Iron (Fe) is one of the essential trace mineral elements in plants to maintain normal growth and development that plays an important role in various life processes. Researches towards molecular mechanism of Fe uptake, transport and distribution are mainly focused on the annual model plants. Biological functions of genes towards Fe uptake and transport in fruit trees are still unknown. In this study, 11 ferric reduction oxidase encoding genes (FROs) were isolated and identified from diploid mango Guire 82, named by MiFRO1–MiFRO11. All mango FRO had ten typical motifs except for MiFRO1 lacking Motif2–Motif5. All mango FRO possessed similar tertiary structure, with the exception that MiFRO3 exhibited distinct tertiary structure. The amino acid sequences of FRO from 11 plants shared an overall identity of 42.07%, while mango FRO shared an overall identity of 62.43%. Phylogenetic tree analysis showed that mango FRO were prone to be closely clustered together lonely, which was far away from the homologs of the other ten plants in genetic distance. Quantitative real-time PCR (qRT-PCR) analysis showed that MiFRO3 was the most abundant expressed gene during different parts of Guire 82 mango on the whole. In particular, MiFRO4, MiFRO5, MiFRO8 and MiFRO11 were highly expressed in the leaves of both mature trees and grafted seedlings. MiFRO6 and MiFRO7 were highly expressed in phloem or stem, MiFRO1 and MiFRO10 were highly expressed in young fruits, MiFRO2 and Mi-FRO9 were highly expressed in seedling roots, while MiFRO3 was highly expressed in full bloom flowers. In addition, expression of FRO in mango roots were mainly induced under iron depletion and NaCl stress, respectively, while Mi-FRO3, MiFRO5 and MiFRO8 were significantly reduced under iron toxicity. Expression of MiFRO2, MiFRO5 and Mi-FRO7 were increased under ABA treatment, and MiFRO1 and MiFRO5 were enhanced under PEG treatment. Expression of MiFRO2, MiFRO6 and MiFRO7 were decreased under low temperature (4 ℃). However, FRO changed little under heat stress (45 ℃) in mango roots. This study would provide gene resources to elucidate the molecular mechanisms of Fe uptake and transport in mango, and lay a theoretical foundation to reveal Fe nutrition and high utilization in tropical fruit crops.

Oil Palm (Elaeis guineensis Jacq.) is the most efficient oil-producing plant in the world. Fruit development is the basis of yield formation, but rancidity occurs after 24 h of harvesting, which seriously affecting the quality of palm oil. At present, the key regulatory genes and pathways for the differences in the synthesis of free fatty acid metabolism in pulp development and postharvest fruits have not been identified. In this study, oil palm fruits were collected from 95 days (MS1), 125 days (MS2), 185 days (MS3), 24 h (MS4) and 36 h (MS5) after pollination. The second generation high-throughput transcriptomics (RNA-Seq) and liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) were used to analyze the transcriptomes and metabolomes of the fruits during the development and postharvest storage. The unsaturated fat of oil palm was significantly higher than that of fatty acid during the middle and late stages of fatty acid accumulation, LACS4, LACS4-X1, FATA, FATB, KASⅠ, KASII, SAD1 were highly expressed in pulp and were positively correlated with oleic acid, linoleic acid, palmitic acid, palmitoleic acid acid, stearic acid and linolenic acid, DGAT and PDAT were over-expressed in the pulp and negatively correlated with the content of the six fatty acids, indicating that the expression of the above-mentioned genes may promote and inhibit the synthesis and accumulation of the fatty acids in oil palm fruit, respectively, suggesting that LACS4, LACS4-A1, FATA, FATB, KASⅠ, KASII and SAD1 may be the key genes with high content of unsaturated fat during postharvest storage. GDSL2, GDSL7, SAD2, LACS9 genes and GDSL1, KAT were positively and negatively correlated with oleic acid, and negatively and positively correlated with palmitic acid, palmitoleic acid acid, stearic acid, linoleic acid and linolenic acid, respectively, suggesting that GDSL2, GDSL7, SAD2 and LACS9 might promote oleic acid production and inhibit palmitic acid, palmitoleic acid acid, stearic acid, linoleic acid and linolenic acid production during rancidity, while GDSL1 and KAT might inhibit linolenic acid production, suggesting that GDSL2, GDSL7, SAD2 and LACS9 are the key genes causing oil palm rancidity after harvest. The aim of this study is to provide candidate genes for improving unsaturated fat content and altering fatty acid composition by using molecular biotechnology, and to provide theoretical reference for screening unsaturated fat and storability varieties.

Camellia oleifera is a unique oil plant of Theaceae, which has important ornamental value and economic value. With the intensive planting of Camellia, many diseases and pests occur. In addition, the delayed breeding of improved varieties seriously restricts the development of the Camellia industry. INDETERMINATE DOMAIN (IDD) family is a kind of conservative transcription factors in higher plants, which regulate the basic immune response of plants by mediating plant endogenous hormones. In order to identify the members of IDD gene family in C. oleifera, 29 members of CoIDD gene family were identified through the conserved domain of IDD gene family with reference to the whole genome information of C. oleifera, and further clarified the structure, physical and chemical properties, phylogenetic relationship, and sub cell localization of each gene. The CoIDD4 gene homologous to AtIDD4/5/6 was cloned by RT-PCR, and its physicochemical properties, expression mode and nuclear localization signal were clarified. At the same time, the types of cis acting elements in its promoter region were analyzed. The results showed that 29 CoIDD gene family members were divided into 4 subgroups, with average hydrophilicity coefficients less than 0, belonging to hydrophilic proteins, and subcellular localization was located in the nucleus; The full-length ORF frame cloned into CoIDD4 gene contained 1620 bp base and encoded 539 amino acids, which were mainly expressed in leaf and flower organs; The cis acting elements in the promoter region of the gene were mainly involved in light response and plant hormone response elements. In conclusion, this study identified 29 IDD gene family members in C. oleifera, among which CoIDD4 gene was closely related to AtIDD4/5/6. It is speculated that CoIDD4 gene may be involved in the process of hormone signal transduction and basic immune response regulation of C. oleifera, which would provide a theoretical basis for the functional analysis of IDD transcription factors in C. oleifera and provide a reference basis for the selection and molecular breeding of superior resistant varieties of C. oleifera.

