Based on the fact that ethephon (an ethylene releaser) stimulation can significantly increase latex yield per tapping, it is traditionally believed that rubber biosynthesis is positively regulated by ethylene. Based on the critical role of jasmonic acid signaling in promoting the biosynthesis of secondary metabolites in plants, jasmonic acid signaling is also thought to play a role in the positive feedback regulation of natural rubber biosynthesis. Recent studies suggest that tapping-enhanced rubber biosynthesis is closely related to the activation of jasmonate signaling in laticifer cells of rubber tree. However, it remains unclear whether there is a crosstalk between the jasmonic acid signaling pathway and the ethylene signaling pathway in the regulation of rubber biosynthesis. For this purpose, in the present study, in vitro rubber biosynthesis efficiency of whole latex and small rubber particles (SRPs) from short rested trees treated by either methy jasmonates or ethylene were detected by using substrate ¹³C-MVA. qPCR was used to analyze the expression of four jasmonic acid signaling genes, HbCOI1, HbJAZ1, HbMYC1, HbMYC2, four ethylene-responsive element binding factors (ERFs) genes HbERFⅢa, HbERFⅦa, HbERFⅨc, HbERFⅩa, four rubber biosynthesis genes, HbHMGR1,HbSRPP1, HbREF1, HbHRT2 in laticifer cells after epicormic shoots were treated with either methy jasmonates or ethylene. The results showed that exogenous methyl jasmonate treatment significantly up-regulated the expression levels of jasmonic acid signaling genes HbCOI1, HbJAZ1, HbMYC1, HbMYC2, and rubber biosynthetic protein genes HbHMGR1,HbSRPP1, HbREF1, HbHRT2 in laticifer cells of rubber tree, and promoted rubber biosynthesis, but had little effect on the expression of ethylene-responsive element binding factor genes HbERFⅢa, HbERFⅦa, HbERFⅨc, HbERFⅩa, or even inhibited the expression. On the contrary, exogenous ethylene treatment significantly up-regulated the expression levels of ethylene-responsive element binding factor genes HbERFⅢa, HbERFⅦa, HbERFⅨc, HbERFⅩa in laticifer cells of rubber tree, but had little effect on the expression of jasmonic acid signaling genes HbCOI1, HbJAZ1, HbMYC1,HbMYC2 and rubber biosynthetic protein genes HbHMGR1, HbSRPP1, HbREF1, HbHRT2 or even inhibited the expression and rubber biosynthesis. The results suggest that there exists an antagonistic effects of jasmonic acid and ethylene on rubber biosynthesis in H. brasiliensis, which would provide a theoretical basis for elucidating the crosstalk of jasmonic acid signaling and ethylene signaling on regulation of natural rubber production.

Beta-ketoacyl-acyl carrier protein synthase (KAS) is the key enzyme system in plant fatty acid biosynthesis. In order to investigate the function of the KAS gene family in the maturation and oil accumulation of Camellia oleifera, this study used bioinformatics methods and analyzed ther physicochemical properties, chromosomal localization, subcellular localization, secondary structure, phylogenetic trees, conserved motifs, promoter cis-acting elements, and RT-qPCR to analyze the expression patterns in the oil rapid accumulation stage of C. oleifera. The findings indicated that 14 Camellia oleifera KAS family members were distributed on seven chromosomes with relative molecular masses between 1.13 kDa and 5.15 kDa, and most of them were acid-stabilized proteins. Except for CoKAS II-2, which was localized in mitochondria and chloroplasts, all of them were localized in chloroplasts. Phylogenetic analysis revealed that CoKAS was divided into three subclasses, with similarities in structure and conserved motifs among KAS family numbers in the same subfamily. The promoter regions of the CoKAS gene family members were enriched with the cis-acting elements growth and development-related, light response, hormone induction, and adversity response. Expression analysis revealed that most of the CoKAS genes were highly expressed during the oil rapid accumulation stage. In addition, it was found a strong correlation between the members of the CoKAS and CoMYB gene families during fruit ripening in C. oleifera. The findings would provide a theoretical basis for comprehensively analyzing the function of CoKAS genes.

Callerya speciosa is an important perennial medicinal and edible plant, with starch and saccharides as the main contents. This study investigated the development law of starch and sucrose metabolism pathways of C. specisoa at different developmental stages and its internal gene regulatory network. Four growth years of C. speciosa roots, including 3-year-old (NG3), 7-year-old (NG7), 10-year-old (NG10), and 15-year-old (NG15), were used as the research objects. The content of total polysaccharide, starch, and sucrose was determined, and transcriptome sequencing was carried out. Differentially expressed genes (DEGs) between different years were screened, and the functions of DEGs in the starch and sucrose metabolism pathways were focused on. The results showed that with the increase of years, the content of total polysaccharides and starch both showed an increasing trend, with the highest content at 15 years, while the sucrose content was the highest at 3 years, followed by a downward trend. Through transcriptome sequencing, NG3 was compared with NG7, NG10, and NG15, respectively, for intergroup gene expression analysis. With the increase of the growth year span, the total number of DEGs increased. To further explore DEGs in the starch and sucrose metabolism pathways, a total of 62 DEGs were differentially expressed in the three comparison groups, mainly participating in the regulation of starch, sucrose, and cellulose metabolism. Among them, the expression of sucrose synthesis genes decreased with the increase of years; the expression of starch synthesis genes dominated over starch degradation genes with the increase of years; and the expression of cellulose degradation enzymes decreased with the increase of years. Five key genes in the starch and sucrose metabolism pathways were screened out for fluorescence quantitative PCR verification, and the expression trend was basically consistent with the transcriptome sequencing results. The results indicate that C. speciosa is in the growth active period from 3 to 7 years, with the synthesis of sucrose, cellulose, and starch as the main promoters for rapid root expansion and development. When it grows to 7 years, the plant enters a stable growth phase characterized by starch accumulation, sucrose decomposition, and cellulose degradation. This research would provide valuable insights on the study of C. speciosa root expansion mechanism, the innovation of high-yielding varieties, and scientifically guided harvesting practices.

