied to screen out varieties with strong heat resistance, and to provide theoretical basis for the breeding and cultivation of heat resistant varieties. Using six Camellia gauchowensis Chang clones as the test materials, 14 leaf morpholog, anatomical structure and leaf stoma related indexes were measured by image software analysis, paraffin section and nail polish blotting methods. Cluster analysis and correlation analysis were performed by SPSS software to screen out the main indicators related to heat resistance. The average membership function was calculated by EXCEL software for comprehensive evaluation of heat resistance and ranking. The leaves of C. gauchowensis Chang were composed of upper and lower epidermal cells, mesophyll tissue cells and leaf midribs. The leaf was ectopic leaves, the thickness of the upper epidermis was greater than that of the lower epidermis, the stomata was distributed in the lower epidermis, the palisade tissue was closely arranged 1-2 layers, and the spongy tissue was loosely arranged. leaf midribs were mainly composed of upper and lower epidermis and closely arranged vascular bundles. There were significant differences in leaf morphology and anatomical structure among the six clones (P<0.05). The 14 indicators were divided into four categories by systematic clustering. Leaf length, leaf width and leaf area were in the first category, leaf thickness, palisade tissue thickness, leaf structure compactness and palisade-sea ratio were in the second category, thickness of the upper epidermis, the thickness of the lower epidermis, leaf structure porosity, sponge tissue thickness and stomatal density were in the third category, and thickness of the leaf midrib and the thickness of the vascular bundle were in forth category. Leaf area, palisade tissue thickness, spongy tissue thickness and vascular bundle thickness were found to be the typical indicators of heat resistance of C. gauchowensis Chang by correlation coefficients analysis. The membership function formula was used to calculate the four typical indicators, and the comprehensive calculation and sorting were carried out according to the average membership degree. The heat resistance ranking of the six C. gauchowensis Chang clones was A16>A5>HMZ24>A11>HM19>HMZ25. The leaf indicators affecting the heat resistance of C. gauchowensis Chang are mainly leaf area, palisade tissue thickness, spongy tissue thickness and vascular bundle tissue thickness. There is a big difference in the analysis of a certain index, and the comprehensive comparative analysis through the membership function method can reflect the difference in heat resistance of Camellia gauchowensis Chang.

In this study, 29 new sugarcane lines were evaluated on adaptation by multiple statistics analysis to select new lines with excellent overall trait performance. The variation coefficients of 10 phenotypic traits ranged from 3.52% to 184.52%, the variation coefficients of smut rate was the highest. Correlation analysis showed that the cane yield was extremely significantly positively correlated with plant height and sugar yield, the smut rate was extremely negatively correlated with sucrose content and gravity purity. The results of principal compoment analysis showed that the cumulative contribution rate of 4 principal component factors was 85.019%, among which the first principal component was related to cane yield, quality and diseases, the second principal component was related to sugar yield and cane yield, the third principal component was related to quality and stalk diameter, the fourth principal component was related to fiber cane. Based on cluster analysis, the 31 new sugarcane lines were divided into 5 groups, among which group Ⅰ, including 6 lines, had the highest sucrose content; group Ⅱ, including 10 lines, had the lowest agronomic traits; group Ⅲ, including 5 lines, had the lowest smut rate and the highest cane yield and sugar yield; group Ⅳ, including 4 lines, had the highest smut rate and the lowest sucrose content; group Ⅴ, including 6 lines, had the lowest cane yield and sugar yield. Stepwise discriminant analysis gave every group probability of 100%. GNZ151505, GT17-232, GT13-1154, GT17-929, GT16-151 in group Ⅲ showed good comprehensive features. HT15-5, GT15-1074, GT15-1131, GT13-1004, GT12-284, GT17-910 in group Ⅰhad the highest sucrose content and the lower smut rate, could be used as high sugar content parents and highly resistant smut parents.