In the current study, one newly recorded genera of wild orchids, Neuwiedia Blume, as well as five newly recorded species, including Goodyera brachystegia Hand. -Mazz, Neuwiedia zollingeri var. singapureana (Baker) E. F. de Vogel, Odontochilus drymoglossifolius (Hayata) T. Yukawa, O. saprophyticus (Aver.) Ormerod and O. yakushimensis (Yamam.) T. Yukawa in Fujian province were illustrated. The voucher specimens of the plants are preserved in the Herbarium of Fujian Normal University (FNU). The discovery of the newly recorded orchids has great significance for further studies on the diversity and conservation of Orchidaceae in Fujian, China.

In recent field survey and specimen examination, eight species of pteridophytes belonging to seven genera in five families are reported as new records in Fujian province, Gymnocarpium oyamense (Baker) Ching, Pronephrium parishii (Beddome) Holttum, Athyrium drepanopterum (Kunze) A. Braun ex Milde, Diplazium okinawaensis Tagawa, D. hainanense Ching, Hymenasplenium excisum (C. Presl) S. Lindsay, Asplenium ensiforme Wallich ex Hooker & Greville and Microsorum membranaceum (D. Don) Ching. Among them, G. oyamense is a newly recorded genus in Fujian province, and P. parishii, A. drepanopterum, D. okinawaensis, D. hainanense and M. membranaceum are newly recorded species in East China.

Spathiphyllum Schott is a perennial herb of Araceae, which is an important foliage plant for ornamental. Phenotypic diversity of germplasm resources is the basis of ornamental plants breeding and application. In the current study, 27 important ornamental traits of 20 Spathiphyllum germplasm resources were observed and the phenotypic diversity was analyzed by multivariate statistical analysis methods including variance analysis, correlation analysis, hierarchical cluster analysis (HCA) and principal component analysis (PCA). The results of variance analysis showed that the coefficients of variation of the 16 quantitative traits ranged from 27.2% to 69.9%. The plant height, number of shoots, number of leaves, blade width, petiole diameter, spadix length and number of flowers were highly variable, while the plant width and spadix diameter had small variation. Eleven descriptive traits could be divided into 2~4 grades according to the observed characteristics. And the Shannon-Wiener indices of 11 descriptive traits ranged from 0.20 to 1.01, among which the Shannon-Wiener indices of leaf shape were the highest, whereas that of perianth separation and perianth color were the lowest. The hierarchical cluster analysis tree of 27 traits supported that when the euclidean distance was 3, they could be divided into two groups: Group A and Group B. The result of Pearson correlation analysis revealed that the correlation coefficient between 27 traits ranged from -0.72 to 0.91. In Group A, most of the traits were significantly correlated with each other, and the correlation coefficients between bud length and bud width, bud length and inflorescence length were 0.91. In Group B, most of the traits pairs were not significantly correlated. Both hierarchical cluster analysis and principal component analysis supported that the 20 Spathiphyllum germplasm resources could be divided into 2 Groups (Group I and Group II) based on data of 27 traits. Group I contained 7 accessions including S. cannifolium, S. ortgiesii, S. Clevelandii, S. Bright, S. Princess, S. Middle Flower and S. Sensation, and they were taller and had larger leaves, larger spathes, and larger spadixes. Group II was consisted of S. floribundum, S. Coddy Color, S. Water Grass, S. Parrish, S. Mini, S. Vicki Lynn, S. Mojo, S. Tyler Green, S. Crisis, S. Sweet Chico, S. Sweet Claudio, S. Dark Green and S. Sunshine Dream. And the 13 accessions of Group II had more buds and leaves, and were smaller and more compact. The research results could provide a reference for evaluation and breeding of Spathiphyllum germplasm resources.

