Five sweet potato cultivars with significant differences in germination, Jixu 23, Yanshu 25, Red Banana, Taizhong No. 6 and Xinxiang, were used as the test materials. During the storage period, samples were taken regularly to analyze the changes of endogenous hormones and carbohydrate metabolism in the storage roots. Storage roots after storage were planted for seedlings in small arch sheds and investigated. The results showed that Jixu 23, Yanshu 25 and Red Banana germinated earlier, and the number of seedlings picked was significantly more than that of Taizhong 6 and Xinxiang. At the end of storage and before seeding, the starch content and amylopectin content of storage roots in Jixu 23, Yanshu 25 and Red Banana were significantly higher than those of Taizhong No. 6 and Xinxiang, Jixu 23, Yanshu 25 and Red Banana. Higher content of amylopectin and amylopectin was mainly due to the smaller decrease during storage. The total amylase and α-amylase activity of storage roots in Jixu 23, Yanshu 25 and Red Banana were significantly higher than that of Taizhong No. 6 and Xinxiang, and the α-amylase activity of storage roots in Jixu 23, Yanshu 25 and Red Banana were higher than that of Jixu 23, Yanshu 25 and Red Banana. This is mainly due to the larger increase during storage. At the end of storage and before seeding, compared with Taizhong No. 6 and Xinxiang, Jixu 23, Yanshu 25 and Red Banana had higher GA content, lower IAA content, and higher GA/ABA and ZR/IAA of storage roots. That is, at the end of storage and before seeding, high starch and amylopectin content, high α-amylase activity, high endogenous GA content, and low IAA content in storage roots are physiological indicators of good germination.

Salt stress is the most prevalent abiotic stress globally, severely affecting crop growth. Rice is an important food crop, it is important to improve the salt tolerance of rice through chemical control technology. To further provide the theoretical basis for the application of hemin to rice cultivation under salt stress, it is important to study the adverse effects of NaCl on rice seedling growth and to understand how hemin regulating the physiological process to alleviate stress. A pot experiment was carried out with the rice varieties Huanghuazhan and Xiangliangyou 900 as the materials. During the three leaves and one heart period, after 48 hours of 5 μmol/L hemin treatment, 50 mmol/L NaCl was applied to the corresponding cultivated soil. Each variety had three treatments, (1) control group: distilled water, (2) S group: 50 mmol/L NaCl solution; and (3) SH group: 50 mmol/L NaCl +5 μmol/L hemin solution. Measurements of seedlings growth characteristics, gas exchange parameters, and physiological indicators were taken after the 3^rd, 6^th, 9^th and 12^nd days after NaCl treatment, respectively. NaCl stress inhibited the seedling growth of the two rice varieties, reduced the photosynthetic rate, and increased reactive oxygen species. Compared with CK, the antioxidant enzymes activities of S group increased significantly in the early stage, but decreased significantly as the extension of stress time. Among them, the inhibitory effect of NaCl stress on Huanghuazhan was stronger than that of Xiangliangyou 900. Compared with NaCl treatment, exogenous hemin increased plant height, stem base width, biomass, total root length, root surface area, root volume, and root tip number of the two rice varieties. Hemin inhibited reactive oxygen species (O₂·^- and H₂O₂) accumulation, decreased malondialdehyde (MDA) content, and electrolyte leakage (EL). The photosynthetic capacity and SPAD were enhanced. The activities of superoxide dismutase (SOD), peroxidase (POD), catalase (CAT), and ascorbate peroxidase (APX) were increased. Meanwhile, the ascorbic acid (AsA) and soluble protein levels were up-regulated in leaves. The results of this experiment indicate that NaCl stress inhibit rice seedlings, and the application of hemin can mitigate the damage caused by NaCl stress on rice seedlings by enhancing the net photosynthetic rate, increasing antioxidant activity or content, and reducing membrane lipid peroxidation.