Nervilia plicata is a rare southern Chinese herb. The study on the plant at molecular level is hardly seen. Real-time quantitative PCR (qRT-PCR) has been widely used in plant gene expression analysis, but there is a lack of research on it in N. plicata, which limits the progress of related work. Based on the previous researches, nine candidate reference genes, including Actin, GAPDH, TUA, UBC, UBQ, EF-1α, EF-1β, CYP and RPL, were screened out from the transcriptomic sequencing data. In order to select suitable reference gene in N. plicata, qRT-PCR technique was employed to detect the expression levels of the candidate reference genes in leaf, petiole and corm tissues of the plant. After analyzing the expression levels, the stability and comprehensive analysis of nine genes in different tissues, the most suitable reference gene was obtained. Finally, the most suitable reference gene was validated using NpDFR, Np3GT that related to anthocyanin synthesis. Results showed that the expression stability of EF-1 α and CYP was similar, with the best overall stability. When using either EF-1α or CYP, or the combination of them, as reference, the expression patterns of NpDFR and Np3GT in different tissues were consistent with the transcriptome sequencing results. This indicates that both EF-1 α and CYP can be used as reference genes in N. plicata for qRT-PCR. This study would provide a basis for further research on the molecular mechanism of genes related to the pharmacological effects of N. plicata.

Broomcorn millet (Panicum miliaceum L.) is a traditional grain crop in China. Currently, there is still limited research on the genetic transformation methods for P. miliaceum. This study aimed to establish an efficient genetic transformation method for P. miliaceum mediated by Agrobacterium. Mature seeds of the millet variety Jishu 5 were used as the explants to induce embryogenic callus of millet on CIM and MSD induction media, respectively. They were used as the transformation receptor materials and infected with Agrobacterium containing plant expression vectors for 60 minutes and co-cultured for 6 days. The calli were then transferred to a screening medium containing 0.025 g/L of hygromycin to screen for resistant calli. Then, they differentiated on a differentiation medium containing 0.015 g/L of hygromycin. Finally, they rooted into seedlings on a rooting medium containing 0.015 g/L of hygromycin. PCR detection was performed on the regenerated plants using vector specific primers to identify whether they were positive transgenic plants. Based on the multiple batches of transformation experiments, the screening efficiency and transformation efficiency of resistant regenerated plants of broomcorn millet were statistically analyzed. The results showed that both CIM and MSD media could induce embryogenic callus of broomcorn millet, but CIM medium had a better effect on inducing embryogenic callus of broomcorn millet. After being infected by Agrobacterium and co-cultured with Agrobacterium, the multiple resistant regenerated plants were obtained through screening, differentiation, and rooting on a medium containing hygromycin. The PCR identification positive rate of the resistant regenerated plants obtained from three experiments was 100%, and the average transformation efficiency was over 30%. This study successfully established an Agrobacterium mediated genetic transformation method for broomcorn millet, which is simple to operate, efficient, cost-effective, and not limited by seasons. It could be carried out on a large scale, providing an effective technical means for genetic improvement of broomcorn millet.

Knowledge on germplasm resource information is the foundation for the genetic improvement of Aquilaria sinensis, and genome resequencing is a powerful tool for analyzing the genetic diversity of germplasm resources. However, there is no research on the genetic diversity of A. sinensis using genome resequencing. Based on the collection of A. sinensis germplasm resources in the early stages, this study utilized genome resequencing to obtain 1284 Gb of resequencing data from 60 samples of A. sinensis. Using the agarwood genome, 6 716 166 high-quality variation sites were detected, including 6 284 344 SNP sites and 428 658 Indel sites. Principal component analysis, phylogenetic analysis, and genetic structure analysis all indicated that A. sinensis could be divided into three distinct groups (Pop1, Pop2 and Pop3), with two of the groups further subdivided into multiple subgroups. Population selection signals were detected in all the groups, with Pop3 showing the highest frequency of selection signals. However, nucleotide polymorphism calculations indicated that Pop3 had the lowest nucleotide polymorphism. This study would provide valuable information for exploring the genetic resource diversity of A. sinensis and lay a theoretical foundation for genome-based genetic breeding of A. sinensis.