The study was aimed to cope with the rapid increase in demand for patchouli [Pogostemon cablin (Blanco) Benth.] and to solve the problems of lack of patchouli medicinal materials, germplasm degradation, confusion of germplasm sources, and vulnerability to diseases and pests. Callus, cluster buds and rooting seedling of patchouli were irradiated with a gradient dose of ⁶⁰Co-γ rays. The appearance and morphology of regenerated plants were observed, the mutated plants were screened, the agronomic traits and physiological and biochemical indicators were measured, and the content of pogostone and patchouli alcohol, the main volatile components, were determined by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). The results showed that calluses and cluster buds were more sensitive to ⁶⁰Co-γ rays and had higher mortality rate, while rooting seedlings were more tolerant to ⁶⁰Co-γ rays and had lower mortality. The best way to breed mutagenesis is ⁶⁰Co-γ treated rooting seedlings with irradiation doses of 100 Gy with a mutagenesis rate of up to 10%. In this experiment, 29 patchouli variant plants were obtained, which were divided into seven morphological types, namely three-leaf whorls, heteromorphic leaves, deep-split leaves, narrow leaves, coiled leaves, undercoiled leaves and purple leaves. The contents of osmotic conditioning substances [soluble sugar, soluble protein and free proline (Pro)], antioxidant substances [malondialdehyde (MDA), peroxidase (POD), catalase (CAT)], pogostone and patchouli alcohol were compared and analyzed. According to the analysis results of the above determination indicators, 15 potential plants were finally screened, namely: stress-resistant plants with high effective components SY7 and ZY1; environmentally sensitive plants with high effective components SY15, SY18 and XY1; stress-resistant plants SY2, SY6, SY19, YY2, YY9 and XJY1; high active ingredient plants SY10 and SY17; “pogostone-type” patchouli plants SY3 and JY1. Among them, SY7 and ZY1 are new germplasms with double excellent characteristics, and the two “pogostone-type” patchouli plants have application value for solving the problems of the lack of authentic medicinal materials and the degradation of germplasm. In this study, patchouli variant plants bred by the ⁶⁰Co-γ ray irradiation mutagenesis method have the advantages of strong stress resistance and high active ingredients, which would provide mature methods and potential germplasm for patchouli mutagenesis breeding and new variety breeding.

In this paper, the seedlings of 27 inbred lines of bitter gourd with four leaves and one heart were used as materials. After pre-cultivated one day, the seedlings were subjected to 39 ℃ temperature stress. And the 27 germplasm resources were divided into three types: high heat resistance, medium heat resistance and heat sensitivity screened by the heat damage index (TDG) after 72 hours of high temperature stress. Among them, six inbred lines with different heat tolerance were selected to measure 12 morphological and physiological indexes subjected to 39 ℃ stress for 0 h and 48 h, respectively, including plant height (PH), stem diameter (SD), plant fresh matter (SFW) and dry matter (SDW) and leaf relative chlorophyll content (SPAD), electrical conductivity (REL), peroxidase activity (POD), catalase activity (CAT), superoxide dismutase activity (SOD), malondialdehyde content (MDA)), proline content (Pro) and soluble sugar content (SS). The comprehensive evaluation values were obtained by the principal component analysis of heat resistance coefficients (α) of 12 morphological and physiological indexes to evaluate heat resistance of the seedlings. The mathematical model of heat resistanc evaluation was established by the stepwise regression analysis to obtain the heat resistance evaluation index system of bitter gourd. According to TDG, among the 27 bitter gourd inbred lines, three were heat-resistant, 18 were medium-heat-resistant and six were heat-sensitive. A mathematical evaluation model of heat tolerance of bitter gourd was established using the stepwise regression equation, which is Y=–0.426+0.049X₁–0.011X₂–0.009X₃–0.018X₄. The established optimal regression equation was used to predict the heat resistance of the tested materials, and the predictive values were basically consistent with the comprehensive heat tolerance value. Therefore, the heat resistance coefficients of SFW (X₁), POD activity (X₂), CAT activity (X₃) and SS content (X₄) could rapidly and accurately estimate bitter gourd heat resistance and were suggested to be used as evaluation indexes for heat resistance of bitter gourd. In order to provide a basis for the breeding of new heat-resistant bitter gourd varieties in Hainan in summer season, the heat-resistant bitter gourd germplams were screened and a heat-resistant evaluation system was constructed.

Banana plant has the characters of fruiting in high position and of hanging in non-fixed orientation, which is not conducive to the flower removal, bud removal breaking, pesticide spraying, bagging and harvesting of banana fruit in production, and make it vulnerable to wind damage, causing lodging and breaking. In order to reduce the height position of banana fruit, make it hang fruit directionally, facilitate management, realize mechanized harvest and improve field management efficiency, a guide outlet was excavated at the lower position on one side of banana pseudostem by physical method to guide banana to fruit at the lower position and predetermined direction, and the differences in fruit characters between physically induced fruit and naturally formed fruit were studied. The results showed that opening the outlet by physical method could guide the banana fruit grow in a low position and a predetermined direction. The average fruit yield per plant was 21.47 kg (with a variation range of 11.5 kg to 36.15 kg), the average number of fruit fingers per plant was 187(with a variation range of 137 to 237), the average weight of single fruit finger was 120 g (with a variation range of 60 g to 190 g), the average length of fruit axis was 41.82 cm (with a variation range of 27.5 cm to 54.5 cm), the average length of outer arc of fruit finger was 17.88 cm (with a variation range of 13.4 cm to 21.1 cm), the average perimeter of fruit finger was 11.44 cm (with a variation range of 9.6 cm to 12.9 cm). Correlation and regression analysis showed that the fruit weight per plant, fruit axis length and fruit finger length were significantly negatively correlated with the time interval from opening outlet day to heading fruit day, respectively. Compared with the natural heading fruit, there was no significant difference in average fruit weight per plant, average total number of fruit fingers per plant and average number of fruit fingers per comb, there was no significant difference in the thickness of the fruit fingers and the curvature of the fruit fingers; but there was significant difference in average weight of single fruit and of fruit axis respectively; The length of fruit axis and the length of fruit finger and the spacing between fruit combs was significantly shortened respectively, the differences are all very significant.

