In order to study the effect of chalcone isomerase on the synthesis of flavonoids during the development of rubber leaves, this study used the CHI functional domain chalcone (PF02431) to identify the HbCHI gene family members of the Ccalcone isomerase, and to analyze the physicochemical properties, conserved domain, conserved motif and phylogenetic tree of the protein sequences. qRT-PCR was used to analyze the expression pattern of HbCHI during the development of rubber leaves. The effect of HbCHI2 on plant flavonoid synthesis was analyzed using Agrobacterium-mediated transient expression technique in Nicotiana benjamina. Nine HbCHI gene family members (HbCHI1-HbCHI9) were identified from the genomic database of H. brasiliensis. The proteins encoded by HbCHI1-HbCHI9 contained 177-474 amino acids with isoelectric points ranging from 5.1 to 9.52. The proteins were mainly hydrophilic proteins. Only HbCHI1 contained 6 conserved motif1-motif6 motifs, and phylogenetic analysis showed that HBCHI1-HBCHI4 was type I CHI. HbCHI6-HbCHI9 showed fatty acid binding sites, which were type III CHI. HbCHI5 was type IV CHI. The relative expression level of HbCHI gene family in rubber trees showed a trend of first decreasing and then increasing from small bronzer to mature stage. The relative expression level was the lowest in light green stage, and the change trend of total flavonoids content was consistent with the relative expression level of CHI gene. Correlation analysis showed that HbCHI2 had the highest significant correlation with flavoniods content. The Pearson coefficient was 0.97. Overexpression of HbCHI2 in N. benjamina promoted the biosynthesis of flavonoids and increased the total flavonoids content in leaves, which was 2.13 times that of control. These results indicate that HbCHI2 gene regulates flavonoid biosynthesis in rubber leaves.

The molecular mechanism underlying white-fleshed pitaya (Hylocereus undatus) in response to MeJA treatment during the fruit postharvest ripening was investigated. The differentially expressed genes (DEGs) response to MeJA treatment were analyzed by the digital gene expression profiling technology. The results showed that compared with the control, a total of 15 596 DEGs, including 6135 up-regulated genes and 9461 down-regulated genes, were identified. Gene ontology analysis showed that most DEGs were involved in cell metabolism, biological regulation, biosynthesis, catalysis, binding activities and transport activities. KEGG pathway enrichment analysis revealed that all DEGs were assigned in many pathways, mainly involving in photosynthesis, plant hormone signal transduction, protein processing and starch and carbohydrate metabolism. Moreover, the transcripts of most genes involved in ethylene-signaling transduction and cell-wall degradation, belonging to ERF, EIN, XTH, PG and XTH family, were found to be significantly down-regulated. These results strongly suggest that MeJA treatment may be involved in delaying the softening of white-pitaya by restraining the ethylene-signaling transduction and retarding the degradation of cell wall during postharvest ripening. The results would lay a foundation for further research on developing the more efficient postharvest preservation technology for tropical fruits.

Dendrobium nobile has a high ornamental value and is one of the important parental plants in the hybridization group of Dendrobium. To explore the physiological and molecular mechanisms of D. nobile flowers in response to high-temperature stress, this study combined water potential, cell membrane permeability monitoring, ethylene-related compound content determination, and transcriptome analysis. Treatment groups were subjected to 36 ℃ high-temperature stress for 5 h, 10 h and 24 h, with a normal temperature culture as the control. The physiological characteristics of D. nobile flowers under 36 ℃ and the transcriptome response to high temperature were studied. The results shoed that 36 ℃ high-temperature stress had almost no effect on the water status and cell membrane permeability of D. nobile flowers within 24h. The content of ethylene precursor (ACC) in the flowers significantly increased in all three high-temperature treatment groups compared to the control (Dno-CK). The number of differentially expressed genes between the 5 h high-temperature treatment and the control group (Dno-CK vs Dno-5h), the 10 h high-temperature treatment and the control (Dno-CK vs Dno-10h), and the 24 h high-temperature treatment and the control (Dno-CK vs Dno-24h) was 25 204, 25 528 and 26 878, respectively, with the number of genes up-and downregulated was approximately 1∶1. As the duration of high-temperature stress increased, the total number of differentially expressed genes in D. nobile flowers gradually rose. KEGG enrichment analysis showed that the differential genes of the three comparison groups were enriched to the monoterpene biosynthesis pathway, indicating that high temperature promoted the synthesis of volatile terpenoids in D. nobile. Functional enrichment analysis indicated that most of the differentially ex-pressed genes in response to high-temperature stress were enriched in pathways related to genetic information processing and metabolic pathways, with the highest number of differential genes in the nucleotide excision repair, starch and sucrose metabolism, and protein processing in the endoplasmic reticulum pathways. This suggests that high temperature stimulates D. nobile flowers to enhance various metabolic activities in response to heat stress. Screening of differentially expressed genes revealed that heat shock protein (HSP) genes in D. nobile flowers were significantly up-regulated in response to high-temperature stress. The HSP genes responding to high-temperature stress within 24 h in D. nobile flowers were primarily the HSP20 genes, followed by the HSP90 genes. Further research on the heat re-sponse genes of D. nobile flowers can focus on the HSP20 and HSP90 genes. This study on the physiological and transcriptome response of D. nobile flowers to high-temperature stress would provide a reference for heat-tolerant breeding research and theoretical support for the cultivation of heat-resistant D. varieties.