Using 77 Cymbidium ensifolium germplasms as the test materials, the phenotypic diversity of 21 quantitative traits and 12 qualitative traits was analyzed. The results showed that the coefficient of variation (CV) for quantitative traits ranged from 14.72% to 42.79%, indicating a significant degree of variation. Among these, the CV value for flower length was the lowest (14.72%), suggesting that this trait was relatively stable across different germplasms. The CV value for the number of flower stalks was the highest (42.79%), followed by the number of flowers (41.67%). Additionally, the Shannon-Wiener index (I) was close to 5, indicating a high level of diversity in quantitative traits among the germplasms. In the binary analysis of qualitative traits, the distribution of sepal spots or stripes (colors) among the germplasms was similar, with a rich variety of expressions for the features on the flower sepals. The CV for qualitative traits ranged from 9.86% to 83.81%, also showing a significant degree of variation. Among these, the CV value for leaf posture was the lowest (9.86%), while the CV values for lip shape (83.81%) and sepal color (70.69%) were the highest. Furthermore, the I index values for qualitative traits ranged between 4 and 5, indicating a high level of diversity in qualitative traits among the germplasms. The Simpson index (D) for qualitative traits ranged from 0.985 to 0.991, close to the value of 1, suggesting a relatively uniform distribution of qualitative traits and a high degree of diversity among the germplasms. Principal component analysis was conducted on 33 phenotypic traits of the germplasms, and the first 10 principal components were extracted based on the criterion that the characteristic root value is greater than 1. The characteristic value of the first 10 principal components was 6.406, 4.475, 2.840, 2.425, 2.139, 1.619, 1.517, 1.430, 1.163, and 1.038, with a cumulative contribution rate of 75.917%. The number of flower parts among the phenotypic traits had a significant weight in the principal components, indicating it is a major phenotypic trait of C. ensifolium. Hierarchical clustering analysis was performed on the germplasms using Euclidean distance, resulting in a dendrogram. At the 15th Euclidean distance, the germplasms were clustered into five major groups, with the main features of phenotypic traits concentrated in quantitative traits, especially in the significant weight of the number of flower parts, consistent with the results of the principal component analysis. This study explored the genetic diversity and relationships among C. ensifolium varieties through morphological trait diversity analysis, providing a basis for the scientific management and conservation of C. ensifolium germplasm resources. It also offers valuable genetic materials for future C. ensifolium breeding work.

Bougainvillea is an important woody ornamental plant in southern China. There are a large number of varieties, but the classification is relatively chaotic. This study took 133 Bougainvillea varieties introduced and preserved in Yunnan as the research object, and conducted frequency distribution statistical analysis, coefficient of variation calculation, and diversity index calculation for 10 quantitative characters and 41 discrete characters. Q-type clustering analysis was also conducted. The results showed that the 133 Bougainvillea varieties had rich diversity in many characters, and the coefficient of variation of quantitative characters ranged from 19.61%–32.59%, with an average of 26.64%. The coefficient of variation of the total flower stem length, calyx tube width, petiole length, and flower length was the highest, and the diversity index ranged from 1.69–2.09, with an average of 1.92. The diversity index of leaf length, bract width, leaf width, and bract length was the highest. The diversity index of discrete characters ranged from 0.17–2.19. There were 11 discrete characters with H′ values greater than 1, and the diversity index of bract color and calyx tube color was both greater than 2. The diversity was rich. Among the four species of Bougainvillea, the diversity index of Bougainvillea×buttiana was the highest, with the richest diversity, followed by B. peruviana, B. glabra, and B. spectabilis, whose diversity index was the lowest, with less diversity. However, each species has its own advantageous characters. Among the 51 characters, 22 characters showed significant difference among species, which were of great reference value for identifying and classifying the varieties of Bougainvillea. Based on the types of bracts, the number of spines, and the size of leaves, 133 B. varieties could be grouped into four categories: double spiny less, double spiny more, single spiny less leaflet, and single spiny large leaflet. The research results show that the phenotypic characters of the 133 B. varieties tested have high diversity, and the quantitative trait variation types are rich. This study could provide scientific basis for systematic evaluation of B. germplasm resources, variety classification, and germplasm innovation.

Crossbreeding research for Camellia species groups and intragroups was carried out to breed new varieties of Camellia with high ornamental value. A total of 14 species and varieties from Sect. Chrysantha Chang, Sect. Camellia (L.) Dyer, Sect. Archecamellia Sealy and Sect. oleifera Chang, Sect. Corallina Sealy were used to design 42 hybridization combinations, including 8 hybridization of species groups, 24 intragroup hybridization and 10 reciprocal hybridization combinations. 274 setting fruits from 2016 flowers pollinated in 42 combinations were observed, and the percentage of fruit setting rate was 13.6%. 72 hybrid fruits were harvested, and the setting rate was 3.57%. 104 hybrid seedlings were obtained from the 199 seeds harvested, and the seedling emergence percentage was 52.26%. The combination of C. polyodonta♀×C. semiserrata♂ had the highest number of hybrid seedlings, reaching 45, followed by C. semiserrata♀×C. polyodonta♂ with 14 hybrid seedlings, C. polyodonta♀×C. amplexicaulis♂ with 13 hybrid seedlings. The size, shape and luster of the leaves of most hybrid seedlings were in the middle of the parents, and the hybrid seedlings obtained from distant hybridization often showed some characteristics that could be used as early identification of the authenticity of hybrid seedlings. The compatibility of C. polyodonta♀×C. semiserrata♂, C. polyodonta♀×C. amplexicaulis♂, and C. polyodonta♀×Camellia chrysantha♂ hybrid combinations was good, with pollination numbers of 32, 30, and 53, respectively, and seed setting rates of 12.5%, 10.0%, and 22.6%, respectively. More pollination numbers led higher seed setting rate and stronger representativeness. C. polyodonta and C. semiserrata could be used as paternal or maternal to cross breeding, which showing a high reproduction in the inside group of hybridization and outside group of distant hybridization. C. polyodonta and C. semiserrata were good hybrid parents. whether C. amplexicaulis as paternal or maternal parent, there was good cross compatibility with Sect. C. chrysantha and C. osmantha were suitable as paternal parents.

