In order to objectively select new rubber tree clones suitable for China's rubber planting environment, the yield and secondary characters of four introduced clones 'Reshi 09-5' 'Reshi 09-6' 'Reshi 09-7' and 'Reshi 09-10' were systematically identified and evaluated. The results showed that among the four clones, just 'Reshi 09-7' showed fast-growing, not yet in yield. Only 'Reshi 09-5' was close to the control in the first taping year and was lower in other years. The results of latex physiological characteristics showed that, according to good latex stability, fast latex discharge and high sugar utilization rate, 'Reshi 09-5' showed good rubber production potential, had higher thiol content and lower sucrose content than that of 'RRIM600', and there was no significant difference in dry rubber yield and initial speed of latex discharge between them. 'Reshi 09-6' had higher dry rubber content and plugging index, thicker original bark and more latex tubes number than 'RRIM600', and there was no significantly differences in initial flow rate and sucrose content between them. It was considered that the variety had good rubber production potential, but the metabolic intensity of latex was low. It had better potential in latex production, but a low metabolic intensity, so the production could be increased by stimulated tapping. The results of raw rubber properties, physical and mechanical properties, molecular weight and molecular weight distribution of vulcanizates of different varieties showed that there were some differences among the four clones. 'Reshi 09-5' showed the lowest in plastic initial value and Mooney viscosity, but the highest plastic retention rate. 'Reshi 09-6' showed the highest Mooney viscosity. According to larger weight-average molecular weight, 'Reshi 09-7' showed good physical and mechanical properties. In terms of stress resistance performance, 'Reshi 09-5' had the lowest wind damage collapse rate and 'Reshi 09-10' had the highest. The results of cold-resistant outpost data showed that under the condition of no cold injury in the control clone '93-114', the cold injury grade of 'Reshi 09-5' was 1.00, and that of 'Reshi 09-7' was 0.17. The comprehensive analysis results showed that the fast-growing traits of the four introduced clones were obvious. 'Reshi 09-6' had good rubber production potential. 'Reshi 09-5' had better wind resistance than 'RRIM600', 'Reshi 09-7' had good adaptability in cold damage. Among the four clones, 'Reshi 09-6' showed better performance in yield, girth growth, latex physiological characteristics and latex quality, and suitable to popularize and cultivate in same condition.

Litchi (Litchi chinensis Sonn.) is one of the most distinctive fruits in South China and is one of the pillar industries of rural economy in South China. At present, the cultivated area of litchi in China is more than 533 000 hm² and the output is more than 2.3 million tons, accounting for more than 80% of the total cultivated area and more than 65% of the total output in the world. The panicle of litchi is paniculate, terminal, generally composed of cymes, with a length of 10-40 cm and 200-1500 florets. Excessive number of florets will consume tree nutrition and affect litchi fruit setting. Therefore, reducing the number of florets by regulating branches is an effective measure to improve fruit setting. SUPPRESSOR OF MAX2 1-LIKE 7 (SMXL7) is an important component of strigolactone signaling pathway and a new inhibitor with dual functions. SMXL7 is involved in leaf morphology regulating and branch development in Arabidopsis and rice. In order to identify the regulatory factors involved in the panicle branch development in litchi, LcSMXL7 the homologous of arabidopsis SMXL7 was cloned, the sequence of LcSMXL7 was obtained from RNA-seq data and the gene sequence, physicochemical properties, evolutionary relationships, conserved domain, tissue expression pattern, subcellular localization and gene function were analyzed. The open reading frame of LcSMXL7 was 3408 bp length, encoding 1135 amino acids. LcSMXL7 protein contained two CLP domains and one AAA_2 domain. The molecular formula, molecular weight and theoretical isoelectric point of LcSMXL7 was C₅₄₂₉H₈₆₃₂N₁₅₃₀O₁₇₁₅S₃₈, 123.99 kDa and 5.96. The Instability index, aliphatic index and grand average of hydropathicity of LcSMXL7 was 46.38, 83.74 and -0.305, respectively. LcSMXL7 was highly expressed in stems, seeds and leaves, followed by panicle, male flowers and pericarps, while the expression was low in female flowers, pulp and roots. Phylogenetic tree analysis showed that LcSMXL7 was closely related to SMXL7 protein from woody fruit trees sweet orange and mango. Subcellular localization analysis showed that LcSMXL7 was located in the nucleus, suggesting that it may participate in the regulation of gene expression as a transcription factor. Transgenic results showed that overexpression of LcSMXL7 in Arabidopsis could significantly increase the number of branches, indicating that LcSMXL7 could positively regulate the development of branches in Arabidopsis. We clarified the LcSMXL7 protein characteristics, tissue expression pattern, evolutionary relationships, conserved domain, subcellular localization and gene function, which would build a foundation for elucidating the molecular mechanism of LcSMXL7 in branch development.