Vanda coerulea, an epiphytic plant with bare roots growing in air, has important value for orchid breeding and ornament. Exploring the development and defense mechanism of the aerial roots from the omics level can provide a theoretical basis for comprehensive understanding of the unique adaptation mechanism of aerial roots. In this study, we used three root sites with different developmental levels of V. coerulea aerial roots as materials, combined with transcriptomics and metabolomics, to reveal the development of different parts of V. coerulea roots and the defense mechanisms. Transcription-metabolism analysis showed that the differentially expressed genes (DEGs) and differentially accumulated metabolites (DAMs) were significantly enriched in the metabolic pathway, biosynthesis pathway of various secondary metabolites and pathway of plant hormone signaling in two comparison groups. Transcriptome analysis showed 11 995 DEGs between the meristematic (group A) and elongation (group B) zones of the root, with 6274 up-regulated and 5721 down-regulated. There were 3673 DEGs between the elongation (group B) and maturation zone (group C) of the root, with 1691 up-regulated and 1982 down-regulated. Metabolomic results revealed 102 DAMs between the two comparison groups, with 52 up-regulated and 50 down-regulated. In the development of roots, the relative expression levels of growth regulators such as auxin, gibberellins (GAs) and abscisic acid (ABA) had significant changes in different developmental stages of plant roots. In terms of defense mechanism, the genes related to the synthesis of alkaloids, flavonoids, and lignins were more expressed in the meristem and elongation zone of roots than in the mature zone. The results indicate that aerial roots development under the regulation of the above-mentioned hormones and accumulate a variety of secondary metabolites to improve defensive capabilities.

ELF3 is an important biological clock gene that regulates the input of light signal and the output of circadian rhythm, participating in modulation of many important processes of plants. In order to understand its regulation in the initiation of petal senescence of Oncidium, we conducted cloning and expression analysis of OnELF3 in Oncidium.OnELF3 (GenBank accession number: OL613896) was isolated from the Oncidium petals. OnELF3 had a length of 2208 bp and encoded a protein of 735 amino acids. Subcellular localization showed its expression in the nucleus. Homologous sequence alignment and phylogenetic tree analysis showed that OnELF3 was closest to the counterparts of Dendrobium candidum and Phalaenopsis. Prokaryotic expression analysis showed that the cloned OnELF3 was capable of prokaryotic expression of functional proteins. Its expression patterns under long day, full light, and full darkness conditions were consistent with its function as a circadian clock gene. Real time fluorescence quantitative analysis showed that the expression of OnELF3 was the highest in cracked buds and full-open flowers, indicating that OnELF3 may play a role in both flowering and flower senescence initiation. This study would lay a foundation for further functional identification of OnELF3 in the initiation of flower senescence.

Hongyang kiwifruit is a distinguished variety independently developed in China. It features a distinctive red coloration, possesses high sugar content and low acidity, and is favored for its rich aroma and unique flavor profile. The growth and development of fruits are influenced by a multitude of factors, among which sucrose non-fermentation-1-associated protein kinase 1 (SnRK1) plays a pivotal role in the regulation of carbohydrate metabolism and the response to both biotic and abiotic stresses. Therefore, in this study, we cloned the full-length cDNA of 2 genes in the SnRK1 family of Hongyang kiwifruit, named AcSnRK1.1 and AcSnRK1.2. The physical and chemical properties, gene structure, conserved motifs, protein conserved domains, and cis-acting elements of AcSnRK1.1 and AcSnRK1.2 were systematically analyzed using bioinformatics approaches. The expression characteristics of AcSnRK1.1 and AcSnRK1.2 genes in different tissues and fruits were quantitatively detected by real-time fluorescence. AcSnRK1.1 and AcSnRK1.2 genes contained an open reading frame of 1548 bp and 1545 bp, respectively, encoding proteins containing 515 and 514 amino acids with highly consistent sequences (96.31%) respectively. Both genes contained 10 exons and 2 introns. Bioinformatics analysis showed that AcSnRK1.1 and AcSnRK1.2 had high homology with other plant SnRK1 proteins. The amino acid sequence showed that STKc_AMPK_alpha, AMPK_C and UBA_SnRK1_plant were unique to the SnRK1 family. Evolutionary tree analysis showed that AcSnRK1.1 and AcSnRK1.2 belonged to the SnRK1 family. Tissue specific analysis showed that AcSnRK1.1 and AcSnRK1.2 were expressed in all tissues of Hongyang Kiwifruit, but the expression abundance was the highest in fruit. During fruit development, the expression levels of AcSnRK1.1 and AcSnRK1.2 decreased first and then increased. qRT-PCR analysis showed that the expression of AcSnRK1.1 and AcSnRK1.2 was responsive to ABA, GA₃, ET and CPPU. With the increase of storage time, the expression levels of AcSnRK1.1 and AcSnRK1.2 showed a downward trend first and then an upward trend, suggesting that AcSnRK1 gene might regulate the expression of sucrose synthase. The results of this study indicate that AcSnRK1.1 and AcSnRK1.2 genes play an important role in the development and storage of Hongyang kiwifruit, which would lay a foundation for further elucidation of the functions of AcSnRK1.1 and AcSnRK1.2 genes.