Hainan is the southernmost litchi production area in China, but the problems of excessive nutrient input and soil degradation are serious, and the reasonable nutrient input standard is lacking. The study analyzed the current situation of litchi yield, nutrient management and soil fertility in the main producing areas of Hainan, based on the principle of nutrient balance, by quantifying the crop nutrient demand law and the reasonable nitrogen surplus level under the conditions, specifying the upper limit of litchi nutrient usage, proposing the reduction target of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium nutrient inputs for litchi in Hainan, and analyzing the differences in nutrient management levels of different types of farmers and the impact on soil fertility. The upper limit of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium dosage of litchi at different yield levels in Qiongshan region was 200 kg/hm², 100 kg/hm², and 260 kg/hm² (<10 t/hm²), 273 kg/hm², 136 kg/hm², 355 kg/hm² (10-20 t/hm²), 439 kg/hm², 220 kg/hm², 571 kg/hm² (20-42 t/hm²), respectively. The phenomenon of excessive fertilizer input of farmers was prominent, and the excess nutrient input was aggravated with the increase of management scale. 60%, 97% and 131% of small farmers, medium operators and large-scale operators were higher than the upper limit of nitrogen fertilizer input. Phosphorus input was 204%, 236%, 258% higher than the upper limit of input; potassium content was 70%, 101% and 119% higher than the upper limit. The fertilization intensity was also significantly higher than the national NPK fertilization level of 70.8%, 189.9%, 123.4%. The surplus of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium in Hainan litchi orchard was 365 kg/hm², 377 kg/hm² and 542 kg/hm², respectively, and the nutrient use efficiency (NUE) was 34%, 21% and 27%, respectively. A lot of phosphorus was fixed and lost in the soil. There were significant differences in the nutrient management among different types of farmers. Only 1.2% of small farmers were in the range of high N output and low N surplus, while the middle and high operators were all in the range of high N surplus. Soil phosphorus accumulation and soil acidification were prominent problems in the litchi orchards, and 46% of the orchards had soil phosphorus content over 0.96 g/kg, which was at a relatively rich level. 94% of the orchards were acidic soil (pH 4.5-5.5), and 77% of the orchards had low soil quality index (IFI) comprehensive rating. For the current Hainan litchi nutrient inputs unreasonable and soil degradation, the quota system should be adopted and promoted as soon as possible, and the use efficiency of organic and chemical fertilizer should be greatly improved, so as to realize the sustainable development of litchi fruit industry.

In order to explore the effects of N, P and K fertilizers on the growth and nutrient uptake of areca nut seedlings and provide a scientific fertilizer application in field management, areca nut seedlings were used to conduct the “3414”fertilizer ratio in pots at the greenhouse. Fertilization significantly increased biomass and fertilizer utilization of areca nut seedlings. In balanced nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium fertilization, N and P fertilizers had the maximum utilization. Balanced nitrogen and potassium fertilization without phosphate fertilizer, K fertilizers had the maximum utilization. The N content was the main factor affecting the stem and leaf biomass, while the P content was the main factor affecting root biomass. Correlation and path analysis indicated that N and P could synergistically improve the growth of areca nut seedlings, but they were affected by the application of K fertilizer. However, N, P and K fertilizers could reach balance and synergy to improve the growth of seedlings. In conclusion, N, P and K fertilizers in a rational proportion was beneficial for the nutrient uptake and utilization of areca nut seedlings, and N∶P∶K=2∶2∶2 (T₆) was the most suitable fertilization ratio.

In order to clarify the alleviating effect of heterologous double-root on coffee continuous cropping obstacle, the soil of the continuous cropping obstacle garden of coffee was used to cultivate Caffea liberica, No. 1 and C. canephora, Reyan No. 1 heterologous double-root grafting coffee seedling. The mechanism of heterologous double-root alleviating continuous cropping obstacle was clarified through different root separation ways, and the differences and synergies of heterologous double-root in alleviating continuous cropping obstacle were discussed. Compared with non-rhizosphere soil, the seedling quality index and plant biomass of heterologous double-root coffee or homologous double-root coffee decreased significantly after culturing in rhizosphere soil. After non-rhizosphere soil culture, there were no significant differences in the seedling quality index or plant biomass between heterologous double-root coffee and homologous double-root coffee. The seedling quality index, root biomass of C. liberica and C. canephora, and total plant biomass of heterologous double-root coffee were significantly higher than those of homogenous double-root coffee after rhizosphere soil culture. Continuous cropping obstacle inhibited the growth of coffee, but had more effect on homologous double-root coffee. Heterogenous double-root coffee alleviated the growth obstacle of continuous-cropping coffee by C. liberica roots. The seedlings quality of the heterologous double-root coffee separated root by nylon net was better than that of root undivided or separated root by double pot under continuous cropping, and the root growth of C. canephora was the best in nylon net separation. Root allelochemicals of C. liberica promoted the root growth of C. canephora. There was no significant difference in the seedlings quality of heterologous double-root coffee between root undivided and separated root by double pot, and the C. liberica root growth of root undivided was worse than that of double pot separation. The root growth of C. canephora inhibited the root growth of C. liberica when the heterologous double-root were in contact with each other, but this inhibition was not related to the allelopathic substances in the C. canephora rhizosphere. The root growth of C. liberica had no significant difference in nylon net separation and double pot separation. There was no effect on the root growth of C. liberica with or without the allelopathic substances. of C. canephora. The root system of C. liberica alleviated the continuous cropping obstacle by reducing the inhibition of allelopathic environment and promoting the root growth of C. canephora by its allelopathic substances. The results would provide a theoretical basis for the application of heterologous double-root grafting in the field.