The trunks of ten-year-old Aquilaria sinensis trees were filled with high-pressure nitrogen gas and treated every 7 and 15 days for 3 consecutive months. The wood discoloration area was observed and measured, the content of alcohol-soluble substances was detected, and the chemical composition and relative content of the agarwood were analyzed by GC-MS at 7 and 10 months after treatment. The effect of nitrogen gas filled on the agarwood formation was discussed, which would provide a feasible induction method for artificial agarwood formation. The results showed that nitrogen treatment significantly increased the longitudinal discoloration length and transverse discoloration width of wood trunks, and the results of the treatment filled with nitrogen gas every 7 days (N₇) were better than that of the treatment filled with nitrogen every 15 days (N₁₅). Ten months after N₇ treatment, the discoloration area was the largest, and the length of agarwood zone and total discoloration zone in both longitudinal and transverse direction were significantly longer than those of N₁₅ and CK₁. Inflating nitrogen treatment could significantly increase the content of alcohol-soluble substances and agarotetrol, and the content of agarwood zone was higher than that of transition zone. The content of alcohol-soluble substances and agarotetrol in agarwood area increased by 14.04% and 28.47% compared with that of N₁₅ and CK₁, respectively, and the content of agarotetrol was 0.12%, which significantly higher than that of N₁5 and CK₁, seven months after N₇ treatment. The content of alcohol-soluble substances and agarotetrol in each treatment increased with the increase of treatment time. Ten months after N₇ treatment, the content of alcohol-soluble substances and agarotetrol in agarwood zone was 19.37% and 0.30% respectively, which was noticeably higher than that of N₁₅ and CK₁. The content of alcohol-soluble substances and agarotetrol in N₁₅ treatment increased by 9.42% and 51.50% respectively, compared with CK₁. The volatile component of agarwood in N₇ treatment was the highest, which was rich in 25 terpenes, 5 chromones and 8 other compounds, and the total relative content of terpenes and chromones reached 66.09%, significantly higher than that of N₁₅ and CK₁.