The study was aimed to breed new coffee varieties with good characteristics for improving the yield and quality of Yunnan coffee production. Arabica coffee hybrid F₁ was introduced from Nestle R&D Center in France to Pu’er to study plant growth, fruiting characteristics, yield and bean physical properties. The varieties are 107, 117, 118,120, 121, 10×25 and 12×25, and the control is T8667, a widely planted cultivar. The test sites were Simao, Ning’er, Menglian and Jiangcheng. The results indicated that the plant height, stem diameter and crown width of the 3-year-old plant for the varieties was 84.20-175.00 cm, 21.69-53.34 mm, and 74.80-165.30 cm, respectively. All test varieties were dwarf plant. GPFA117 showed thicker stems and wider crown, 118 and 121 had better crown width than the control. The number of primary branches was 34.00~62.20. The longest primary branch length and diameter range was 43.40-89.00 cm, 4.86-11.40 mm respectively. The varieties with excellent performance were those with more number of primary branches, strong and long branches. 117, 118 and 121. 10×25 showed longer primary branches than the control, and the primary branch of 107, 120 varieties was thicker and longer, which can also be used as a good trait in future breeding. The least number fruits per node were 12×25 and T8667, and other varieties had more than 15 fruits per node. The variety 107, 117, 118, 120, 121 and 10×25 had the highest fresh fruit yield per plant and dry bean yield per hectare, up to 4.50–6.58 kg and 3289.46–4968.57 kg. Varieties 117, 118 and 120 had an average dry bean yield of over 3000 kg/hm² during the two-year peak production period, indicating a relatively high level of yield. It showed the advantage of high yield of hybrid varieties respectively. The fresh-dry ratio was (4.31-6.48)∶1, the highest was 10×25. The weight of 100 parchment beans was 14.93-20.67 g, and that of 12×25 was the smallest one. Others showed completely filled fruit and medium bean granularity. Varieties 117, 118, 120, 121 and 10×25 had some excellent traits such as plants shorter, thicker stems, wider crown, more thicker and longer primary branches, high yield, plump fruits, medium grain size over T8667. The varieties would provide scientific basis for promoting high-yield and high-quality coffee varieties in production.

In order to screen cocoa breeding materials with excellent fruit traits, pulp and cocoa bean quality, 17 indicators including fruit quality, fruit shell quality, fruit length, fruit width, fresh quality of seeds, pulp content, soluble sugar, total acid, pH, sugar-acid ratio, pulp sensory evaluation (aroma, sour-sweet taste, acceptance), cocoa butter, theobromine, caffeine, and polyphenols were measured for 11 cocoa germplasm. Principal component analysis and cluster analysis were used to comprehensively evaluate the 17 indicators of different cocoa germplasm fruits. The results indicated that the coefficients of variation (CV) for the 17 indicators ranged from 4.16% to 52.91%, with an average of 16.73%. Notably, caffeine exhibited the highest CV among all indicators. The CVs for pulp content, total acid, sugar-acid ratio, and caffeine were all above 20%, suggesting significant variations in fruit traits and quality among the 11 cocoa germplasms. This rich genetic diversity indicates a vast potential for the selection and improvement of cocoa cultivars with desirable characteristics. In the sensory evaluation of cocoa pulp, variety Xiangke 16 scored the highest, followed by TAS420 and TAS1413. Furthermore, the acceptability among testers was primarily influenced by the balance of sweetness and sourness in the pulp. Correlation analysis revealed that there were mainly positive correlations between fruit traits and pulp quality, while there were primarily negative correlations between cocoa bean quality traits and both fruit traits and pulp quality. In the principal component analysis, a total of five principal components with eigenvalues greater than 1 were extracted, accounting for a cumulative contribution rate of 89.521%. Based on the principal component scores of each indicator, a comprehensive ranking was conducted, with TAS420, Xiangke 16, and TAS414 scoring the highest. The three cocoa germplasm exhibited superior performance in fruit traits, pulp quality, and cocoa bean quality. Principal components 1 and 2 played crucial roles in the comprehensive evaluation. Among them, indicators such as pH, sugar-acid ratio, sensory evaluation, fruit quality, fruit shell quality, and fruit width contributed significantly to the evaluation of cocoa fruits. Based on the cluster analysis, the 11 cocoa germplasms were subdivided into four groups. Group I consisted of TAS1413, which exhibited superior fruit traits and pulp quality but had the poorest cocoa bean quality. Groups II and III comprised the top four germplasm in the comprehensive ranking, demonstrating excellent overall indicators and serving as important materials for breeding superior varieties. The remaining six germplasm belonged to Group IV, which had relatively average fruit traits and quality. This study would provide a foundation for the breeding of superior cocoa varieties, contributing to the diversification and development of the cocoa industry.

Date palm is hermaphroditic and highly heterogeneous in genetics, resulting in severe phenotypic variation. Propagation of seedlings depends on asexual reproduction, and tissue culture technology is the main means of commercializing date seedling production at present. However, the difficulty in inducing embryogenesis and the long induction cycle lead to difficulties in system construction and high tissue culture costs. Therefore, it is urgent to study the effects of hormone regulation on the endogenous metabolic substances of date embryos and optimize the embryogenesis system. This study is based on the selection of date explants, induction of callus and embryogenic callus in the previous studies, and uses orthogonal experimental design to screen and match the plant growth regulators and concentrations in the MS culture medium to induce embryogenesis from callus. The study statistically recorded the embryogenesis rate, induction cycle, and survival rate; date embryos with different levels of hormone were sampled; the morphological changes of date embryos in a regular manner were observed; and the changes in the content of total protein (Cpr), soluble sugar (WSS), catalase (CAT), glutathione reductase (GR), amino acids (AA), auxin, cytokinin (CTK), abscisic acid (ABA), and gibberellin (GA) were measured. The results showed that the embryogenic rate of C₉ was higher than that of C₅, C₄, C₆, and the time for embryogenesis was the shortest in the C₅ treatment. In the C₉ treatment, the highest content of catalase and amino acids was found in the embryos, and the highest protein content was found in the C₅ treatment. The coefficient of variation was the largest for glutathione reductase content, and the maximum difference was found in amino acid content. The correlation analysis showed that thiocyanate and gibberellin had the strongest correlation with glutathione reductase, and soluble sugar had the strongest correlation with protein and amino acid. Principal component analysis showed that the first four principal components accounted for 88.714% of the total variance, with an eigenvalue of 3.877 for the first principal component, a contribution rate of 43.076%, and the first principal component was mainly influenced by thiocyanate content, soluble sugar content, protein content, and gibberellin content, with the highest eigenvalue of 0.921 for thiocyanate content, reflecting the impact of thiocyanate on embryogenesis. The study would provide theoretical support for optimizing the embryogenesis system and laying a technical foundation for achieving efficient and rapid propagation of date palm.