To clarify the effects of short-term high temperature stress on the developmental, reproductive characteristics and offspring fitness of Eotetranychus sexmaculatus females, the females were exposed to 33 ℃, 36 ℃, 39 ℃, 42 ℃, 45 ℃ for 1 h, 2 h, 4 h, respectively. The longevity, fecundity, offspring developmental period and sex ratio of E. sexmaculatus females were observed. The results showed that the oviposition period of E. sexmaculatus was prolonged and the fecundity was increased exposed to from 33 ℃ to 42 ℃ for 1 h, 2 h, 4 h and 45 ℃ for 2 h and 4 h. The population growth of E. sexmaculatus was the most favorable exposed to 39 ℃, the oviposition period was the longest exposed to 39 ℃ for 1 h, which was 12.67 d, and the fecundity of single female was the highest, which was 32.65. The intrinsic rate of increase (r_m) of E. sexmaculatus was the highest exposed to 39 ℃ for 1 and 4 h, which was 0.29, and the population doubling time was shorter, which was 2.42 d and 2.38 d, respectively. Exposed to short-term high temperature stress, there was no significant effect on the offspring sex ratio of E. sexmaculatus. The survival rate of E. sexmaculatus was decreased, the fecundity was decreased, the longevity was prolonged, and the r_m value was decreased exposed to 45 ℃ for 1 h. Therefore, the population development of E. sexmaculatus was inhibited at 45 ℃ high temperature stress for 1 h.

Bacillus subtilis Czk1 is a rhizosphere antagonist with a very broad-spectrum antagonistic, growth promotion and induction of plant resistance. In order to fully utilize organic nutrients in agricultural wastes and promote biological control of soil-borne plant diseases, Czk1 was used as the research object in this study, chicken manure as the base fertilizer, corn straw, mushroom bran and coconut bran compost were used as the raw materials, and the liquid-solid two-phase fermentation process was adopted. The total number of viable bacteria and the number of spores were determined by the dilution plate colony counting method. The formula, process parameters and culture conditions of Czk1 solid fermentation materials were determined by the single factor and orthogonal experiment method. The results showed that the optimal conditions for solid fermentation of Czk1 are raw material was mushroom bran and chicken manure compost with the inoculated weight of Czk1 at 10%, the added amount of soybean powder at 10%, the water content at 40%, the fermentation temperature at 37 ℃ and the turning once every 72 h. Under the conditions, the total number of viable bacteria in Czk1 strain could reach 8.63×10⁸CFU/g. The number of spores was 8.37×10⁸CFU/g. The best fermentation material was corn straw and chicken manure compost, Czk1 inoculation amount of 10%, adding 5% soybean powder, 40% water content, fermentation temperature of 37 ℃, turning once every 72 h, the total number of viable bacteria in Czk1 inoculation strain could reach 6.53×10⁸CFU/g. The number of spores was 5.97×10⁸CFU/g. The total number of viable bacteria and the number of spores of Czk1 strain could reach 8.70×10⁸CFU/g and 6.90×10⁸CFU/g, respectively, when 30% mushroom bran was added. The physical and chemical properties of four fermentation biological fertilizer raw materials were determined, and significant differences were observed in their organic matter content and carbon to nitrogen ratio. Among them, chicken manure had the highest pH, total phosphorus, and total potassium content, while the carbon to nitrogen ratio was the lowest. The total content of nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium was higher than that of corn straw, coconut bran, and mushroom bran; Corn straw has the highest electrical conductivity and organic matter content as the raw material; Coconut bran has the highest total nitrogen content, while mushroom bran has the highest carbon to nitrogen ratio. The seed germination index of bio-organic fertilizer with different combinations of chicken manure, mushroom bran, corn straw, and coconut bran is greater than 80%. Therefore, high quality bioorganic fertilizer can be prepared from agricultural waste by selecting suitable fermentation production conditions. B. subtilis Czk1 has good development and utilization value.