Reasonable planting density and depth are the common cultivation techniques to increase sugarcane yield per unit area. However, the effect on sugarcane lodging is often neglected when the yield is increased. Sugarcane variety Zhongtang 3 was used as the experimental material to determine the effect of different planting density and depth on the yield and lodging. Four planting density 3.0, 4.5, 6.0 and 7.5 buds/m² and two planting depth of shallow planting (30 cm) and deep planting (40 cm) were designed in the experiment. The agronomic characters, lodging related index (root lodging and stalk lodging) and yield of sugarcane were measured. The results showed that as the growth period of sugarcane continued to advance, the safety factor of sugarcane root and stem gradually decreased, and the risk of root lodging and stem lodging of sugarcane was higher at 180 days after planting, which was in a sensitive period. When the planting density increased from 3 buds/m² to 6 buds/m², sugar yield (+32%) and yield (+36%) of sugarcane were significantly increased, and the stem lodging resistance of sugarcane was also increased. However, when the planting density was further increased to 7.5 buds/m², the sugar yield and yield did not increase significantly, but the risk of root lodging was increased. Compared with planting depth of 30 cm, planting depth of 40 cm had a tendency to increase sugar yield (+2.8%) and yield (+4.8%), although there was no significant difference between them. Therefore, considering sugar yield, yield and lodging resistance of sugarcane, we believe that planting depth of 40 cm and planting density of 6 buds/m² can improve lodging resistance of sugarcane while ensuring yield and sugar yield.

The effects of different fertilizer combinations on the growth and nutrition of Camellia oleifera were studied to select the fertilizer combination that is conducive to the growth of C. oleifera. Ten-year-old common C. oleifera Cenruan 3 was used as the material. Ten experimental treatments with different N∶P∶K ratio and dosage, and different dosage of organic fertilizer were set. The physiological indexes of fruit traits, leaf traits and nutrition of C. oleifera at different growth stages were measured, and the analysis of variance, multiple comparisons and correlation analysis were performed. The results show that 0.5 kg N∶P∶K (20∶8∶17) +5 kg organic fertilizer+0.25 kg medium elements water-soluble fertilizer (Ca+Mg≥10.0%) had the best growth effect on C. oleifera. This fertilizer combination could effectively increase the fruit size, leaf area, net photosynthetic rate, transpiration rate and contents of nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, calcium and magnesium in trees, which is conducive to the storage and distribution of tree nutrition. In conclusion, 0.5 kg compound fertilizer N∶P∶K=2∶1∶2 and 5 kg organic fertilizer applied together twice one year in the Spring and Autumn had a better effect on the growth and nutrition of C. oleifera.

The study was aimed to explore the effects of applying different organic fertilizers on the yield, quality, soil fertility of sweet potato. Five different organic fertilizer treatments with no fertilization as the control were set up and sweet potato variety Qianshu 6 was used. The results showed that the application of organic fertilizer could effectively promote the growth of sweet potato vines and the expansion of root tubers. The yield of Shangcanli biological organic fertilizer (T₄) was the highest, which was 19.9% higher than that of the control. The effects of different organic fertilizers on the nutritional quality of sweet potato were different, but the accumulation of dry matter was not obvious. In addition, planting sweet potato significantly reduces the nutrient content of soil, while applying different organic fertilizers could supplement part of the nutrient requirements of sweet potato, but had no significant impact on soil pH value. Organic fertilization significantly increased the contents of soil microbial biomass carbon (MBC) and microbial biomass nitrogen (MBN). Organic fertilization significantly increased the activities of urease (URE), acid phosphatase (ACP), N-acetylglucosidase (NAG) and cellobiase (CBH), but significantly decreased the activities of nitrate reductase (NR) and-Glucosidase (BG), while did not significantly affected the activityof other enzymes. Correlation analysis showed that the effects of different components of organic fertilizer on the yield and quality of sweet potato root tubers were quite different. The pH value of fertilizer and the amount of organic matter input mainly affected the quality of root tubers, while the amount of pure nitrogen input was closely related to the yield and quality of root tubers. The physical and chemical properties of soil were mainly affected by the pH value of organic fertilizer, the input amount of organic matter and pure nitrogen, but had little correlation with the input amount of pure phosphorus and pure potassium. The correlation between organic fertilizer and soil MBC, soil URE, ACP, NR, PPO and LAP was stronger than that of soil microbial biomass nitrogen (MBN), N-acetylglucosidase (NAG), cellobiase (CBH) and polyphenol oxidase (PPO). Different organic fertilizers promoted the growth of sweet potato, increased the yield of sweet potato, increased the nutrient content of soil, and changed the microbial environment of soil to a certain extent. Therefore, the correlation analysis results of indicators could provide references for sweet potato production.