Pepper and its products are loved by people all over the world for its unique flavor, and the composition and content of metabolites have an important influence on the flavor quality of pepper. As a regional characteristic variety of chili pepper in Yunnan province, Xiaomila is favored by consumers because of its rich nutrition and spicy flavor. In order to find out the similarities and differences of metabolites and metabolic pathways in different cultivated varieties during ripening, this study took local traditional Yunnan Xiaomila fruits (Capsicum frutescens L.) and Jingcui (C. baccatum L.) at green ripening stage and red ripening stage as the research object. The non-targeted metabolome technique was used to reveal the metabolite changes and metabolic pathway differences of two kinds of Xiaomila fruits at different growth stages. The results showed that a total of 880 metabolites of 12 classes were identified in Yunnan Xiaomila, among which the proportion of lipids and organic acids was the highest, indicating that Yunnan Xiaomila was rich in nutrients and could be used as a potential functional food raw material. The types and amounts of differential metabolites were significantly different at different growth stages and varieties, but the nutrients of red fruits were richer than those of green fruits. Compared with the two cultivated species, the local Xiaomila in Yunnan was richer in flavonoids, while the amount and variety of amino acids in Jingcui were more. Specific differential metabolites were screened from different comparison groups. Flavonoids, glycerophospholipids, amino acids and other substances could be used as potential biomarkers for different growth stages of the two cultivars. KEGG enrichment analysis found that the metabolic pathways of common metabolites (lipids, amino acids, sugars, carbohydrates, secondary metabolites, terpenes and polyketones, etc.) were included. The key metabolic pathways in the two growth stages were mainly enriched in glycerophospholipid metabolic pathways, biosynthesis of flavonoids and flavonols, biosynthesis of plant secondary metabolites, and biosynthesis of phenylpropanoid. The unique differential metabolic pathways of different comparison groups were found. In conclusion, the results show that there are significant differences in the species and quantity of metabolites in two kinds of Xiaomila and each has its own characteristics, which would provide data support for the quality breeding and the later harvest strategy of Xiaomila fruit.

The Nujiang Dry-hot Valley region in Yunnan is an ideal area for the cultivation of Arabica coffee (Coffea arabica L.). However, the continuous occurrence of coffee leaf diseases has a significant impact on the health, yield and quality of coffee trees, causing considerable losses to local agricultural production. To effectively manage the diseases, this study focused on the isolation and identification of the pathogens associated with coffee leaf diseases in the Nujiang Dry-hot Valley region. Typical diseased leaf samples were collected from various coffee plantations, and through pathogen isolation, purification, verification using Koch’s postulates, morphological observation and ITS gene sequence analysis. Seven pathogenic strains, Lu 11-2, Lu 9-1, Xin 5-2, Xin 7-5, Xin 8-2, Xin 15-2 and Lu 23-1, were identified. Lu 11-2, Lu 9-1, Xin 5-2 and Xin 7-5 were identified as Alternaria sp., Xin 15-2 and Lu 23-1 were identified as Colletotrichum sp., and Xin 8-2 was identified as Pestalotiopsis sp. The primary pathogens causing coffee leaf diseases in this region could be categorized into three types, Alternaria sp., Pestalotiopsis sp. and Colletotrichum sp.. Specifically, Alternaria sp. and Pestalotiopsis sp. were the primary pathogens responsible for coffee leaf spot disease, while Colletotrichum sp. was the causative agent of coffee anthracnose disease. The findings of this study would not only provide a scientific basis for a deeper understanding of the types of coffee leaf diseases in the Nujiang Dry-hot Valley region of Yunnan but also offer theoretical support for effective disease management in the area. This research plays a significant guiding role for local coffee cultivation and serves as a reference for disease control in coffee-growing regions elsewhere.

The scale insect pest is the main pest in agroforestry, causing varying degrees of damage to crops, fruit trees, ornamental plants, and forest trees. The fungus Cordyceps javanica IJID003 exhibits strong pathogenicity against scale insects, making it a promising candidate for the development of microbial pesticides. Research and development efforts focusing on its wettable powder formulation and the optimization of its production process are essential steps toward its industrialization and commercialization. The efforts are also crucial for promoting sustainable agricultural practices and achieving green pest management strategies. In this study, a single-factor test was employed to identify the optimal solid fermentation substrates and exogenous additives of strain IJID003. This research screened the optional carrier, wetting agent, dispersing agent and UV protective agent of the C. javanica by measuring the compatibility and its effective performance, which developed the wettable powder formula of the C. javanica preliminarily. The field efficacy of the C. javanica wettable powder was evaluated against female adults of Icerya jacobsoni on Michelia alba. The optimal spore-producing base substrate for C. javanica was barley. The best substrate formulation was a mixture of barley (7 parts) and wheat bran (1 part) by weight. The optimal exogenous additives included 1% glucose as a carbon source, 1% acid hydrolyzed casein as a nitrogen source, 2% potassium chloride as an inorganic salt, 1% glycine as an amino acid, and bee pupal body wall powder as a chitin source. The optimal formulation for the strain IJID003 wettable powder was 20% spore powder of IJID003, 1% wetting agent Morwet EFW, 5% dispersing agent Morwet D-450, 1% UV protectant CBS-X, and 73% carrier diatomaceous earth. Field trials demonstrated that a spore concentration of 6×10⁸ CFU/mL of C. javanica wettable powder effectively controlled female I. jacobsoni adults on M. alba, with an efficacy of 92.50% at 21 days post-inoculation. This efficacy was not significantly different from that of the control insecticide, a 4000-fold dilution of 25% thiamethoxam wettable powder, which achieved a control efficiency of 95.50%. In conclusion, the strain IJID003 wettable powder shows excellent potential for the green management of scale insects and holds significant promise as a sustainable alternative to chemical pesticides.