Guangxi spans the southern subtropics and central subtropics, with the Tropic of Cancer crossing the central part of the province, and belongs to the subtropical monsoon climate zone, which breeds rich wild sugarcane germplasm resources. From 2016 to 2023, Sugarcane Research Institute, Guangxi Academy of Agricultural Sciences organized a team of researchers to carry out systematic surveys and collection of Narenga porphyrocoma germplasm resources in Guangxi. The team collected a total of 58 copies of N. porphyrocoma germplasm resources in 43 townships of 18 cities and districts in Guangxi. The results showed that the N. porphyrocoma germplasm resources in Guangxi were mainly distributed in the area of 60.0-602.5 m above sea level, longitude E: 107°08′01″-111°32′02″, latitude N: 23°08′02″-26°01′43″. The genetic diversity indices of the 20 descriptive quality traits of N. porphyrocoma germplasm resources in Guangxi ranged from 0 to 1.2044, with a mean value of 0.5557, in which the diversity of the color of the internodes after exposure was the highest, that of the cork was lower, and the diversity of the three traits of stem shape, aerial roots and water splitting was not reflected; the genetic diversity indices of N. porphyrocoma germplasm resources in Guangxi of the different collection areas ranged from 0.1040 to 0.4911, with Hezhou being the highest and Baise being the lowest. The phenotypic traits of N. porphyrocoma germplasm resources in Guangxi were rich in variation, and the coefficients of variation for six quantitative traits ranged from 17.3% to 53.6%, with an average of 34.8%; the coefficients of variation of N. porphyrocoma germplasm resources in Guangxi from different collection areas ranged from 29.4% to 36.9%, with Hechi being the largest and Guilin being the smallest. The results of cluster analysis showed that the 58 N. porphyrocoma germplasm resources in Guangxi were classified into six major groups, but were not closely related to the geographical origin, in which the materials in the first major group had better overall traits and excellent biomass and quality traits. The collection expanded the number of resources in Guangxi Sugarcane Germplasm Repository and would provide excellent genetic resources for sugarcane breeding and genetic improvement.

Luffa, a major melon vegetables in China, is a crop of gourd family and the silk gourd genus, which is rich in nutrients and favored by consumers. With the increasing number and type of luffa germplasm resources, it is increasingly difficult to screen and preserve the excellent materials of luffa. In order to construct a core germplasm bank of luffa, eliminate germplasm materials with serious homogenization, and improve the efficiency of lucerne breeding, this study investigated the genetic diversity of 244 luffa germplasm resources by using 18 phenotypic traits that are highly representative of luffa as indicators, and compared and analyzed eight different sampling ratios (5%-40%), and three different sampling methods (random cluster sampling, group cluster sampling and preferential cluster sampling) were compared to analyze the representativeness of the core germplasm of luffa candidates. The results showed that the phenotypic genetic variation of lucerne germplasm resources was relatively rich, of which the largest Shannon index was leaf width, 3.0, and the smallest was seed melon length, 1.8. The most suitable sampling ratio was 20% using the comprehensive analysis of the seven evaluation indexes, and the most suitable sampling method was group cluster sampling. Using this method for core germplasm library construction, the primary core germplasm obtained containing 51 lucerne germplasm resources, accounting for 20.90% of all the original germplasm resources, and compared with the original germplasm, 13 of the 18 agronomic traits were in full agreement with the original germplasm in terms of the maximum and minimum values, and the characteristic values of most traits were the same as those of the original germplasm or the differences were relatively small. The T-test showed that the mean values of all phenotypic traits had no significant differences with the original germplasm, indicating that the core germplasm library constructed by the method has good representativeness and rich genetic diversity. This study could provide basic support for the collection, preservation and innovative utilization of lucerne germplasm resources in the later stage, and also lays a foundation for improving the efficiency of lucerne variety improvement.

The present study investigated the effects of chemical fertilizer reduction patterns on the growth, field propagation efficiency, and fertilizer utilization rate of disease-free sugarcane original seedlings to provide a theoretical basis for the application of mulched drip fertigation, and to identify the optimal pattern for reducing fertilizer in the field propagation of disease-free sugarcane original seedlings. Under the condition of drip irrigation management, six different treatments were set: no fertilization (CK₀), conventional fertilization (CK₁), mulched drip fertigation T₁₀₀ (fertilizer amount equated with CK₁) and T₈₀, T₇₀, T₆₀ (20%, 30% and 40% reduction of the fertilization rate in T₁₀₀). A comparative analysis was done on the main agronomic traits, total bud count per unit area, propagation efficiency, economic benefit, and nutrient utilization rate during the field propagation of disease-free sugarcane original seedlings. The results showed that the two-year average tillering rate in the treatment T₁₀₀ and T₈₀ was slightly lower than that in CK₁. However, significant improvement was observed in the stalk formation rate, the number of buds per plant, and the number of millable stalks compared to CK₁ Notably. T₁₀₀ and T₈₀ exhibited the highest values for the total number of propagation buds, with averages 1.4809 million buds/hm² and 1.4779 million buds/hm², respectively in two years, both significantly exceeding the 1.3025 million buds/hm² in CK₁. In contrast, there was no significant difference between T₇₀ and CK₁, while T₆₀ had the lowest value of only 1.1705 million buds/hm². T₁₀₀ and T₈₀ showed the highest field propagation multiples of original seedlings, reaching 66.64 and 66.50 times, respectively, followed by T₇₀ and CK₁ with propagation multiples of 59.61 and 58.61 times, respectively, and T₆₀ had the lowest propagation multiple of 52.67. Compared to CK₀ without fertilization, T₁₀₀ and T₈₀ achieved the highest income increase, reaching 58 200 and 58 700 Yuan/hm², respectively, followed by T₇₀ with an income increase of 41 900 Yuan/hm² which was slightly higher than CK₁'s 38 400 yuan/hm²; T₆₀ had the lowest income increase of only 25 100 Yuan/hm². Regarding the fertilizer input-output ratio, T₈₀ had the highest ratio of 1∶21.89, significantly exceeding that of 1∶17.36, while CK₁ had the lowest ratio of 1∶11.45. Among all the fertilization treatments, CK₁ had the lowest utilization rates of nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium fertilizers. Furthermore, T₈₀ boasted the highest fertilizer utilization rates, with 51.57% for nitrogen, 27.37% for phosphorus, and 67.45% for potassium in two-year averages, which was 21.21%, 10.37%, and 23.13% higher than those in CK₁, respectively. In conclusion, for laterite soil with medium fertility, the mulched drip fertigation pattern T₈₀ performed the best in field propagation efficiency and economic benefits for disease-free sugarcane seedlings.

