The anther regeneration system is the earliest in vitro tissue culture regeneration plant system of Hevea brasiliensis established in China, and the regenerated plants were named self-rooted juvenile clone, which have the advantages of rapid growth, high resistance as seedlings and genetic homogeneity as grafted seedlings, and yield increase by more than 20% due to rejuvenation. However, the buds collection period is only about 60 d per year, which does not allow for a year-round supply of callus formed by dedifferentiation anther wall cells, resulting in unsustainable research relying on this material. In this study, Reyan73397 stamens were utilized to study the callus induction and somatic embryogenesis of anther callus at different developmental periods (0 d, 7 d, 14 d, 21 d, 28 d, 35 d and 42 d), which were stored at two low temperatures of 15 ℃ and 20 ℃ for 15 d. The results showed that temperature 15 ℃ and 20 ℃ had no significant effect on the stages of callus induction and somatic embryogenesis after preservation, except that the number of embryogenic callus was significantly lower than that of the control the developmental period had significant effect on callus induction and somatic embryogenesis after preservation, and showed the greatest effect on the stage of cotyledonary embryo formation, of which the anther callus at 21 d and 35 d responded strongly, the number of cotyledonary embryos of 21 d anther callus was significantly higher than that of the control, and the number of cotyledonary embryos of 35 d anther callus was significantly lower than that of the control after preservation; the preservation of anther callus with different developmental periods for 15 d at 15 ℃ and 20 ℃ could extend the supply time of anther callus for 15~60 d, and primary cotyledonary embryos for 27-95 d compared to the control; the optimal solution was to keep the anther callus with developmental periods at 21 d at 15 ℃ and 20 ℃ for 15days, which could prolong the supply of anther callus and primary cotyledonary embryo for 60 days and 60-95 days separately. Although the treatment reduced the number of callus by 46.61%, it promoted the formation of cotyledon embryo by 27.18% in number. In this study, the short-term preservation of H. brasiliensis anther callus was realized, which would greatly alleviate the difficulty of insufficient source of genetic transformation receptors due to the short flowering period, the study time could be carried out for the whole year from 60 days to 240 days, which could help to speed up the research on optimization of the genetic transformation system of anther callus in Hevea brasiliensis.

The aim of the study was to explore the anti-inflammatory activity of Qi-Nan essential oil (QEO) based on component analysis combined with the cellular inflammation model. The volatile components of QEO were analyzed by GC-MS. The antioxidant activity of QEO was detected by the measurement of DPPH radical scavenging and total antioxidant capacity. Bioinformatics was used to predict the targets and signaling pathways of QEO related to inflammation. NO and ROS levels were detected by fluorescent probe method. ELISA was used to detect the levels of inflammatory factors TNF-α, IL-6 and IL-1β. Western blot was used to detect the expressions of P-P65, P65, IκB-α and P-IκB-α. The main components of Qinan essential oil were 2-phenethyl-4H-chromen-4-one (50.08%), (-)-caryophyllene oxide (8.45%), patchulane (6.46%), elemol (3.88%), 2-methyl-6-(2-propenyl)-phenol (2.78%). The DPPH radicals scavenging of QEO was 51.98% at a concentration of 1 mg/mL and the total antioxidant capacity increased with the increase of QEO in the concentration range of 1-10 mg/mL. There were 533 intersecting targets of QEO and inflammation, and KEGG enrichment analysis showed that the main signaling pathways involved were MAPK, NF-κB and PI3K-Akt pathways. QEO significantly reduced the production and expression levels of NO, ROS, TNF-α, IL-6 and IL-1β (P<0.001). Meanwhile, the results of western blot showed that QEO also inhibited the expression of P-P65 and P-IκB-α proteins (P<0.001). Therefore, QEO can achieve anti-inflammatory activity through reducing the production of ROS, thereby inhibiting the activation of NF-κB signaling pathway and further drastically decrease the release of pro-inflammatory cytokines. The results demonstrate that QEO has the potential to be developed as an inflammation inhibitor.