The aim of this study was to screen out insecticides that exhibit higher toxicity to Ferrisia virgata, thereby establishing a scientific foundation for controlling F. virgata. The toxicity of 14 insecticides on F. virgata was assessed indoors at 6 h, 12 h, 24 h and 48 h after application by a spraying method, among which the median lethal concentration (LC₅₀) values of the 7 insecticides showing greater efficacy against the 3rd nymph F. virgata were determined specifically at 24 h and 48 h post-application. Based on the recommended dosage of each insecticide, the field control efficacy of acetamiprid, sulfoxaflor, fenpropathrin, diazinon, thiamethoxam, profenofos·lufenuron, flonicamid·bifenthrin against F. virgata was evaluated by artificial spraying in the areca field of Yazhou, Sanya, Hainan in May 2024. The preliminary screening results showed that acetamiprid, sulfoxaflor, fenpropathrin, diazinon, thiamethoxam, profenofos·lufenuron, flonicamid·bifenthrin had good toxicity against the 3rd nymph F. virgata, with the mortality rate of more than 70% at 48 h after treatment. The results of laboratory toxicity determination showed that 24 h and 48 h after treatment, the relative virulence of the seven agents ranked from highest to lowest as follows: Thiamethoxam, fenpropathrin, sulfoxaflor, acetamiprid, diazinon, flonicamid·bifenthrin, profenofos·lufenuron. The results of field efficacy test showed that thiamethoxam, fenpropathrin, sulfoxaflor and acetamiprid exhibited the superior field control effect, and the corrected control effect was more than 60% during 1-7 days after treatment, while that of diazinon, flonicamid·bifenthrin, profenofos. lufenuron was less than 60% on 7 days after treatment. Thiamethoxam had the highest field control effect on mealybug bistripe, achieving a corrected control effect of 90.13% after 1 day of application, peaking at 94.53% after 3 days, and maintaining a substantial efficacy of 87.20% after 7 days, which was significantly higher than that of the other insecticides. The results of this study demonstrated that thiamethoxam, fenpropathrin, sulfoxaflor had good laboratory insecticidal activity and field control efficacy against F. virgata. The findings would provide a scientific basis for selecting suitable pesticides for controlling F. virgata, and also offer technical support for the prevention and control strategy of areca palm yellow leaf disease.

Tetranychus urticae is a dangerous agricultural pest worldwide. Abamectin is a widely used acaricide in the prevention and control of T. urticae. However, the resistance caused by inappropriate application of acaricide has become an increasing challenge. Explorating the resistant mechanisms of T. urticae against abamectin can provide the theoretical basis for prolonging lifespan and perform a comprehensive prevention and control strategy. In this study, we conducted an abamectin bioassays on field population, laboratory-derived resistant-and sensitive populations. It was found that the 24 h median lethal concentration (LC₅₀) values of the three populations was 7.19 µg/mL, 2061.43 µg/mL and 0.10 µg/mL, respectively, while the LC₅₀ values of the 48 h was 6.32 µg/mL, 1971.55 µg/mL and 0.09 µg/mL, respectively. In addition, the resistance ratio of the field population and the laboratory resistant population exceeded 70-fold and 20 000-fold respectively, which belonged to the medium resistance level and the high resistance level. Detoxification enzyme activity of surviving T. urticae following exposure to LC₅₀ treatment showed that the activity of glutathione S-transferase (GSTs) and uridine diphosphate glycosyltransferase (UGTs) in the resistant population was the highest, followed by the field populations, and both two population were significantly higher than those of sensitive population. In comparison, prior to the acaricide treatment, the enzyme activity of the highly resistant population and the medium resistant population increased over time, while the enzyme activity of the sensitive population were inhibited. Quantitative PCR was used to compare the expression differences of the coding gene of the above enzyme detoxification enzymes. It revealed that prior to the treatment, the expression level of GSTm09, GSTd10, UGT204a2 and UGT201d3 in the highly resistant population and the medium resistant population in the field was significantly higher than that in the sensitive population, and the difference in the expression of detoxification enzyme genes between the resistant population and the sensitive population increased further with the extension of treatment time. Correlation analysis showed that the detoxification enzyme activity and the expression of the coding genes were significantly positively correlated with the resistance level to abamectin. The study would provide a theoretical reference for in-depth exploration of T. urticae resistant target genes and the development of resistance management strategies.