The study investigated the effects of different water and fertilizer combinations on yield, quality, and economic benefits of pomelo under the condition of water and fertilizer integration to provide a basis for exploring and practicing the integrated fertilization model of water and fertilizer for pomelo through a 3-year fixed position experiment. Four treatment methods were set up for Pinghe honey pomelo yield orchard: conventional fertilization (TF), 30% water and fertilizer package (30%WF), 50% water and fertilizer package (50%WF), and 70% water and fertilizer package (70%WF). The results showed that the effect of different degrees of reduced fertilization with a water-soluble fertilizer package on the yield of pomelo was significant. The average yield was as follows: 70%W>50%WF>TF>30%WF. The average 3-year yield increase rate of 50%WF, and 70%WF treatments in high-yield orchards was 12.43%, and 24.67%, respectively, compared to TF treatment. The average annual yield increase rate of 50%WF, and 70%WF treatments in low yield orchards compared to TF treatments was 15.05%, and 26.80%, respectively. The average 3-year yield of honey pomelo in high-yield and low yield orchards was the highest in the 70%WF treatment (high-yield orchards 67 845.5 kg/hm², low yield orchards 53 495.5 kg/hm²), and the yield increase in low yield orchards was greater than that in high yield orchards. 70%WF had the best 3-year average secondary fruit rate in both high and low yield orchards (5.71% in high yield orchards and 4.67% in low yield orchards). The application of different water-soluble fertilizer combinations in high-yield and low yield orchards had no significant effect on the granulation rate of pomelo flesh, but had a more significant impact on single fruit weight and flesh weight. Moreover, there was a significant interannual variation in the cracking rate of honey pomelo treated with different water-soluble fertilizer combinations. The 70% water-soluble fertilizer package significantly improved the basic agronomic traits of pomelo, increased single fruit weight, and reduced fruit cracking rate. The increase and decrease in soluble solids, soluble sugars, and titratable acidity of the four treatments in high-yield and low yield orchards after 2 years were not significant, and there was no significant difference among the treatments. The 70% water-soluble fertilizer package had the best quality indicators for honey pomelo. The 3-year average final net income of high-yield orchards treated with 50%WF, and 70%WF increased by 30.58%, and 47.79% compared to the TF treatment, respectively. The 3-year average production to investment ratio was the highest in the 70%WF treatment (4.29∶1), which is 1.31 times higher than that of the TF treatment. The 3-year average final net income of low yield parks treated with 50%WF, and 70%WF increased by 40.41%, and 59.67% compared to the TF treatment, respectively. The 3-year average production to investment ratio was the highest in the 70%WF treatment (3.63∶1), which is 1.17 times higher than that of the TF treatment. The 70% water-soluble fertilizer package treatment had the highest economic benefits in both high and low yield orchards, with the economic benefits of low yield orchards increasing more than those of high yield orchards. Under the integrated mode of water and fertilizer, different water and fertilizer combinations with reduced fertilization had the effect of increasing the yield and economic benefits, improving the quality of honey pomelo, and the application of 70%WF treatment in high and low yield orchards had the best effect on improving the yield and economic benefits, and improving the quality of honey pomelo. This is the best fertilization treatment and is recommended for application.

In recent years, under the intensifying global warming, extreme weather has occurred more frequently in Guangxi, presenting higher temperature and less rainfall in summer and autumn. The worsened drought has seriously affected sugarcane production. Scientifically selecting an appropriate planting time is an important way to cope with the summer and autumn drought. A sugarcane field test was conducted at the Shatang National Agricultural Meteorological Experimental Station in Liuzhou, Guangxi in 2021 and 2022. By utilizing typical hot and dry seasons in summer and autumn, the field experiments were conducted with three sugarcane varieties and the seedcanes were planted at seven different times from February to May to study the impact of summer and autumn hot and dry conditions on sugarcane yield traits at different planting times. The experimental results indicated that: (1) Under the conditions of high temperature and drought in summer and autumn, delayed planting tended to decrease the stalk length, stalk diameter, single stalk weight, and theoretical cane yield at harvest. Planting time A₁ in 2021 and 2022, the stalk length of each variety was 178–227 cm, stalk diameter was 27.6–30.3 mm, and single stalk weight was 1.05–1.42 kg, while planting time A₇, the stalk length was only 76–145 cm, stalk diameter was 21.5–30.0 mm, and single stalk weight was 0.26–0.85 kg. (2) Planting sugarcane in March resulted in the cane yield between 76.65 t/hm² and 104.10 t/hm². Sugarcane could utilize the favorable meteorological conditions at the early stages to alleviate the impact of summer and autumn heat and drought on sugarcane. The sugarcane crops planting from April to May was significantly affected by drought, Planting sugarcane on May 30th with a theoretical yield of only 18.90 t/hm² and 63.75 t/hm², resulting in a significant decrease in cane yield.(3) Sugarcane varieties ROC22 and GL05136 had advantages over GT42 in stalk length, single stalk weight, and cane yield, but GT42 had advantage in stalk thickness, meaning ROC22 and GL05136 having stronger drought resistance. Therefore, under the conditions of high temperature and drought in summer and autumn, suitable drought resistant sugarcane varieties should be selected, and sugarcane should be planted as early as possible to accelerate the early growth and development progress of sugarcane. Before the onset of summer and autumn drought, robust plants should be obtained to improve their drought resistance, in order to minimize the impact of meteorological disasters, and achieve high and stable yields.