In order to explore a method to protect Orah from frost damage, Orah harvested early from 2021—2022 were used as the materials, and prochloraz+ambient temperature storage and CK + ambient temperature storage were used to determine the sugar, acid, vitamin C and other quality indicators, as well as the weight loss, decay, electrical conductivity and other storage resistance indicators during the storage period. SPSS analysis software was used to cluster seven indicators in two years. The results showed that prochloraz could effectively inhibit the growth of the rot pathogen of citrus during storage, and prolong the occurrence time of fruit rot; At the same time, it could maintain the content of soluble solids in fruits to the level before harvest. During the 150 d storage period, the titratable acid content of the two treatments decreased gradually with the extension of storage time. The titratable acid content in prochloraz treatment group decreased faster than that in CK. Therefore, the solid acid ratio of prochloraz treatment group was higher than that of CK. As the solid acid ratio increased with the increase of storage time, the flavor quality of the two treatments also gradually improved. During the storage period, there was no significant difference in vitamin C content between the two; At 150 days of storage, it could still be maintained at about 20.90 mg/100 g (2021) and 14.50 mg/100 g (2022). In terms of fruit storage resistance, the weight loss rate of prochloraz treatment group was slightly lower than that of the CK in 2022 (prochloraz was significantly lower than that of the CK in 2021); On the contrary, the peel conductivity of prochloraz treatment group was higher than that of the CK in 2022 (in 2021, prochloraz treatment was significantly higher than that of the CK). The seven indexes of the two treatments in two years were clustered into two categories by the cluster analysis. The first category were CK of 0, 15, 30, 45, 60, 90 d and prochloraz treatments of 0, 15, 30, 45, 60 d; The second category were CK of 120, 150 d and prochloraz treatments of 90, 120, 150 d. To sum up, prochloraz can effectively reduce the occurrence of rot rate of Orah, improve the fruit flavor of early fruit picking, and maintain good total soluble solids and vitamin C content of fruits. According to the comprehensive indicators and cluster analysis results, the orah can be harvested early, treated with prochloraz and other preservatives, and stored at ambient temperature for 60 days or 60 days before being refrigerated, or stored at ambient temperature for 90 days before being released from the market.

Banana is a tropical fruit rich in nutrients and has important economic value. It is also one of the four major fruits in South China. Banana is a typical climacteric fruit. The release of ethylene in banana after harvest could accelerate the ripening and senescence of banana during postharvest storage, which would affect the storage freshness and economic value of banana. Therefore, it is necessary to explore the technology of improving banana postharvest storage quality, thus providing theoretical basis for practical application. In this study, postharvest bananas were treated by UV-C irradiation, citric acid immersion and the combination treatment, respectively. The bananas were stored in the dark for 12 days at a temperature of (20±2)℃ and a humidity of 60%-70%, and randomly sampled on the 1st, 6th, 9th and 12th day for each treatment during the storage period. The effects of the three methods on postharvest banana storage quality were studied by measuring physiological and quality indexes, such as hardness, weight loss rate, titratable acid content, and soluble solid content. The results indicated that the treatment with UV-C irradiation at the dose of 3.96×10^–2KJ/m² and combined treatment (3.96×10^–2KJ/m² UV-C irradiation together with 2.0% citric acid soak) resulted in better freshness effects than that of citric acid treatment, showing that the decrease of fruit hardness was significantly inhibited, the increase of weight loss rate was delayed, the increase of soluble solid content and the decrease of titratable acidity content were inhibited, and the sugar-acid ratio were maintained. At the end of storage, UV-C irradiation and combined treatment increased the hardness of bananas by 9.09% and 13.63%, reduced weight loss by 22.00% and 11.43%, and decreased sugar-acid ratio by 40.00% and 42.30%, respectively, compared with the control group. In addition, UV-C irradiation and combined treatment effectively inhibited the decrease of flavonoids, phenols and vitamin C contents, and improved the DPPH free radical scavenging rate and antioxidant capacity. At the end of storage, UV-C irradiation and combined treatment increased the vitamin C contents of bananas by 0.82% and 1.27%, the total polyphenol contents by 25.92% and 41.65%, the total flavonoids contents by about 30.00%, and DPPH radical scavenging rate by 13.98% and 36.59%, respectively, compared with the control group. In conclusion, both UV-C irradiation and combined treatment can improve storage quality and prolong shelf life of postharvest bananas. Therefore, these two methods can be used as green, safe and effective post-harvest preservation technologies for bananas.