Coffee is one of three major beverage plants in the world, which is an important economic crop serving the revitalization and construction of rural areas in hot areas and national “the Belt and Road” initiative. Hainan coffee has good quality, high prices and good earnings. Currently, there is a phenomenon of using inferior products and impersonating others in the market, which is seriously damaged the brand image of Hainan coffee. Therefore, the development of Hainan coffee origin traceability identification technology is of great significance for promoting identification of Hainan coffee. In this study, we used inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry technology to determine the content of 13 mineral elements (K, Mg, Ca, Cu, Fe, Ba, Co, Mo, Ni, Zn, Se, Cd, As) in 68 coffee bean samples from main production areas of robusta coffee both domestically and internationally. Principal component analysis, orthogonal partial least squares-discriminant analysis and cluster analysis were used to classify the production areas of medium grain coffee beans in Hainan and abroad. A model for identifying the origin of medium grained coffee was established using linear discriminant analysis. The results showed that there was a significant correlation between different mineral element. And content of elements As, Ca, Fe, K, and Zn between Hainan and foreign production areas were significantly different; OPLS-DA analysis divided coffee samples into two groups, Hainan and foreign areas, based on composition characteristics of five elements. Fisher discriminant model established by using content of elements As, K, and Ca could distinguish robusta coffee beans from Hainan and abroad. The correct discriminant rates of cross test and back generation test were 92.3% and 96.2%, respectively. The accuracy of cluster analysis in identifying product origin was 89.7%. The above research results demonstrated that fingerprint characteristics of mineral elements could be used for origin tracing of Hainan coffee, which provided key technical support for brand protection of Hainan coffee in the future.

Cassava roots were used as the raw material. Single factor tests combined with the Box-Behnken response surface method were used to optimize the extraction process of cassava crude polysaccharide (CPCR) assisted by ultrasonic wave, and the process of enzymatic hydrolysis of cassava tuber roots by four different enzymes was analyzed. The results showed that the four enzymatic hydrolysis processes were different. The extraction yield of CPCR with enzyme was significantly higher than that without enzyme. The CPCR yield of the four enzymes was α-medium temperature>pullulanase>hemicellulase>α-low-temperature amylase, the ultrasonic treatment time of α-low-temperature amylase was the longest (360 min), but the CPCR yield was the lowest (7.02%). The α-medium temperature CPCR yield was the highest (20.25%), and the best enzymatic extraction process was as follows: ultrasonic power 300 W, ultrasonic temperature 70 ℃, enzyme content 5 KU/g, solid-liquid ratio (g/mL) 1∶2.5, and ultrasonic time 240 min. The ultrasonic treatment time of pullulanase was the shortest (60 min), and the CPCR yield was 13.98%. The yield of CPCR under hemicellulase hydrolysis was 7.99%. The optimized conditions were further verified, and the results showed that the yield of crude polysaccharide was close to the predicted value. However, the crude polysaccharide content was also detected under the condition that only enzyme was added without cassava sample, and the extraction rate of medium temperature α-amylase was still the highest (17.22%) after deducting the influence of enzyme. It can be seen that medium temperature α-amylase enzymatic hydrolysis of cassava tuber roots is an efficient way to extract CPCR. This study is expected to provide technique basis for its further research and utilization of crude polysaccharide.

In this study, Dahong pitaya fruit were treated with different concentrations of MT (0.2, 0.4, 0.8 mmol/L) and stored at (7±1) ℃ and 75%-85% RH to clarify the effect of MT on its preservation. The results showed that 0.2 and 0.8 mmol/L MT could decrease the rot rate (DI) of pitaya fruit, while MT could decrease the respiratory rate (RR) and inhibit the increase of relative conductivity (RC). 0.2 mmol/L MT could effectively delay the decrease of the content of ascorbic acid (AsA), inhibit the increase of the content of malondialdehyde (MDA) and the formation of hydrogen peroxide (H₂O₂) and superoxide anion (), and increase the activity of antioxidant enzymes (SOD, CAT, APX), effectively promote reactive oxygen species (ROS) metabolism, scavenging free radicals, improve fruit antioxidant capacity. At the same time, 0.2 mmol/L MT could effectively maintain the activity of disease-resistance-related enzymes (PAL, POD and PPO), and induce and improve the disease resistance of pitaya fruit. In addition, 0.2 mmol/L MT could increase the contents of soluble sugar (SS) and flavonoids, but there was no significant difference in weight loss rate (WLR) between CK and MT. The correlation analysis showed that there were significant correlations among the 19 indexes, and the rotting rate of pitaya fruit was closely related to ROS metabolism disorder and membrane peroxidation. The results of principal component analysis showed that the score of 0.2 mmol/L MT was higher than that of CK at all storage periods, and the cumulative comprehensive score of 0.2 mmol/L MT was the highest, indicating that the effect of 0.2 mmol/L MT was the best. In conclusion, 0.2 mmol/L MT could delay senescence and maintain quality of pitaya fruit by maintaining ROS metabolism balance and improving disease resistance. This study would lay a foundation for the further research and application of MT technology in hylocereus longus storage at low temperature.

In order to solve the problems of poor water solubility and low stability of vanilla volatile oil, the vanilla volatile oil extracted from Madagascar vanilla pods was used as the main raw material, and the nano-emulsification system of vanilla volatile oil was constructed by the spontaneous emulsification method and stability was evaluated. The results showed that the optimal process formula of vanilla volatile oil nano-microemulsion was the mass ratio of surfactant to co-surfactant was 2, and the mass ratio of mixed surfactant to oil phase was 9∶1, and O/W vanilla volatile oil nano-microemulsion could be obtained, and the particle size of the nano-microemulsion was (16.75±0.06)nm, and the polymer dispersity index (PDI) was 0.240±0.003. The Zeta potential was (–3.15±0.46)V. The results showed that the vanilla volatile oil nano-microemulsion could remain clear and transparent under the conditions of centrifugation rate of 2000-10 000 r/min and heating temperature of 40–90 ℃, and was placed at 4 ℃ for 30 days without turbidity an d precipitation, indicating that the vanilla volatile oil nano-emulsion had good centrifugal stability, thermal stability and storage stability. The results would provide some technical support for the application of vanilla volatile oil and nano microemulsion.