Hirschmanniella spp. are migratory endoparasitic nematodes which are parasitic in the root of rice. They are widely distributed in different types of fields and have become serious parasitic nematodes to rice. The plant-parasitic nematode Hirschmanniella mucronate is one of the most serious rice nematodes in Jiangxi, China. At present, breeding and planting other disease-resistant varieties is the most economical and effective measure to control the disease. The significant up-regulated OsECH1 gene was screened by transcriptome analysis of healthy susceptible rice 'Bawangbian' root tissues and susceptible rice 'Bawangbian' root tissues infected by H. mucronata. Phylogenetic analysis of OsECH1 and its homologous proteins showed that OsECH1 and other homologous proteins had the same structure, including the same conserved domain PLN02874. And OsECH1 belonged to the ECH protein family. Besides, five homologous genes were found in the genome of 'Nipponbare' group and OsECH1 was located in Chr1. The full length of OsECH1 was cloned and the recombinant expression vector was constructed by homologous recombination technique. Meanwhile, the transgenic rice was transformed by GV1301. RT-qPCR was used to analyze the effect of OsECH1 gene expression level on the infection of H. mucronate in rice. The results showed that overexpressing OsECH1 in rice could reduce the infection of H. mucronata, while silencing OsECH1 in rice could significantly increase the infection of H. mucronata. The results of subcellular localization of OsECH1 showed that the protein was expressed in nucleus. And the results of His-tag pull down demonstrated that the protein may interacted with five defence-related proteins. The five defense-related proteins belonged to vATP-synt_E protein family, Ricin-B protein family, catalase and B_lectin protein family respectively. Meanwhile, RT-qPCR results showed that OsECH1 had regulatory effects on the five proteins. The results would provide a basis for further understanding the function of OsECH1 gene, and for understanding the molecular mechanism of OsECH1.

In this study, 27 phenotypic traits of the floral organs of 135 Phalaenopsis varieties were observed and analyzed to provide a theoretical basis for the utilization of Phalaenopsis germplasm resources and the directional breeding of new varieties. 135 Phalaenopsis germplasm resources collected and preserved in the Fuzhou Branch of the New Plant Variety Testing Center of the Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs were used as the test materials to collect data on 27 phenotypic traits of Phalaenopsis orchid organs and analyze the flower phenotypic traits. The distribution frequency, coefficient of variation, Simpson index and Shannon-Wiener index, and correlation, principal component and cluster analysis of quantitative traits were studied. The majority of butterfly orchid organs were violet petals, racemes, separated petals and no fragrance, which accounted for 31.85%, 60.74%, 79.26% and 84.44% of the corresponding description distribution frequencies respectively. The Simpson index and Shannon-Wiener index of the lobes in the lip were the highest, 0.992 and 7.047, respectively, and the diversity was the most abundant. The variation coefficient of quantitative traits ranged from 19.79% to 52.72%, of which the coefficient of variation of the number of inflorescences was the largest, which was 52.72%. Most of the main quantitative traits had extremely significant positive correlations. Principal component analysis extracted 3 quantitative traits as the representative traits for evaluating Phalaenopsis phenotypic traits, and calculated comprehensive scores. The top 3 were 'JB2312', 'Wanhuayanhuo' and 'Dongfanghong' respectively. The R-type cluster analysis showed that the 16 quantitative traits of Phalaenopsis could be divided into 4 categories, and the Q-type cluster analysis showed that the 135 Phalaenopsis varieties were divided into 5 major species groups. Our research indicates that the flower phenotypes of 135 Phalaenopsis varieties have rich genetic diversity.