Praxelis clematidea (Griseb.) is one of the most important invasive plants in China, which is continuously spreads with the increasingly serious nitrogen deposition in terrestrial ecosystem. The objective of the study was to reveal the responses of growth characteristics and accumulate the basic data for formulating corresponding prevention and control strategies using simulated nitrogen deposition. The growth characteristics such as root and plant length, leaf number and leaf area, root characteristics, biomass and its distribution and chlorophyll content in 45 days with four nitrogen deposition levels (control of 0, low nitrogen group of 40 kg/hm², medium nitrogen group of 60 kg/hm², high nitrogen group of 80 kg/hm²) compared with the 90 days were measured respectively. The results showed that the developmental ability was significantly improved in both growth periods (P<0.05) with the increase of nitrogen deposition level. Compared with N₀, the root length and plant height increased by 44.38% and 60.89% after N₃ culture for 90 days. The number of leaves and leaf area increased by 122.78% and 119.32%, and the growth rate of total root length, root surface area, root volume and root mean diameter was 56.04%, 42.36%, 59.38% and 61.54%. At 45 d, compared with the control group, total biomass of N₁, N₂ and N₃ increased by 37.50%, 81.25% and 106.25%, and the corresponding data at 90 d was 23.81%, 61.90% and 80.95%, respectively. Further comparison of the biomass distribution characteristics with different nitrogen concentrations at 45 d and 90 d showed that the different concentrations of nitrogen had inhibitory effects on RBR and R/S, and the inhibitory effect of low concentration nitrogen and early growth stage was stronger than that of high concentration nitrogen and late growth stage (P<0.05). However, it showed that a promoting effect on LBR and SBR was stronger under high-concentration nitrogen treatment and in the late growth stage of Stinkweed (P<0.05). When potted for 45 days, the content of chlorophyll a in the high nitrogen group (N₃) was increased by 131.69% compared with the control group (N₀), and the increase in chlorophyll b was 787.50%. Chlorophyll a and chlorophyll b increased by 82.45% and 314.29% respectively in potted plants for 90 days. It shows that the chlorophyll synthesis ability has strong tolerance to the heterogeneous environment represented by high nitrogen levels. At the early stage of growth (45 d), the positive feedback effect on moderate-level nitrogen deposition (N=60 kg/hm²) was strong. However, with the extension of the growth period (90 d), the adaptability to high levels of nitrogen deposition (N=80 kg/hm²) was significantly improved. The result proves that the aggravation of nitrogen deposition is beneficial to its growth.

In this paper, three types of green coffee oil microcapsules were prepared by complex coacervation using the combination of gum arabic (GA) with soybean isolate protein (SPI), whey isolate protein (WPI) and sodium caseinate (SC) as wall materials, respectively. The turbidity, infrared spectral characteristics, apparent morphology and fluorescence co-localization of the wall materials were analyzed by combining different characterization techniques; the encapsulation efficiency, morphology, particle size, structural characterization and thermal stability of the three green coffee oil microcapsules were compared. Gum arabic and different proteins formed complexes through electrostatic interactions, which can be used as a new wall material for encapsulating green coffee oil. Infrared spectral analysis showed that the three wall materials could encapsulate green coffee oil better. The encapsulation rate in a descending order was SPIGA-GCO (69.26%), SCGA-GCO (58.69%), WPIGA-GCO (52.57%). The microstructure of green coffee oil microcapsules had a flat surface without obvious cracks, among which the oil droplets were more uniformly distributed in SPIGA-GCO. DSC analysis showed that the thermal denaturation temperature of microcapsules was higher (103.93-108.33 ℃), with good thermal stability. The results showed that the performance of SPIGA-GCO microcapsules was significantly better than the microcapsule products prepared from the other two wall materials. This study would provide technical support for the development of stable and effective green coffee oil microencapsulated products, and also provide a theoretical basis for the high value utilization of green coffee oil.

Tribe Vandeae belongs to Orchidaceae and is distributed at low altitudes in southern and southeastern Tibet. Due to the limited transportation conditions in the past, understanding of tribe Vandeae species in Tibet was poor. We reporte a less known species of orchids from China: Papilionanthe uniflora (Lindl.) Garay. It was originally only recorded in the Flora of Tibet, but was not included in the Flora of China due to the lack of important features such as flowers. This article provides detailed information about the anatomy of this species for future supplement and revision. The following 12 new recorded species are reported in Tibet: Aerides rosea Lodd. ex Lindl. & Paxton, Cleisostoma aspersum (Rchb. f.) Garay, Cleisostoma linearilobatum (Seidenf. & Smitin.) Garay, Cleisostoma racemiferum (Lindl.) Garay, Cleisostoma simondii (Gagnep.) Seidenf., Gastrochilus affinis (King & Pantl.) Schltr., Gastrochilus prionophyllus H. Jiang, D. P. Ye & Q. Liu, Gastrochilus pseudodistichus (King et Pantl.) Schltr., Phalaenopsis lobbii (Rchb. f.) H. R. Sweet, Taeniophyllum glandulosum Blume, Uncifera obtusifolia Lindl. and Vanda concolor Blume, Uncifera Lindl. is a new recorded genus in Tibet. We providedetailed descriptions of morphological identification and pictures. Mos Vandeae species have important ornamental value, such as Phalaenopsis and Vanda. The findings not only expand orchid resources in Tibet, but also provide basic information for the utilization of ornamental orchids in Tibet.