The study was aimed to investigate the effects of fruit bagging on disease and pest incidence, pesticide usage rate and quality of fruits in the cultivation of jackfruit (Artocarpus heterophyllus) and to provide support for the high-quality and high-efficiency cultivation technique of jackfruit. With ten cultivars of jackfruit used as the experimental materials, the incidence of disease and pest and the number of new wormholes were calculated for bagging and non-bagging fruits. At the same time, the appearance quality such as the color of fruit pericarp and pulp were evaluated, and the content of soluble solid was determined. Moreover, the frequency and amount of pesticide application in the whole growing season were counted. The results showed that the rhizopus rot incidence of non-bagging fruits was 10.48%-25.00%, the rhizopus rot incidence in bagging fruits was only 0-2.62%, and the rhizopus rot incidence was reduced by 77.55%-100.00% in bagging fruits of ten cultivars. Similarly, the anthracnose incidence of all cultivars of non-bagging and bagging fruits was 10.00%-30.24% and 0-4.56% respectively, and the anthracnose incidence of bagging fruits decreased by 69.99%-100.00%. In addition, the incidence of jackfruit borer in all cultivars ranged from 23.33%-37.50% in non-bagging fruits and 4.00%-8.33% in bagging fruits, with the incidence of bagging fruits decreased by 74.62%-88.35%, in which the number of new wormholes and insects in bagging fruits of each cultivar was significantly less than those in non-bagging fruits. Compared to the non-bagging fruit, the bagging fruit was fuller in shape, the fruit surface was smoother, and the pericarp color was uniform. The non-bagging fruits had disadvantages of deformed fruit shape and uneven pericarp color. Bagging had no significant effect on the soluble solids content. By bagging the fruit, the frequency of pesticide application was reduced by 5 times and the amount of pesticide application was reduced by 85.87%. In summary, fruit bagging can be used as an eco-friendly management method of jackfruit, which can reduce the application of chemical pesticides while reducing the disease and pest of jackfruit, and maintaining the fruit quality.

Cymbidium ‘Shuangyi Jinlong’ is a new variety selected and bred from the clonal variation of the hybrid orchid cultivar ‘Golden dragon’ by Fujian Bainong Ecological Technology Co. Ltd.. It integrates flower and leaf art, has good germination, easy flowering and strong resistance, and has a high market demand. The rhizome and tissue culture seedlings of Cymbidium ‘Shuangyi Jinlong’ were used as experimental materials, and the orthogonal experiment was conducted to optimize the influencing factors of rhizome proliferation and differentiation, rooting and seedling growth, seedling cultivation and transplanting, in order to improve the seedling reproductive efficiency and seedling quality of hybrid orchid, and establish a standardized production system. The most suitable medium for rhizome proliferation and growth was MS medium supplemented with 1.00 mg/L NAA, 0.10 mg/L 6-BA, 20.00 g/L sucrose, 1.00 g/L activated carbon, 6.30 g/L agar, and 1.00 g/L peptone; the quantity value-added coefficient was determined to be 3.57 while the quality value-added coefficient was found to be 4.63. The optimal medium for rhizome differentiation was 1/2MS,1.50 mg/L NAA, 0.90 mg/L TDZ, 100.00 g/L banana homogenate, 25.00 g/L sucrose 6.30g/L; the leaf bud differentiation rate reached up to 97.78%, with a differentiation coefficient of 6.87. The best-performing medium for rooting and seedlings strengthening was 1/2MS, l.00 mg/L IBA, 100.00 g/L banana homogenate, 0.17 g/L KH₂PO₄, 30.00 g/L sucrose, agar and l.00 g/L activated carbon. After 90 days of cultivation, the average number of roots per plant was five, with a root length of 5.40 cm, a pseudobulb thickness of 4.35 mm, a plant height of 12.95 cm, and a fresh quality of 2.42 g. The recommended method for transplanting tissue culture seedlings involves using water hyacinth∶pine bark (V∶V=1∶1) as the transplantation substrate after 21 days in vitro culture. The survival rate after 60 days post-transplantation reached 83.33%. Taking into account the impact of various factors, this study ultimately identified the optimal medium compositions at each stage and refined transplanting schemes. This provides a reference for establishing a standardized production system.

The study of the distribution characteristics of crown biomass of Dalbergia odorifera plantation can provide theoretical basis for reasonable evaluation of stand biomass and adjustment of crown structure. In this paper, D. odorifera plantation aged 10-12 a in Dongfang, Hainan, China was taken as the research object. Two sample plots (S₁ and S₂) with different site conditions were set up, and the crown of the sample trees over 4.5 m was cut off. The biomass of each organ in the canopy was obtained by layered cutting method and total weighing method, and the optimal biomass fitting equation of each organ was established. (1) The order of biomass in each organ was bare branch>branch bark>leaf. The total biomass of bare branches, branch bark and canopy was S₁>S₂, while the leaf biomass was S₁<S₂. (2) With the increase of canopy class, the biomass of bare branches and branch bark of S₁ and S₂ showed a wave-like change, in which S₁ increased first and then decreased, while S₂ was the opposite. As a whole, the leaf biomass increased first and then decreased, in which S₁ was mainly distributed in the middle and upper layers of the crown, while S₂ was mainly distributed in the lower layers. The upper layer of the canopy of S₁ was more competitive than that of S₂, there has been serious natural thinning of canopy, the leaf biomass gradually shifted from the lower layer to the middle and upper layers.(3) The optimal fitting model of biomass was power function, which was the total biomass of crown [y=3.904(D²H)^1.247], canopy bare branches [y=1.901(D²H)^1.28], canopy branch bark [y=0.734(D²H)^1.276], and canopy leaves (y=3.86D^2.791).