Five sweet potato cultivars with significant differences in germination, Jixu 23, Yanshu 25, Red Banana, Taizhong No. 6 and Xinxiang, were used as the test materials. During the storage period, samples were taken regularly to analyze the changes of endogenous hormones and carbohydrate metabolism in the storage roots. Storage roots after storage were planted for seedlings in small arch sheds and investigated. The results showed that Jixu 23, Yanshu 25 and Red Banana germinated earlier, and the number of seedlings picked was significantly more than that of Taizhong 6 and Xinxiang. At the end of storage and before seeding, the starch content and amylopectin content of storage roots in Jixu 23, Yanshu 25 and Red Banana were significantly higher than those of Taizhong No. 6 and Xinxiang, Jixu 23, Yanshu 25 and Red Banana. Higher content of amylopectin and amylopectin was mainly due to the smaller decrease during storage. The total amylase and α-amylase activity of storage roots in Jixu 23, Yanshu 25 and Red Banana were significantly higher than that of Taizhong No. 6 and Xinxiang, and the α-amylase activity of storage roots in Jixu 23, Yanshu 25 and Red Banana were higher than that of Jixu 23, Yanshu 25 and Red Banana. This is mainly due to the larger increase during storage. At the end of storage and before seeding, compared with Taizhong No. 6 and Xinxiang, Jixu 23, Yanshu 25 and Red Banana had higher GA content, lower IAA content, and higher GA/ABA and ZR/IAA of storage roots. That is, at the end of storage and before seeding, high starch and amylopectin content, high α-amylase activity, high endogenous GA content, and low IAA content in storage roots are physiological indicators of good germination.

Salt stress is the most prevalent abiotic stress globally, severely affecting crop growth. Rice is an important food crop, it is important to improve the salt tolerance of rice through chemical control technology. To further provide the theoretical basis for the application of hemin to rice cultivation under salt stress, it is important to study the adverse effects of NaCl on rice seedling growth and to understand how hemin regulating the physiological process to alleviate stress. A pot experiment was carried out with the rice varieties Huanghuazhan and Xiangliangyou 900 as the materials. During the three leaves and one heart period, after 48 hours of 5 μmol/L hemin treatment, 50 mmol/L NaCl was applied to the corresponding cultivated soil. Each variety had three treatments, (1) control group: distilled water, (2) S group: 50 mmol/L NaCl solution; and (3) SH group: 50 mmol/L NaCl +5 μmol/L hemin solution. Measurements of seedlings growth characteristics, gas exchange parameters, and physiological indicators were taken after the 3^rd, 6^th, 9^th and 12^nd days after NaCl treatment, respectively. NaCl stress inhibited the seedling growth of the two rice varieties, reduced the photosynthetic rate, and increased reactive oxygen species. Compared with CK, the antioxidant enzymes activities of S group increased significantly in the early stage, but decreased significantly as the extension of stress time. Among them, the inhibitory effect of NaCl stress on Huanghuazhan was stronger than that of Xiangliangyou 900. Compared with NaCl treatment, exogenous hemin increased plant height, stem base width, biomass, total root length, root surface area, root volume, and root tip number of the two rice varieties. Hemin inhibited reactive oxygen species (O₂·^- and H₂O₂) accumulation, decreased malondialdehyde (MDA) content, and electrolyte leakage (EL). The photosynthetic capacity and SPAD were enhanced. The activities of superoxide dismutase (SOD), peroxidase (POD), catalase (CAT), and ascorbate peroxidase (APX) were increased. Meanwhile, the ascorbic acid (AsA) and soluble protein levels were up-regulated in leaves. The results of this experiment indicate that NaCl stress inhibit rice seedlings, and the application of hemin can mitigate the damage caused by NaCl stress on rice seedlings by enhancing the net photosynthetic rate, increasing antioxidant activity or content, and reducing membrane lipid peroxidation.

To clarify the effects of short-term high temperature stress on the developmental, reproductive characteristics and offspring fitness of Eotetranychus sexmaculatus females, the females were exposed to 33 ℃, 36 ℃, 39 ℃, 42 ℃, 45 ℃ for 1 h, 2 h, 4 h, respectively. The longevity, fecundity, offspring developmental period and sex ratio of E. sexmaculatus females were observed. The results showed that the oviposition period of E. sexmaculatus was prolonged and the fecundity was increased exposed to from 33 ℃ to 42 ℃ for 1 h, 2 h, 4 h and 45 ℃ for 2 h and 4 h. The population growth of E. sexmaculatus was the most favorable exposed to 39 ℃, the oviposition period was the longest exposed to 39 ℃ for 1 h, which was 12.67 d, and the fecundity of single female was the highest, which was 32.65. The intrinsic rate of increase (r_m) of E. sexmaculatus was the highest exposed to 39 ℃ for 1 and 4 h, which was 0.29, and the population doubling time was shorter, which was 2.42 d and 2.38 d, respectively. Exposed to short-term high temperature stress, there was no significant effect on the offspring sex ratio of E. sexmaculatus. The survival rate of E. sexmaculatus was decreased, the fecundity was decreased, the longevity was prolonged, and the r_m value was decreased exposed to 45 ℃ for 1 h. Therefore, the population development of E. sexmaculatus was inhibited at 45 ℃ high temperature stress for 1 h.