Agave spp. is main resource of hard fiber. Zebra disease, caused by the pathogen Phytophthora nicotianae, is one of the most devastating sisal oomycete diseases. RXLR effector proteins are important cytoplasmic effectors of oomycete and more than 300 RXLR effector genes were identified in the genomes of P. nicotianae. RXLR effectors have the ability to manipulate or suppress host immunity by directly binding host proteins. A typical RXLR effector (named PnRXLR5863) that induced programmed cell death (PCD) was identified from P. nicotianae, but the targets in Agave were still unknown. This study aims to obtain the host plant proteins that are interacting with PnRXLR5863 in A. hybrid No.11648. A normalized cDNA library was constructed by combining Switching Mechanism at 5′ end of RNA Transcript (SMART) and Duplex-Specific Nuclease (DSN) technology. The capacity of cDNA library was 5.32×10⁷ CFU/ml, the independent clones was 1.064×10⁸ CFU, and the lengths of inserts ranged from 0.5 kb to 3.0 kb, with the recombination rate of 100%. A total of 23 proteins interacting with PnRXLR5863 were obtained by sequencing and homology analysis. Some of target proteins involve several physiological events, such as ubiquitination, protein synthesis, protein translation and protein translation, suggesting that PnRXLR5863 effector may act on protein metabolism of Agave spp. This research would lay a foundation for further study of the pathogenic mechanism of PnRXLR5863.

Soil salinization is one of the important factors limiting crop growth. Cultivating new salt-tolerant rice varieties is of great significance to expand rice planting area. In order to explore the change trend of growth and physiology of different varieties of rice seedlings and clarify the salt tolerance of different rice varieties at seedling stage, five rice varieties were used as the experimental materials. The effects of different concentrations of NaCl (0 mmol/L, 70 mmol/L, 140 mmol/L) on the growth and related physiological indexes were studied at rice seedlings using hydroponic method. The principal component analysis and membership function method were used to comprehensively evaluate the salt tolerance of five rice seedlings. The results showed that under salt stress, salt inhibited the root length, root surface area, root volume, root tip number and root mean diameter of all rice varieties in general. The root growth index values of 'HH11' and 'Nipponbare' changed little. The root length, root volume, root surface area and root tip number of '9311' and 'JX99' were significantly inhibited. The average root tip number of 'HD961' was the largest among the five rice varieties. With the increase of NaCl concentration, the plant height and root activity of each variety showed a gradual downward trend, and the total chlorophyll content, relative conductivity, MDA content, proline content and Na⁺/K⁺ of root showed an overall upward trend, and the root Na⁺ and K⁺ contents showed a trend of first increase and then decrease. Among them, the relative electrical conductivity and proline content of '9311' and 'JX99' increased the most, the MDA and root Na⁺/K⁺ of 'Nipponbare' and 'HH11' increased the least, the plant height of Nipponbare decreased the least, and the root activity of 'HH11' decreased the least under salt stress. Principal component analysis showed that three independent comprehensive indexes explained 94.23% of the changes of 16 single indexes under salt stress. Among them, root length, root volume, root tip number, total chlorophyll content, malondialdehyde content and electrical conductivity could be used as the main factors to evaluate salt tolerance at seedling stage, and K⁺, Na⁺/K⁺ and plant height could be used as the secondary factors to evaluate salt tolerance at seedling stage. The results of membership function analysis showed that the salt tolerance of the five rice varieties from strong to weak was 'HH11'>'HD961'>'Nipponbare'>'9311'>'JX99'.