GC-MS method was utilized to determine the volatile components of wild Glyptostrobus pensilis leaves from six geographic distributions in Guangxi (Binyang county, Tiandeng county, Yanshan district, Cangwu county, Pingle county and Qintang district) to investigate the geographic variation patterns of volatile components in the leaves. A total of 139 chemical components were detected in the volatile components of the leaves from different geographic distributions. Terpenes α-pinene and D-limonene had relatively high contents across all geographic distributions, ranging from 18.61% to 28.32% and 16.80% to 49.02%, respectively. Qintang had the fewest volatile species, while Binyang had the most. The relative contents of alcohols, aromatic hydrocarbons, ethers, aldehydes, terpenes, ketones and esters were the lowest in Yanshan, whereas the relative contents of aromatic hydrocarbons, phenols, ethers, aldehydes, acids, terpenes and alkanes were the highest in Tiandeng. Principal component analysis (PCA) showed that the cumulative contribution rate of the first three principal components reached 97.53%, reflecting most of the component information. The absolute values of characteristic vectors for ethers, terpenes, alkanes, aromatic hydrocarbons, acids, olefins, phenols, lipids, ketones, alcohols and other compounds were larger, indicating these are the differential substances distinguishing the different geographic distributions of G. pensilis. Cluster analysis results showed that Qintang, Cangwu and Yanshan clustered into one group, Pingle and Binyang clustered into another group, and Tiandeng formed a separate group. Correlation analysis between volatile components and environmental factors indicated that longitude and altitude had the greatest impact on the content of volatile components. The study would provide reference for the cultivation and resource utilization of G. pensilis.

This paper aimed to explore the arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungal community structure in the rhizosphere soil of ratoon sugarcane in the second year under different fertilization levels, and provide a theoretical basis for the application of AM fungi in sugarcane. In this study, sugarcane varieties GT29 and GT58 were used as the materials. Four fertilization levels were set: 0.0 kg/hm² (A), 562.5 kg/hm² (B), 1125.0 kg/hm² (C), 2250.0 kg/hm²(D). The results showed that different fertilization levels had significant effects on the root mycorrhizal infection rate of GT29, but had no significant effect on GT58. With the increase of fertilization level, the diversity and richness of AM fungi decreased significantly. With the increase of fertilization level, the diversity and richness of AM fungi decreased significantly. A total of 185 AM fungi OTUs were detected in GT29 and 175 in GT58. The dominant AM fungi in the rhizosphere soil of the two varieties under different fertilization levels were Glomus. The species diversity of AM fungal community in rhizosphere soil under different fertilization levels was analyzed at the OTU level. It was found that the two species of GT29 belonged to the genus Glomus, while the three species of GT58 belonged to the genus Claroidoglomus. Mantel test showed that the contents of Ca and Mg in soil were significantly positively correlated with the four genera, and the soil pH was also significantly positively correlated with the three genera. Therefore, excessive fertilization will significantly reduce the yield increase effect, cause soil acidification and excess phosphorus, and change the composition, diversity and richness of AM fungi community in sugarcane rhizosphere soil, but the varieties are different; Proper fertilization was helpful to enrich the diversity of soil AM fungi and promote the sustainable development of sugarcane yield.

The soil nutrient status and comprehensive fertility of agricultural fields in Nanchong were scientifically and objectively evaluated based on 12 nutrient indicators of 872 soil samples, through comprehensive fertility index method, factor analysis method, entropy coefficient method and coefficient of variation method. The soil in Nanchong was alkaline, with low content of organic matter, rich content of phosphorus and iron, high content of copper and zinc, suitable content of potassium and manganese, low content of nitrogen, boron and molybdenum. In the comprehensive fertility index method, the comprehensive fertility index value was 0.75, which was in the third grade, and the overall soil fertility was poor. Only the comprehensive soil fertility of Peng’an County reached the second grade, which was 0.96. In the factor analysis method, the proportion of grade 4 samples was 42.09%, that of grade 3 samples was 34.52%, that of grade 2 samples was close to that of grade 5 samples, that of grade 1-3 samples accounted for 46.68%, that of grade 4-6 samples accounted for 53.52%, and the overall soil fertility was slightly low. In the entropy coefficient method, the comprehensive fertility of soil was 0.082 96, which was between the second and third grade, and the overall fertility of soil was medium. The comprehensive soil fertility value of the coefficient of variation method was 34.09, which was between the first and second grade, and the overall soil fertility was high. Among the four evaluation methods, the coefficient of variation method had the highest soil fertility level, followed by entropy coefficient method and factor analysis method. The comprehensive fertility index method had the lowest fertility level. Through comparative analysis, the result of the factor analysis was more in line with the actual situation of Nanchong. The comprehensive fertility of farmland soil in Nanchong was slightly low. To improve the comprehensive fertility of agricultural land, it is necessary to reduce soil alkalinity, increase organic matter content, and pay attention to the supplementation of fertilizers such as nitrogen, boron, and molybdenum.

This study explored the spatial patterns of land use and the driving forces affecting the rural community in Hainan Tropical Rainforest National Park. It focused on three representative rural communities: Maoyang Township, Nankai Township, and Shuiman Township. Utilizing remote sensing images from 2000, 2010, 2018, and 2023, we analyzed the evolution of land use in the communities from 2000 to 2023 through a comprehensive approach including land use transfer matrices, a comprehensive index of land use degree, landscape pattern indices, and geodetector analysis. Forest land constituted the primary land use type in the rural communities, with the area of forest land increasing from 2000 to 2018 and decreasing from 2018 to 2023. In contrast, cultivated land initially decreased (2000—2018) before experiencing an increase (2018—2023). The land use changes in the communities can be categorized into two phases, the conversion of farmland to forest (2000—2018) and the conversion of forest land to cropland and construction land (2018—2023). Changes in land use types primarily drived changes in the landscape patterns of the rural communities. The landscape characteristics reflect reduced aggregation, increased fragmentation, and enhanced diversity of landscape types. Spatially, the fragmentation of the landscape exhibited a high central area surrounded by lower-density regions. The land use change in the typical rural community of Hainan Tropical Rainforest National Park were influenced by policy and human factors. The normalized difference vegetation index and proximity to roads were consistently identified as significant influences on land use changes. At the same time, the digital elevation model also played a significant role. Interaction detection results revealed that the relationships among the factors displayed either two-factor enhancement or non-linear enhancement, with the explanatory power of two-factor interactions surpassing that of individual factors. This study aims to offer recommendations for the sustainable construction and development of rural communities within national parks.