Bacillus subtilis Czk1 is a rhizosphere antagonist with a very broad-spectrum antagonistic, growth promotion and induction of plant resistance. In order to fully utilize organic nutrients in agricultural wastes and promote biological control of soil-borne plant diseases, Czk1 was used as the research object in this study, chicken manure as the base fertilizer, corn straw, mushroom bran and coconut bran compost were used as the raw materials, and the liquid-solid two-phase fermentation process was adopted. The total number of viable bacteria and the number of spores were determined by the dilution plate colony counting method. The formula, process parameters and culture conditions of Czk1 solid fermentation materials were determined by the single factor and orthogonal experiment method. The results showed that the optimal conditions for solid fermentation of Czk1 are raw material was mushroom bran and chicken manure compost with the inoculated weight of Czk1 at 10%, the added amount of soybean powder at 10%, the water content at 40%, the fermentation temperature at 37 ℃ and the turning once every 72 h. Under the conditions, the total number of viable bacteria in Czk1 strain could reach 8.63×10⁸CFU/g. The number of spores was 8.37×10⁸CFU/g. The best fermentation material was corn straw and chicken manure compost, Czk1 inoculation amount of 10%, adding 5% soybean powder, 40% water content, fermentation temperature of 37 ℃, turning once every 72 h, the total number of viable bacteria in Czk1 inoculation strain could reach 6.53×10⁸CFU/g. The number of spores was 5.97×10⁸CFU/g. The total number of viable bacteria and the number of spores of Czk1 strain could reach 8.70×10⁸CFU/g and 6.90×10⁸CFU/g, respectively, when 30% mushroom bran was added. The physical and chemical properties of four fermentation biological fertilizer raw materials were determined, and significant differences were observed in their organic matter content and carbon to nitrogen ratio. Among them, chicken manure had the highest pH, total phosphorus, and total potassium content, while the carbon to nitrogen ratio was the lowest. The total content of nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium was higher than that of corn straw, coconut bran, and mushroom bran; Corn straw has the highest electrical conductivity and organic matter content as the raw material; Coconut bran has the highest total nitrogen content, while mushroom bran has the highest carbon to nitrogen ratio. The seed germination index of bio-organic fertilizer with different combinations of chicken manure, mushroom bran, corn straw, and coconut bran is greater than 80%. Therefore, high quality bioorganic fertilizer can be prepared from agricultural waste by selecting suitable fermentation production conditions. B. subtilis Czk1 has good development and utilization value.

In order to explore a method to protect Orah from frost damage, Orah harvested early from 2021—2022 were used as the materials, and prochloraz+ambient temperature storage and CK + ambient temperature storage were used to determine the sugar, acid, vitamin C and other quality indicators, as well as the weight loss, decay, electrical conductivity and other storage resistance indicators during the storage period. SPSS analysis software was used to cluster seven indicators in two years. The results showed that prochloraz could effectively inhibit the growth of the rot pathogen of citrus during storage, and prolong the occurrence time of fruit rot; At the same time, it could maintain the content of soluble solids in fruits to the level before harvest. During the 150 d storage period, the titratable acid content of the two treatments decreased gradually with the extension of storage time. The titratable acid content in prochloraz treatment group decreased faster than that in CK. Therefore, the solid acid ratio of prochloraz treatment group was higher than that of CK. As the solid acid ratio increased with the increase of storage time, the flavor quality of the two treatments also gradually improved. During the storage period, there was no significant difference in vitamin C content between the two; At 150 days of storage, it could still be maintained at about 20.90 mg/100 g (2021) and 14.50 mg/100 g (2022). In terms of fruit storage resistance, the weight loss rate of prochloraz treatment group was slightly lower than that of the CK in 2022 (prochloraz was significantly lower than that of the CK in 2021); On the contrary, the peel conductivity of prochloraz treatment group was higher than that of the CK in 2022 (in 2021, prochloraz treatment was significantly higher than that of the CK). The seven indexes of the two treatments in two years were clustered into two categories by the cluster analysis. The first category were CK of 0, 15, 30, 45, 60, 90 d and prochloraz treatments of 0, 15, 30, 45, 60 d; The second category were CK of 120, 150 d and prochloraz treatments of 90, 120, 150 d. To sum up, prochloraz can effectively reduce the occurrence of rot rate of Orah, improve the fruit flavor of early fruit picking, and maintain good total soluble solids and vitamin C content of fruits. According to the comprehensive indicators and cluster analysis results, the orah can be harvested early, treated with prochloraz and other preservatives, and stored at ambient temperature for 60 days or 60 days before being refrigerated, or stored at ambient temperature for 90 days before being released from the market.

Banana is a tropical fruit rich in nutrients and has important economic value. It is also one of the four major fruits in South China. Banana is a typical climacteric fruit. The release of ethylene in banana after harvest could accelerate the ripening and senescence of banana during postharvest storage, which would affect the storage freshness and economic value of banana. Therefore, it is necessary to explore the technology of improving banana postharvest storage quality, thus providing theoretical basis for practical application. In this study, postharvest bananas were treated by UV-C irradiation, citric acid immersion and the combination treatment, respectively. The bananas were stored in the dark for 12 days at a temperature of (20±2)℃ and a humidity of 60%-70%, and randomly sampled on the 1st, 6th, 9th and 12th day for each treatment during the storage period. The effects of the three methods on postharvest banana storage quality were studied by measuring physiological and quality indexes, such as hardness, weight loss rate, titratable acid content, and soluble solid content. The results indicated that the treatment with UV-C irradiation at the dose of 3.96×10^–2KJ/m² and combined treatment (3.96×10^–2KJ/m² UV-C irradiation together with 2.0% citric acid soak) resulted in better freshness effects than that of citric acid treatment, showing that the decrease of fruit hardness was significantly inhibited, the increase of weight loss rate was delayed, the increase of soluble solid content and the decrease of titratable acidity content were inhibited, and the sugar-acid ratio were maintained. At the end of storage, UV-C irradiation and combined treatment increased the hardness of bananas by 9.09% and 13.63%, reduced weight loss by 22.00% and 11.43%, and decreased sugar-acid ratio by 40.00% and 42.30%, respectively, compared with the control group. In addition, UV-C irradiation and combined treatment effectively inhibited the decrease of flavonoids, phenols and vitamin C contents, and improved the DPPH free radical scavenging rate and antioxidant capacity. At the end of storage, UV-C irradiation and combined treatment increased the vitamin C contents of bananas by 0.82% and 1.27%, the total polyphenol contents by 25.92% and 41.65%, the total flavonoids contents by about 30.00%, and DPPH radical scavenging rate by 13.98% and 36.59%, respectively, compared with the control group. In conclusion, both UV-C irradiation and combined treatment can improve storage quality and prolong shelf life of postharvest bananas. Therefore, these two methods can be used as green, safe and effective post-harvest preservation technologies for bananas.