GRAS is a plant-specific transcription factor, which plays an important regulatory role in plant growth and development, and abiotic stress response. GRAS gene family has not been reported in Hevea brasiliensis. In this study, bioinformatics tools were used to analyze the physicochemical properties, phylogenetic relationships, gene structures, chromosome positions, and cis-acting elements of promoters of GRAS gene family members in H. brasiliensis. The expression patterns of HbGRAS were analyzed by transcriptome data and real-time quantitative PCR (qPCR). A total of 91 GRAS family members were identified from H. brasiliensis genome, named HbGRAS1–HbGRAS91, with molecular weights ranging from 14.07–89.46 kDa. The results of subcellular localization prediction showed that HbGRAS was mainly localized in the nucleus and chloroplast. Those proteins were divided into 14 subfamilies based on phylogenetic analysis. The gene structures and motif compositions within the same subfamily were relatively conserved. The 91 GRAS family members were distributed in 17 chromosomes and two scaffolds except for chromosome 11 in rubber tree. We found that 17 HbGRAS genes were involved in 10 tandem repeat events. Collinearity analysis revealed the segmental duplication regions containing 87 HbGRAS genes, suggested that gene fragment duplication may be the major driver of GRAS gene expansion in H. brasiliensis. Cis-acting element prediction showed that HbGRAS family contained multiple phytohormone and stress-responsive elements. The expression patterns of HbGRAS genes had tissue specificity and were associated with leaf development. The expressions of DELLA genes, a member of the GRAS subfamily, were related to the xylem development and were repressed by gibberellin (GA). Those results provide a reference for functional research on the GRAS genes in rubber trees.

As global temperature rises and international trade becomes more frequent, the world is facing increasing pressure from invasive species. Therefore, it is crucial to have a deep understanding of the types of invasive species and the possible distribution ranges to take effective prevention and control measures. This paper reported a new record invasive plant species in Hainan, Acmella uliginosa, and MaxEnt maximum entropy ecological niche modeling combined with Geographic Information Systems (GIS) was used to predict the primary potential suitable areas for A. uliginosa under current and future climatic conditions in China, ROC curve analysis method was used to validate, knife-edge method to was used to analyze the major environmental variables influencing the distribution of the A. uliginosa. A. uliginosa had a large distribution space and invasion potential in China, with the main distribution areas concentrated in southern, central and southwestern regions such as Guangxi, Guangdong, Fujian, Hainan and Taiwan. The low suitable area was mainly concentrated in Jiangxi, Hunan, Chongqing, Guizhou, Hunan and Zhejiang. By 2070, the overall suitable area of A. uliginosa in China is expected to decrease from 20.64% to 11.98%, with a decrease of 5.38% in low suitable areas and 3.28% in medium and high suitable areas. The area of low suitable areas in Sichuan, Yunnan, Guizhou, Hunan and Zhejiang has significantly reduced. The ROC curve analysis method showed that the average area under the curve (AUC) value is 0.968 with a standard deviation of 0.004, indicating that the prediction results are reliable. The knife-cutting method analysis showed that the four key environmental variables that have the greatest impact on the potential geographical distribution of A. uliginosa in China are Bio13 (precipitation of the wettest month), Bio16 (precipitation of the wettest season), Bio2 (mean diurnal temperature range), and Bio11 (mean temperature of the coldest season) are 27.6%, 22.5%, 11.1% and 8.0% respectively, indicating that precipitation and temperature range have a significant impact on the distribution of Viola palustris. The four key environmental variables that have the least impact on the potential geographical distribution of Viola palustris in China are Sq2 (soil nutrient retention capacity), Sq6 (soil toxicity), Bio9 (mean temperature of the driest season), and Sq5 (soil salinity). The four key environmental variables with the least impact on the potential geographical distribution of aquatic golden buttons in China are Sq6 toxicity, Sq7 operability, Bio1 annual average temperature, and Sq5 soil salt content. The potential suitable area for A. uliginosa is large in southern China and needs to be monitored to prevent further spread.

Mutation breeding is one of the most promising approaches for increasing genetic and phenotypic variability in a short period of time. In order to explore the feasibility of creating a mango mutant gene library through mutagenesis. The study used Keitt mango as test materials, irradiated branches with ⁶⁰Co-γ ray and soaked seeds in EMS solution to create a mutagenesis population, and analyzed the Genetic diversity by SC-SSR molecular markers. The results indicated that the seemi-lethal dose of ⁶⁰Co-γ ray radiation is 31.37 Gy, and the semi-lethal time of immersion in 0.2% EMS solution is 5.9 hours. The genetic diversity of 100 mutagenized materials and Keitt material was analyzed through 16 pairs of SC-SSR primers, and a total of 117 polymorphic sites were detected. The average values of sexual locus, primer percentage of polymorphism bands, polymorphism information content (PIC), number of observed alleles (N_a), number of effective alleles (N_e), Nei's gene diversity index (H) and Shannon's information index (I) were 93.18%, 0.610, 1.923,1.583,0.334 and 0.493, respectively. The genetic similarity coefficient among test materials ranged from 0.373 to 0.984, with an average of 0.779. The study indicated that mutagenesis significantly enhanced genetic diversity in mango, among which EMS mutagenesis seed variation was greater, and the results lay a solid theoretical foundation for mango mutation breeding.