Laticifer cells present in aging calli of Hevea brasiliensis. Methyl jasmonate (MeJA) and jasmonic acid (JA) belong to jasmonates (JAs). However, the effect of MeJA on laticifer cell differentiation of the rubber tree anther calli is unclear. In the present paper, the effect of MeJA on laticifer cell differentiation of anther calli was systematically studied. MeJA added to media in the range of 0-1 mg/L did not influence the growth of anther calli, while higher concentration of MeJA in media in the range of 2-3 mg/L severely inhibited callus growth. MeJA concentration in media was negatively correlated with callus growth. Histochemical sections showed that low concentration of MeJA in media greatly promoted the differentiation of callus laticifer cells and remarkably increased the occurring frequency, while high concentration of MeJA in media gravely impeded callus laticifer cell differentiation and strikingly decreased the occurring frequency. Among them, 1 mg/L MeJA in media was the optimal concentration to improve the differentiation of laticifer cells in calli. qPCR results showed that when the media were supplemented with MeJA, the change trend of the expression level of genes that was essential in latex biosynthesis, such as small rubber particle protein (SRPP), rubber elongation factor (REF), and cis-prenyl transferase (CPT), was basically consistent with that of the occurring frequency of callus laticifer cells, which further confirmed that MeJA promoted the differentiation of callus laticifer cells. Transmission electron microscopy observation showed that callus laticifer cells contained some specific organelles, such as rubber particles and lutoids. The results of this paper are of great significance for promoting the application of rubber tree callus in the study of laticifer differentiation, and for developing rubber tree novel yield-increasing reagents.

The supply and demand of feed resources in China appear the phenomenon of lack of concentrate feed, protein feed, green feed and insufficient total resources, especially the serious shortage of protein feed. Cnidoscolus aconitifolius and hybrid Broussonetia papyrifera, as two new and high quality woody protein feed resources, have high potential for feed production. In this study, C. aconitifolius and hybrid B. papyrifera were taken as the experimental objects to determine the conventional nutrutional components, mineral elements and amino acid components. The comparison results were performed by t test and the feeding values of the two woody fodder plants were evaluated combined with relative feed value (RFV). The results of analysis showed that the crude protein (CP) content of C. aconitifolius and hybrid B. papyrifera was more than 20%, the crude fiber (CF) content was less than 15%, the mineral element content such as Ca, P, K, Mg, Fe and Zn was high. Among them, the Ca/P ratio of C. aconitifolius was 1.82∶1, which met the requirement of Ca/P ratio in general feed, while the Ca/P ratio of hybrid B. papyrifera was 8∶1, which was far greater than that in general feed. The essential amino acids (EAA)/non-essential amino acids (NEAA) and essential amino acids (EAA)/total amino acids (TAA) in both C. aconitifolius and hybrid B. papyrifera was above 60% and 40%, respectively. The variety of limiting amino acid (LAA) and sulfur-containing amino acids was comprehensive and rich in content. The evaluation results of C. aconitifolius and hybrid B. papyrifera combined with the relative feed value (RFV) showed that C. aconitifolius was super grade forage material and hybrid B. papyrifera was senior grade forage material, both had good overall effect and high feeding value. The results of comparative analysis on nutritional value of C. aconitifolius and hybrid B. papyrifera showed that both belonged to high-quality woody feed raw materials rich in protein, minerals and amino acids, had high feeding value and development potential in livestock diets. In particular, C. aconitifolius had higher CP content, lower CF content, lower NDF content and more reasonable proportion of calcium-phosphorus ratio, which had better feeding value compared with hybrid B. papyrifera.