Five uninhabited islands in Lianjiang was researched in detail to plant resources by the methods of surveying typical sampling plots and transect lines. According to field investigation data and literature review, statistical analysis of the species composition of seed plants, distribution area types and ecological types by using floristic geography principle, then compared with the similarity coefficients of genura and geographic composition of the genura of seed plants in different regions, and explored the similarity of vascular plant species among the five uninhabited islands and the relationship with island spatial characteristics. The wild seed plants represented by 190 species, belonging to 165 genera in 64 families. The dominant families were Compositae and Poaceae. It was obvious that the plurimotypic families and larger families in terms of the numbers of genura and species in a dominant position, meanwhile in terms of the numbers of families, dominated by oligotypic families and monotypic families. Herbaceous (55.94%) and shrubs (23.27%) preponderated in the life form, trees and vines were at a disadvantage in terms of number, only accounted for 13.86% and 6.93% respectively. The floristic composition was intricate and varied, and in terms of tropical distribution type, with a high proportion of the family and genus levels, accounted for 90.24% and 68.03% respectively, among them the pan-tropical species accounted for 75.62% and 36.05% respectively, the temperate component only accounted for 9.76% and 31.97% respectively, the R/T values of tropical to temperate family was 9.25 while of genus was 2.13, showing that seed plant flora in the five uninhabited islands were of tropical and sub-tropical types, consistent with the subtropical geography of the islands, transitional from tropical to subtropical. In terms of geographical relationship, compared with the seed flora of four regions from south to north in China, the flora was closely related to six uninhabited islands in Pingtan with similar latitudes, the similarity coefficients of genura was 71.32%. The R/T value of five uninhabited islands in Lianjiang was 2.13, which was lower than that of the uninhabited islands in the nearshore Xiamen (4.23) and the six uninhabited islands in Pingtan (2.58), and higher than that of the five nonresidential coastal islands in Zhejiang (1.11) and the nine uninhabited islands in the Bohai Sea area (0.66). With the increase of latitude, there was a growing tendency on the temperate component at genus-level, while the tropical component was contrary to the former, and the larger the R/T value, the stronger the tropical nature. In terms of flora similarity, the similarities of species between each of the five uninhabited islands in Lianjiang were low, correlation analysis showed that similarity of vascular plant species among different islands was influenced by island edge and habitat diversity. As a whole, the plant species of the seed flora were diverse with a tropical and subtropical transitional nature, ancient plants were abundant, it was consistent with its geographic characteristics of the transition zone between the pan-arctic and palaeotropial flora.

In this study, the rhizosphere soil of jasmine was used as the material under the condition of artificial greenhouse to analyze and compare the effects of two fungicides (fluazinam and tebuconazole) on soil physical and chemical properties, soil enzyme activities in addition to carbon source metabolic diversity of soil microbial community. The indexes of soil physical and chemical properties were different under the application of the two fungicides of different concentration. The pH value and organic matter content of soil decreased by 14.8% and 18.8%, respectively, after application of 50% fluazinam. The content of organic matter increased by 76.8% after treatment with 50% tebuconazole. 50% of tebuconazole had the most significant effect on total nitrogen, available phosphorus and available potassium, and the highest increase of total nitrogen was 77.8%. The maximum available phosphorus increased by 1.3 times while the content of available potassium increased by 2.1 times. The effects of fungicides on the activities of sucrase, urease and acid phosphatase in jasmine rhizosphere soil were significant. The sucrase activity was significantly decreased by 92.8% after treated with 50% fluazinam. The urease activity decreased significantly after spraying 50% tebuconazole, which was 41.9% lower than that before spraying. At the same time, the acid phosphatase activity showed increasing trends after treated with fungicides. To compare the carbon source metabolic diversity of soil microbial community after application of the fungicides found that the value of average well color development (AWCD) in CK was the lowest. After the treatment of the two fungicides, AWCD decreased compared with that before spraying, among which the inhibitory effect of tebuconazole on AWCD was the most significant. In general, the Shannon diversity index (H) and evenness index (U) of soil microorganisms showed a decreasing trend with fungicide treatment. However, there was no significant difference in the dominance index (D) among all treatments. Soil microbial community had a certain inhibitory effect on the metabolic diversity of six kinds of carbon sources after fungicides application. In addition, principal component analysis of soil microbial community carbon source metabolic diversity revealed that amino acids and carbohydrates had similar utilization rates. In addition, polymers and carboxylic acids were similar. This study analyzed and compared the effects of fluazinam and tebuconazole on the microbial characteristics and carbon source metabolic diversity in jasmine rhizosphere soil, and the results would provide a scientific basis for evaluating the ecological function in rhizosphere soil microorganisms of jasmines under the influence of two fungicides.