The soil ecological restoration and land recycling of the closed tailings reservoir not only avoid the risk of random discharge, but also increase the land use area. Mulberry has strong root system, strong stress resistance, large biomass and wide application. It has great potential in the remediation and reuse of heavy metals in mines. In this study, the growth of one-year-old seedlings of three mulberry varieties (Y120, G12 and G62) after 60 days of planting in arsenic and nickel combined pollution soil in the mining area and the enrichment of arsenic and nickel in different parts were compared by the original soil pot method. At the same time, the difference of rhizosphere soil microorganisms was analyzed by metagenomics to preliminarily elucidate the adaptability of different mulberry varieties to arsenic and nickel combined pollution mine soil and its relationship with rhizosphere soil microbial diversity. The results showed that after 60 days of planting, the pollution index of nickel in the rhizosphere soil of the three varieties decreased from moderate to mild before planting, and the pollution index of arsenic in the rhizosphere soil of G62 decreased from severe pollution to moderate pollution. The shoot and root growth of the three mulberry varieties were inhibited, but the growth of G62 was better than that of Y120 and G12, and the growth of G12 was worse. The transport coefficient and enrichment coefficient of arsenic in the three mulberry varieties were less than that of nickel. The enrichment ability of arsenic was root>leaf>stem. The accumulation of arsenic in roots accounted for 47.33%-50.52% of the total plant, and the difference between varieties was not significant. However, the enrichment ability of nickel was different among different varieties. The accumulation of nickel in roots accounted for 25.67% (G12), 38.46% (G62) and 47.14% (Y120) of the total plant, and the difference between varieties was significant. The richness of Nocardioides, Thiomonas and Rhizobium in the rhizosphere soil of G62 with better growth was significantly higher than that of G12 and Y120, and the richness of Thiomonas sp. in G62 was the highest. Combined with the fact that the arsenic pollution index of G62 rhizosphere soil decreased more, these genera and species may be more involved in the barrier absorption or detoxification of arsenic in mulberry rhizosphere. The richness of Sphingopyxis sp. was the highest in G12, and the variety had the lowest arsenic and nickel transferred and enriched in the body, which may be related to its more participation in the detoxification of arsenic and nickel combined pollution in mulberry. The results of this study will lay a foundation for the screening of mulberry varieties resistant to compound heavy metals that are suitable for the growth of mining areas and the screening and utilization of strains that can promote the growth of mulberry in the soil of arsenic and nickel combined pollution mines.

Some soil in the coal mining area of Western Panzhihua has high Pb and Cd contents, and there are certain food safety risks in the development of the plantation. In this paper, we compared and analyzed the trends of Pb and Cd uptake in mango in the region before and after the application of three groups of organic amendment materials (mango grass straw, mushroom residue, mushroom residue+mango grass straw) through a large field experiment, and investigated the degradation of Pb and Cd in the mango in the region by different dosages of organic amendment materials and their influence effects on the quality of mango. Three groups of organic amendment materials improved the organic matter content and pH value of the soil, among which the fungus residue+mango straw group had the most significant effect (P<0.05), and the effect increased by 10.85%-25.66% and 3.55%-8.06%, respectively, compared with that of the control. All three groups of organic improvement materials had certain effects on reducing Pb and Cd content in mango. The effect of reducing Pb in mango was shown as mushroom residue+mango straw>mango straw>mushroom residue; the effect of reducing Cd in mango was shown as mushroom residue+mango straw>mushroom residue>mango straw; the effect of applying mushroom residue+mango straw was most significant, the reduction of Pb and Cd in mango for the mushroom residue+mango straw was 13.80%-27.87% and 6.32%-27.58%, respectively; there were some differences in the effect of different application amounts of organic amendment materials on degrading Pb and Cd in mango. Within the experimental interval, applying 8 kg/plant of mushroom residue+mangrove straw material could reduce Pb and Cd in mango by 27.87% and 27.58%, respectively, which was the best effect (P<0.05). The health risk evaluation showed that the HQi values produced by consumption of mango in each treatment group were less than one, and there was no health risk, so it could be safely consumed. In conclusion, applying 8 kg/plant of mushroom residue+mango grass straw in the experimental range can better inhibit the absorption of Pb and Cd in mango, effectively reducing the enrichment of Pb and Cd in mango. It can be used as an ideal material for the agronomic control of mango cultivation in the coal-mining area of western Panzhihua.