Auricularia villosula Malysheva is a similar species of Auricularia heimuer F. Wu, B.K. Cui & Y. C. Dai, mainly distributed in high altitude areas of tropical and subtropical regions. It can adapt to the high temperature and high humidity climate in Guangxi. There are few reports on the domestication of A. villosula. In this paper, the fruiting bodies of auriculae collected in the field was used, and the molecular marker was established by sequence analysis. The effects of different temperature, carbon and nitrogen sources on the mycelia growth of A. villosula were explored through single factor tests, and the carbon and nitrogen sources of the medium were further optimized by an orthogonal test. The fruiting body of fungus was preliminarily identified as A. villosula (TY081). The results showed that the developed molecular labeling method could quickly and effectively identify A. villosula. The optimal temperature for mycelia growth of A. villosula TY081 was 30 ℃, the optimal carbon source was glucose, and the optimal nitrogen source was soybean powder. The optimized medium carbon and nitrogen combination was fructose, yeast powder, mycelium growth rate reached 0.92 mm/d. A. villosula TY081 was incubated at 28 ℃ in a culture bag mainly composed of sawdust, and the bag was full for 60 days. After puncturing, it was cultured in a greenhouse for 10 days to form the primordia. The fruity body growth temperature was 24 ℃, the humidity was 85%, and the yield of each bag was 20.943 g (dry weight).

Spinetoram is a common pesticide used to control thrips on mango. The addition of pesticide spray adjuvants can improve the utilization efficacy of the pesticide. Reasonable selection and use of additive products are crucial to improve the utilization efficiency of pesticides and reduce the use of pesticides. In this study, the wetting and spreading behavior of different types of pesticide adjuvants on the surface of mango leaves was investigated by measuring the static and dynamic surface tension, contact angle, spreading area, and evaporation time of spinetoram solution after adding five different types and different concentrations of pesticide adjuvant products. The results showed that adding different adjuvants could effectively reduce the static and dynamic surface tension of the spinetoram solution, reduce the contact angle and increase the spreading area of the solution on the leaf surface. Except polymer adjuvants (Noposion Tiandun) showing evaporation resistance, other adjuvant products shortened the evaporation time. The wettability of different types of adjuvants on mango leaves was not consistent, organosilicone (Jirun) had the best wettability, followed by metal silicate composite salt (Maidao), modified vegetable oil (Maifei), orange peel essential oil (Danluofeng), and polymer (Noposion Tiandun). By comparing the wetting and spreading behavior of different treatments on the front and back of mango leaves, it was found that the back of mango leaves was more difficult to be wetted by pesticide solution than the front. Therefore, the physicochemical properties of the solution and the surface structure of the leaves were important factors affecting the wetting behavior of the spray droplets on the leaves. The mango thrips often feed on the back of the leaves, so in the prevention and control of mango thrips, the appropriate concentration should be selected according to the type of adjuvants and the harm characteristics of thrips to achieve a better control effect. The results revealed the wetting and spreading behavior of different additives on mango leaves and provided data support for the rational use of pesticide adjuvants.

Vanilla, a vital spice crop, faces significant challenges from soil-borne diseases caused by Fusarium oxysporum, affecting its sustainable cultivation. This study utilized quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) and high-throughput sequencing to assess the impact of rotating black pepper, pandan, and sweet rice tea on pathogen levels and the rhizosphere soil microbial communities of vanilla plants cultivated in a pot environment. Incorporating pandan and sweet rice tea into the crop rotation significantly reduced the prevalence of F. oxysporum and enhanced both the abundance and diversity of the rhizosphere soil bacteria. Three distinct microbial community structures associated with fallow, monoculture, and crop rotation conditions were identified. Notably, the rotations involving pandan and sweet rice tea showed no significant differences in the bacterial and fungal community compositions. Crop rotation notably increased the relative abundance of key phyla such as Acidobacteria, Chloroflexi, Rokubacteria and Ascomycota. Moreover, the relative abundance of the dominant bacterial genus Nocardioides increased at the genus level, with a relative abundance of 64.26% after pepper rotation, 98.54% after pandan rotation, and 63.07% after sweet rice tea rotation. The core microbiome, featuring species such as Terriglobus, Kribbella, Myxococcus, Acremonium and Sarocladium, showed a particularly strong response to the presence of pandan, suggesting a closer network interaction among fungal species post-rotation. Additionally, crop rotation was found to significantly raise the soil pH, which, along with the altered bacterial and fungal community structures, emerged as critical factors in disease suppression. Collectively, our results suggest that integrating the economically valuable spice crop pandan into the rotation schedule in vanilla monoculture systems can significantly reduce the incidence of soil-borne diseases, offering a sustainable cultivation strategy for vanilla.

In this study, the potential hazards of pests carried by pepper seedlings exported to China were analyzed and evaluated, which provided theoretical basis for the quarantine department to formulate risk management strategies. By consulting research progress at home and abroad, a total of 127 species of pests that may be transmitted to peppers imported into China were identified, including 27 species of fungi, 6 species of bacteria, 24 species of nematodes, 68 species of insects, and 2 species of weeds. Based on the distribution in China (undistributed or not widely distributed), whether they are officially controlled, and the possibility of being carried with pepper seedlings, 14 potential quarantine pests were identified that require further evaluation, including 5 species of fungi, 2 species of bacteria, 2 species of nematodes, 5 species of insects. The 14 potential quarantine pests were qualitatively and quantitatively analyzed one by one in terms of entry, colonization, diffusion possibility, economic impact and multi-index comprehensive evaluation. The results showed that there were 4 extremely high-risk pests, 9 high-risk pests, and 1 medium risk pest. Finally, it was determined that the 14 pests such as Pyrrhoderma noxium were quarantine pests concerned by China when pepper seedlings were imported into China, and the risk management plan was proposed.