Artocarpus heterophyllus is popular for its sweet fruit and has a very promising market, but conventional seed propagation makes it difficult to maintain its excellent traits and the grafting method has a very low survival rate. The technique of tissue culture and rapid propagation has been widely used in the propagation of many rare and valuable plants, but there are no reports of its application in the production of A. heterophyllus. In the process of tissue culture, it was found that the stem tip of A. heterophyllus was severely browned, which led to the difficulty of establishing asexual reproduction system. In order to effectively investigate the measures to overcome the browning, this experiment took the stem tips of A. heterophyllus 'Haida 2' as the explants and inoculated them into different concentrations of PVP medium after low-temperature pretreatment at different lengths for primary culture, the browning rate and germination rate were calculated after 15 d, and PPO activity, total phenol and total flavonoid content were determined to explore the inhibition of different concentrations of PVP on browning in stem the tip tissue culture of A. heterophyllus after low-temperature pretreatment. The results showed that the browning rate of A. heterophyllus explants was the lowest and the germination rate was the highest after 12-24 h low-temperature treatment of stem tip and then in 1/2MS medium supplemented with 2.0 g/L PVP. The experimental results showed that this method was beneficial to the proliferation of A. heterophyllus explants. The purpose of this experiment is to promote the establishment of technique of tissue culture and rapid propagation for A. heterophyllus, with a view to providing a theoretical basis for the construction of the A. heterophyllus seedling breeding technology system and its industrial production demonstration.

To select suitable slow-release fertilizers for sugarcane productions the endophytic bacterial community structure in the stems of sugarcane under different slow-release fertilizer applications were analyzed. Based on high-throughput sequencing techniques, the endophytic bacterial community structure in the stems of sugarcanes among conventional fertilization (CK) and different slow-release fertilizers (A-F treatments) were analyzed. In comparison with CK, the diversity of the endophytic bacteria in the stems of sugarcanes was significantly increased by adding long- acting agent (235 g/t) and synergist (3 g/t and 18 g/t), but the richness of the endophytic bacteria in the stems of sugarcanes was not significantly improved by slow-release fertilizer applications except adding long-acting agent (235 g/t) treatment C. Meanwhile, Herbaspirillum was the specific endophytic dominant bacterial genus in CK. Sporocytophaga and Cellvibrio were the unique endophytic dominant bacterial genera in the slow-release fertilizer adding long-acting agent (125 g/t) treatment A. However, no specific endophytic dominant bacterial genera could be found in the slow-release fertilizer adding long-acting agent (150 g/t) treatment B. Norank_f__SC-I-84, norank_f__Neisseriaceae, norank_f__JG30-KF-AS9 and Massilia were the specific endophytic dominant bacterial genera in the slow-release fertilizer adding long-acting agent (235 g/t) treatment C. Brevundimonas, Enterobacter, Staphylococcus were the unique endophytic dominant bacterial genera in the slow-release fertilizer adding synergist (3 g/t) treatment D. Cloacibacterium was the specific endophytic dominant bacterial genus in the slow-release fertilizer adding synergist (8 g/t) treatment E. And unclassified_f__Burkholderiaceae, Paenibacillus, Allorhizobium-Neorhizobium-Pararhizobium-Rhizobium, Corynebacterium_1, Chryseobacterium were the specific endophytic dominant bacterial genera in the slow-release fertilizer of adding synergist (18 g/t) treatment F. Furthermore, the functions of the endophytic bacteria in the stems of sugarcanes did not show significantly different between CK and applications of slow-release fertilizer treatments. In comparison with CK, the diversity of the endophytic bacteria in the stems of sugarcanes was significantly increased by adding longacting agent (235 g/t) and synergist (3 g/t and 18 g/t), but the richness only could be significantly improved by application with slow-release fertilizer adding with long-acting agent (235 g/t) treatment C. Except of slow-release fertilizers +long-term agent (150 g/t) treatment B, specific endophytic bacterial genera in the stems of sugarcanes all could be detected under slow-release fertilizer applications. Although the whole functions of the endophytic bacteria in the stems of sugarcanes were not significantly altered by slow-release fertilizer applications, higher stress resistant abilities could be concluded in sugarcanes under most of slow-release fertilizer applications (B-F treatments). Among them, the highest promotion and stress resistant effect on sugarcanes growth was the slow-release fertilizer + 235 g/t long-acting agent treatment (C) according to the composition and function of endophytic bacteria in stems of sugarcanes.