Mango (Mangifera indica L.) is one of the major cash crops in the tropics and a typical respiratory leap fruit, whose ripening senescence is associated with ethylenee. AP2/ERF transcription factors are widely present in plants, and it is found that the transcription factors are involved in the signal transduction of endogenous ethylene synthesis in fruits, and are key genes in the ethylene signaling pathway, playing an important role in plant growth and development, response to adversity stress and storage and transportation. To investigate the effect of AP2/ERF transcription factor on post-harvest mango ripening and senescence, a MiERF2 gene of 915 bp in length, encoding 305 amino acids, was cloned by PCR using Guifei mango as the target of this study. The molecular formula of MiERF2 protein was C₁₄₄₉H₂₂₅₉N₄₃₃O₄₇₀S_11. The molecular weight was 33 618.16 Da, the total atomic number was 4622. The theoretical isoelectric point was 7.66, with 30 positively charged residues and 29 negatively charged residues. The protein was hydrophilic and structurally unstable. MiERF2 didn’t contain a signal peptide, didn’t contain a transmembrane region, and phosphorylation modification was mainly threonine. MiERF2 contained a conserved structural domain of AP2, the secondary structure was dominated by 66.12% of random curl, also contained 24.67% of α-helix, 1.32% of β-fold, 7.89% of the extended chain. Its three-dimensional structure model contained three β-fold and one α-helix, consistent with the characteristics of the AP2 structural domain. The results of motif analysis and multiple sequence matching indicated that MiERF2 protein belonged to the ERF subfamily. Phylogenetic analysis showed that the closest relative to MiERF2 was the pistachio PvERF109-like, which is also a member of the Lacertidae family. Onion subcellular localization results showed that MiERF2 was localized in the nucleus. Quantitative real-time fluorescence analysis showed that the expression of MiERF2 differed after 400 μg/mL ethephon treatment at different harvest maturity. In 60% maturity mango, the expression of MiERF2 in the treatment group peaked at 9 d and then was significantly lower than that in the control group. In 80% maturity mango, the expression of MiERF2 in the control group was significantly higher than that in the treatment group during storage, except for 18 d. It is suspected that this gene would play a negative regulatory role in ethylene regulation of fruit ripening. This study would provide a theoretical basis for revealing the regulatory role of ERF transcription factors in postharvest ripening and senescence of mango.

The hyperosmotic Ca²⁺ channel protein OSCA is crucial for controlling hyperosmotic stressors in plants. To understand the role of the OSCA gene family in tea plant response to drought stress, this study was conducted to identify the OSCA gene family based on the whole genome data of tea plant and analyze the gene and protein structures and promoter cis-acting element, and analyze the expression patterns of CsOSCAs in different tissues of tea plant, among different drought-resistant varieties and under drought stress. The results showed that the tea plants genome contained 12 members of the OSCA gene family, named CsOSCA1-CsOSCA12. The amino acid sequences encoded by the CsOSCAs were 667-831 bp in length, with protein molecular weight ranging from 76 630.55 kDa to 93 563.99 kDa and isoelectric points ranging from 6.15 to 9.33, containing 9-12 transmembrane structural domains, all containing the characteristic conserved structural domain DUF221, which could be divided into four subfamilies based on phylogenetic relationships. Ten CsOSCAs were localized to seven chromosomes of Camellia sinensis and two CsOSCAs were localized to the contig of unanchored chromosomes. The secondary structure of the CsOSCAs contained 32%-38% transmembrane structure and 60%-68% α-helix. The CsOSCAs were tissue expression specific, and CsOSCA2, CsOSCA3, CsOSCA11, and CsOSCA12 were significantly higher in the drought-sensitive variety CN98 than those in the other two drought-tolerant varieties. Nine genes were responded to PEG stress, among which CsOSCA2, CsOSCA3, CSOSCA5, CsOSCA8, CsOSCA10, and CsOSCA12 were strongly induced by drought stress. Six genes included drought-inducible response elements, and 11 genes contained abscisic acid response elements, according to further examination of the promoter cis-acting elements. It is hypothesized that the OSCA gene family of tea plants play an important role in the response to drought stress, and this study would provide a reference for the functional analysis and stress resistance of OSCA gene in tea plant.