Xinluo district of Longyan city serves as the political, economic, and cultural center of the western region of Fujian. With the acceleration of urbanization and the close exchange of people and goods with surrounding cities, invasive plants have invaded the local area, posing a serious threat to biological safety. This study aims to assess the prevalence of invasive alien plants in urban green spaces and evaluate the region’s risk awareness and response capacity, thereby informing the development of effective management and control strategies. Field surveys, literature reviews, and the application of the quadrat method were utilized to collect information on alien invasive plants in Xinluo district and construct an invasion risk assessment system. The DPSIR model combined with the analytic hierarchy process (AHP) was employed to determine the weights of evaluation indicators, and a comprehensive assessment was conducted on the driving forces of invasion, adaptability to the local environment, distribution within the locality, impact on the local area, and response measures of the alien plants. Based on the grading standards and risk values, alien invasive plants were categorized into three invasion levels (from I to III). A total of 65 alien invasive plant species were identified in the urban green spaces of Xinluo district, belonging to 22 families and 52 genera. The Asteraceae family had the highest number of species, accounting for 29.23%, followed by Amaranthaceae (12.31%) and Euphorbiaceae (9.23%). There were five life forms, with annual herbaceous plants being the most prevalent, totaling 32 species and representing 49.23% of the total. Geographically, the Americas were the primary source of these plants, with 48 species accounting for 73.85% of the total. The analysis of invasion pathways revealed that unintentionally introduced plants were the most numerous, with 35 species, constituting 53.85% of the total species count. According to the invasion status assessment results, there were 16 high-risk invasive plants (level III), 18 medium-risk (level II), and 31 low-risk (level I). While there are a considerable number of alien invasive plant species in the urban green spaces of Xinluo district, the overall invasion risk level is relatively low, with most being in the medium to low risk categories (level II and III). It is recommended to focus on the control and prevention of the most harmful species, such as Bidens alba and Erigeron canadensis, based on the risk level.

The study was aimed to clarify the changes in moisture content, fiber microstructure, and metabolites during the hot air drying process of areca nut, and to precisely regulate the drying time. This study focuses on areca nut and five models were used to fit the hot air drying curves of areca nut at different temperatures, and a betel nut drying kinetics model was established. At the same time, scanning electron microscopy, LC-MS were used to explore the changes in the microstructure and metabolites of areca nut during the drying process. The results showed that the drying curve of betel nut showed an exponential decrease, and the drying rate curve was divided into two stages: acceleration and deceleration. Temperature had a significant impact on the drying rate. The Page model fit the hot air drying curve of areca nut well, with a coefficient of determination R² above 0.98 and a RMSE in the range of 0.02-0.06. The difference between the predicted and true values of the model was not significant, and it could better reflect the water changes during the areca nut drying process. Microstructure analysis shows that the fiber layer of areca nut became dense and compact with increasing drying time, and the whitening treatment caused the fiber structure of areca nut to become loose. The texture results indicated that with the increase of drying time, the hardness and chewiness of areca nut increased, while the elasticity decreased. The differential metabolite results showed that the drying process affected organic acids, lipids, and lipid molecules by affecting the metabolism of amino acid, linoleic acid, central carbon, flavonoid biosynthesis, and phenylpropanoid biosynthesis. This study would enrich the basic research on areca nut processing and provide a theoretical basis for the selection of hot air drying time for areca nut.

Based on the panel data of 18 cities (counties) in Hainan, China from 2012 to 2022, combining the non-expected output super efficiency SBM model and Tobit regression mode, this paper analyzed the spatial and temporal evolution characteristics of agricultural eco-efficiency and influencing factors of agricultural ecological efficiency in cities (counties) of Hainan. From 2012 to 2022, the average agricultural eco-efficiency in Hainan showed obvious grading characteristics of central region>western region>eastern region. The agricultural eco-efficiency at the county scale of Hainan improved significantly year by year. The average agricultural eco-efficiency was 0.541, and the number of cities (counties) above the average value was 7. In terms of spatial change, the overall distribution characteristics of agricultural eco-efficiency were “spreading from the middle to the east and west”, and the distribution characteristics of full efficiency and high efficiency were block and chain. The cities (counties) with medium efficiency were distributed around the cities and counties with full efficiency and high efficiency. The trend lines in the north-south direction and the east-west direction showed the characteristics of inverted U-shape. The temporal and spatial evolution of agricultural eco-efficiency in Hainan at the provincial scale was influenced by several key factors, including the level of farmers’ income, intensity of agricultural mechanization, use of agricultural chemicals, and urbanization rate. At different regional scales, farmers’ income level was the main factor affecting agricultural eco-efficiency in the eastern region, while urbanization rate, intensity of agricultural chemical input use and farmland irrigation rate were the main factors affecting agricultural eco-efficiency in the central region. Urbanization rate, farmers’ income level, agricultural industrial structure, intensity of use of agricultural chemical inputs and farmland irrigation rate were the main factors affecting agricultural eco-efficiency in the western region. On the whole, the agricultural eco-efficiency of all cities (counties) in Hainan showed an upward trend, and there were some differences in the agricultural eco-efficiency among different regions. In the future, we should explore the priorities of agricultural development in different regions according to local conditions to effectively improve agricultural eco-efficiency.