The unique charm and graceful appearance of bamboo align with traditional Chinese aesthetic preferences and moral consciousness. Additionally, due to its rapid growth, diverse species, and strong adaptability, bamboo has been an important element in environmental construction in China since ancient times. This study employed the line transect method to conduct on-site investigations and data collection in 44 urban parks in Fuzhou, exploring the application of bamboo plants and the characteristics of bamboo landscape construction in Fuzhou’s urban parks. The aim was to provide theoretical and practical guidance for improving the environmental quality of urban parks. The results showed that among the 44 urban parks, there were 38 varieties of bamboo plants across 12 genera (including species, varietas, forma and cultivarietas), with 15 varieties from the genus Bambusa, 8 varieties from the genus Phyllostachys and 2 varieties from the genus Dendrocalamus being used more frequently. The most commonly used bamboo plants were P. iridescens, P. glauca, and D. latiflorus. In different types of bamboo landscapes, the proportion of bamboo resources applied to bamboo with other plants and bamboo with environmental furniture exceeded 70%, followed by bamboo with architecture and bamboo with pavement. The application of bamboo resources accounted for 63% and 55%. The application proportion was the lowest in bamboo with terrain and bamboo with water landscapes, accounting for 45% and 32%. In all types of bamboo landscapes, the frequency of single bamboo resource application was below 30%. The quantitative distribution of bamboo landscapes in Fuzhou’s urban parks generally showed higher concentrations in the city center and lower in the surrounding areas. The application of bamboo landscapes was concentrated in traditional Chinese garden styles and larger urban parks built around the year 2000. Among bamboo landscape applications, bamboo with other plants ranked the highest with 154 instances, followed by bamboo with architecture (140 instances), bamboo with environmental furniture (109 instances), bamboo with pavement (103 instances), and the least were bamboo with terrain (46 instances) and bamboo with water (42 instances). Bamboo with other plants and bamboo with architecture were distributed across 34 parks, making them the most widespread. Following were bamboo with environmental furniture and bamboo with pavement, found in 32 and 27 parks, respectively. The least widespread were bamboo with terrain and bamboo with water, located in 16 and 11 parks, respectively. Except for Chating Park and Yushan Scenic and Historic Park, the overall distribution density of bamboo landscapes in Fuzhou’s urban parks was relatively low, with bamboo landscape nodes being scattered. The application of bamboo plants and the construction of bamboo landscapes in urban parks were still at a relatively low level. In future urban park construction, systematic planning should be strengthened, the diversity of ornamental bamboo plants should be increased, and emphasis should be placed on the characteristics of the parks to comprehensively improve the environmental quality of urban parks.

In order to investigate the enrichment characteristics of heavy metals in soil of different urban-rural environmental gradient zones in Haikou, agricultural surface soil samples were collected from four different urban-rural environmental gradient zones in Haikou, including the urban center, urban-rural transitional zone, rural area, and natural area. The concentration of eight heavy metals were measured, including Cd, Hg, As, Pb, Cr, Cu, Ni, Zn. The enrichment characteristics of heavy metals in soil of Haikou were analyzed through the vertical distribution and migration characteristics of heavy metals, the correlation between heavy metals and physicochemical indicators, and the enrichment coefficient of heavy metals. The results showed that the average contentration of Cd, Pb, and Zn in surface soil was higher than that in deep soil, and heavy metals had varying degrees of cumulative effects. There was a significant positive correlation between soil pH and Cd content, and soil pH had a significant impact on the degree of Cd heavy metal enrichment. Soil organic matter (SOM) was positively correlated with the content of Hg, Cr, Cu, Zn, and Ni. The correlation between layer A and layer B was stronger than that of layer C. Surface soil SOM had a significant impact on heavy metal enrichment. The proportion of sites with heavy metal enrichment coefficients greater than 1.2 ranged from high to low was Cd (70.0%), Hg (41.7%), As (36.7%), Pb (28.3%), Zn (21.7%), Cu (18.3%), Ni (18.3%), and Cr (15.0%). The enrichment degree of heavy metals in agricultural land soil in Haikou showed a certain distance gradient variation feature, with the increase of distance from the urban center, the enrichment degree of eight soil heavy metals showed a gradually decreasing trend. Only Cd showed enrichment in the natural area, and no enrichment points were found for the other 7 heavy metals. The enrichment coefficients of Cd, Hg, and As soil heavy metals involved a wide range. The points with enrichment coefficients greater than 8 for Cd in urban central areas far exceeded that in urban-rural and rural areas. The points with enrichment coefficients greater than 2 for Hg were only located in urban central areas and urban-rural transitional areas. The proportion of points with Cd enrichment coefficients greater than 1.2 far exceeded the other seven heavy metal projects. The coverage of Cd enrichment in urban and rural environmental gradients was the highest, and the regional enrichment characteristics were obvious. In addition, the enrichment coefficient of 30% Cd points was greater than 4, indicating a strong soil Cd enrichment degree, which should be paid attention to.