Five uninhabited islands in Lianjiang was researched in detail to plant resources by the methods of surveying typical sampling plots and transect lines. According to field investigation data and literature review, statistical analysis of the species composition of seed plants, distribution area types and ecological types by using floristic geography principle, then compared with the similarity coefficients of genura and geographic composition of the genura of seed plants in different regions, and explored the similarity of vascular plant species among the five uninhabited islands and the relationship with island spatial characteristics. The wild seed plants represented by 190 species, belonging to 165 genera in 64 families. The dominant families were Compositae and Poaceae. It was obvious that the plurimotypic families and larger families in terms of the numbers of genura and species in a dominant position, meanwhile in terms of the numbers of families, dominated by oligotypic families and monotypic families. Herbaceous (55.94%) and shrubs (23.27%) preponderated in the life form, trees and vines were at a disadvantage in terms of number, only accounted for 13.86% and 6.93% respectively. The floristic composition was intricate and varied, and in terms of tropical distribution type, with a high proportion of the family and genus levels, accounted for 90.24% and 68.03% respectively, among them the pan-tropical species accounted for 75.62% and 36.05% respectively, the temperate component only accounted for 9.76% and 31.97% respectively, the R/T values of tropical to temperate family was 9.25 while of genus was 2.13, showing that seed plant flora in the five uninhabited islands were of tropical and sub-tropical types, consistent with the subtropical geography of the islands, transitional from tropical to subtropical. In terms of geographical relationship, compared with the seed flora of four regions from south to north in China, the flora was closely related to six uninhabited islands in Pingtan with similar latitudes, the similarity coefficients of genura was 71.32%. The R/T value of five uninhabited islands in Lianjiang was 2.13, which was lower than that of the uninhabited islands in the nearshore Xiamen (4.23) and the six uninhabited islands in Pingtan (2.58), and higher than that of the five nonresidential coastal islands in Zhejiang (1.11) and the nine uninhabited islands in the Bohai Sea area (0.66). With the increase of latitude, there was a growing tendency on the temperate component at genus-level, while the tropical component was contrary to the former, and the larger the R/T value, the stronger the tropical nature. In terms of flora similarity, the similarities of species between each of the five uninhabited islands in Lianjiang were low, correlation analysis showed that similarity of vascular plant species among different islands was influenced by island edge and habitat diversity. As a whole, the plant species of the seed flora were diverse with a tropical and subtropical transitional nature, ancient plants were abundant, it was consistent with its geographic characteristics of the transition zone between the pan-arctic and palaeotropial flora.

In this study, the rhizosphere soil of jasmine was used as the material under the condition of artificial greenhouse to analyze and compare the effects of two fungicides (fluazinam and tebuconazole) on soil physical and chemical properties, soil enzyme activities in addition to carbon source metabolic diversity of soil microbial community. The indexes of soil physical and chemical properties were different under the application of the two fungicides of different concentration. The pH value and organic matter content of soil decreased by 14.8% and 18.8%, respectively, after application of 50% fluazinam. The content of organic matter increased by 76.8% after treatment with 50% tebuconazole. 50% of tebuconazole had the most significant effect on total nitrogen, available phosphorus and available potassium, and the highest increase of total nitrogen was 77.8%. The maximum available phosphorus increased by 1.3 times while the content of available potassium increased by 2.1 times. The effects of fungicides on the activities of sucrase, urease and acid phosphatase in jasmine rhizosphere soil were significant. The sucrase activity was significantly decreased by 92.8% after treated with 50% fluazinam. The urease activity decreased significantly after spraying 50% tebuconazole, which was 41.9% lower than that before spraying. At the same time, the acid phosphatase activity showed increasing trends after treated with fungicides. To compare the carbon source metabolic diversity of soil microbial community after application of the fungicides found that the value of average well color development (AWCD) in CK was the lowest. After the treatment of the two fungicides, AWCD decreased compared with that before spraying, among which the inhibitory effect of tebuconazole on AWCD was the most significant. In general, the Shannon diversity index (H) and evenness index (U) of soil microorganisms showed a decreasing trend with fungicide treatment. However, there was no significant difference in the dominance index (D) among all treatments. Soil microbial community had a certain inhibitory effect on the metabolic diversity of six kinds of carbon sources after fungicides application. In addition, principal component analysis of soil microbial community carbon source metabolic diversity revealed that amino acids and carbohydrates had similar utilization rates. In addition, polymers and carboxylic acids were similar. This study analyzed and compared the effects of fluazinam and tebuconazole on the microbial characteristics and carbon source metabolic diversity in jasmine rhizosphere soil, and the results would provide a scientific basis for evaluating the ecological function in rhizosphere soil microorganisms of jasmines under the influence of two fungicides.