The study was aimed to explore the molecular mechanism of detoxification of prochloraz by Lasiodiplodia theobromae from mango and to screen related functional genes. In this study, RNA-seq technology was used to analyze the transcriptome sequencing and functional annotation of prochloraz-treated and untreated strains of L. theobromae. Prochloraz had significant inhibitory activity against the sensitive strain with an EC₅₀ value of 0.12 mg/L. The EC₅₀ value of the two resistant strains was 7.67 and 32.67 times higher than that of the sensitive strain, respectively. GO functional enrichment and KEGG signaling pathway enrichment analyses were performed for differentially expressed genes (DEGs) between prochloraz-sensitive strains (DF04) and -resistant strains (HL02 and M108). Compared with the untreated (CK) with prochloraz, there were 5342, 1148, and 2568 DEGs in DF04, HL02, and M108, respectively, after 10 mg/L prochloraz treatment. Among them, a total of 566 DEGs were overlapped among the three strains. Compared with the sensitive strains, the resistant strains had 2078 and 3096 DEGs up-regulated and 1527 and 1793 down-regulated expression, respectively. GO enrichment showed that the highest number of genes were involved in cellular process and metabolic process between resistant and sensitive strains after prochloraz treatment, accounting for 18% and 16%, 17% and 15% in HL02 and M108, respectively. KEGG enrichment showed that DEGs were significantly enriched in metabolic pathways between resistant and sensitive strains after prochloraz treatment, with 64.98% and 63.39% in HL02 and M108, respectively. The analysis for DEGs related to detoxification metabolism identified 27, 17 and 59 cytochrome P450 (Cytochrome P450), glutathione transferase (GST) and ABC transporter protein (ABC transporter) genes, respectively. Eight genes were randomly screened for quantitative real-time PCR validation, and the results confirmed that the trends in the relative expression of these genes were consistent with the transcriptome data. Based on the significantly up-regulated expression of DEGS in the resistant strains, the final screening of 7 P450s genes, 8 GSTs genes and 11 ABC transporter protein genes may be related to the metabolic resistance mechanism of L. theobromae to prochloraz. The results would provide new insights into the mechanism of fungicide resistance and lay the foundation for in-depth analysis of the molecular mechanism of metabolic resistance to prochloraz.

To evaluate the functional germplasm resources of Cymbopogon citratus, the differences in betaine, alkaloid and flavone contents were analyzed. 45 C. citratus from Hainan, Fujian, Guizhou and Yunnan were evaluated by analyzing the content of betaine, alkaloids and flavonoids. The water extract of C. citratus mainly contained flavonoids (24.30%), alkaloids (13.53%) and betaine monomers (10.52%). The betaine content of HK-2 was the highest, reaching 5.65 mg/g. The alkaloid content of HK-1-1 was the highest, reaching 8.66 mg/g. The flavonoid content of YX-1 was the highest, reaching 43.15 mg/g. There were significant differences in the content of betaine, alkaloid and flavonoid in different storage locations, regions and altitudes of the resources. The mouse model of constipation induced by loperamide demonstrated that betaine had the effect of moistening the intestines and promoting bowel movements. Finally, based on the established functional resource evaluation method for C. citratus, first-class C. citratus resources YX-1, WN-2, GM-1, ZZ-1, RL-1 and YJ-4 were selected. The results of this study are helpful for the screening, evaluation and breeding utilization of functional resources of C. citratus, and could also provide scientific basis for the study of functional mechanisms and the development and utilization of functional products.

SWEET (sugars will eventually be exported transporter) plays an important role in pant flowering. However, the mechanism of flower was unclear in pineapple. In this study, the interacting proteins of AcSWEET11 were identified, in order to lay a foundation for analysis of the flowering mechanism of pineapple. In this study, the interacting proteins of AcSWEET11 were screened from the pineapple flowering cDNA membrane library by co-transformed, and then the expression levels of the candidate proteins during flowering were analyzed. pBT3-STE-AcSWEET11+pPR3-N was nontoxicity for NMY51 yeast cells but had autonomous activation. Further study showed that autonomous activation was restrained after adding 3ʹAT in TDO and QDO. A total of 81 positive clones were screened by yeast two-hybrid, and 48 proteins were identified by sequencing which were probably interactive with AcSWEET11. The proteins were contained E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase RING1-like, Trehalose-phosphate synthase 7, Cytochrome P450 90A1-like and Transcription factor LUX. GO and KEGG revealed that 48 proteins may participate in lipid metabolism, amino acid metabolism, carbohydrate metabolism, signal transduction and transport and catabolism. And the expression of Trehalose-phosphate synthase 7 (XP_020105459.1), Protein TIFY 3-like (XP_020082835.1), 40S ribosomal protein S27 (XP_020092770.1) and Heterogeneous nuclear ribonucleoprotein 1-like (XP_020112516.1) were down regulated during flowering induction that consistent with AcSWEET1 while the expression of Dihydrolipoyl dehydrogenase 2 (XP_020113798.1), Putative lipid-transfer protein DIR1 (XP_020086640.1), Clathrin assembly protein At4g32285 (XP_020108161.1) were up regulated. AcSWEET11 might interact with the proteins such as Trehalose-phosphate synthase 7 to participate in pineapple flowering. The protein interaction network of AcSWEET11 was plentiful to provide a foundation for analysis the regulatory mechanism of AcSWEET11 in pineapple flowering.