To explore the stable yield of forage oats under future climate change conditions and to capture more climatic resources after the main crop season, based on the Agricultural Production Systems Simulator (APSIM) crop model, the sowing dates were adjusted to different degrees of advancement at six locations in northern Shanxi. The responses of forage oat yield and climatic resources to sowing date adjustments under different climate scenarios were simulated and evaluated. The results showed that under future climate warming, moderate early sowing (advanced by 10 days) can increase the climatic resources available after harvest and before the first frost, including accumulated thermal time (1 200-1 800 ℃), precipitation (55-188 mm), and solar radiation (861-1 523 MJ·m^-2), without significantly reducing the main-season forage yield. Consequently, the utilization efficiency of climatic resources was improved. Early sowing has a limited direct effect on forage yield, it demonstrates excellent performance in terms of forage yield stability and resource enhancement. Overall, appropriately advancing sowing dates is an effective field management strategy for adapting to climate warming and enhancing resource use efficiency.

Based on the daily meteorological data from 1994 to 2023 and the growth period data of drought-saline wheat from agrometeorological experimental stations in the main coastal drought-saline wheat planting areas of Cangzhou, Hebei Province, this study systematically analyzed the variation characteristics of precipitation, sunshine, and thermal resources during the whole growth period and key growth stages of drought-saline wheat, and identified the key meteorological factors affecting its yield by using methods including linear trend estimation, Mann-Kendall (MK) trend test and mutation test, and Pearson correlation analysis. The results showed that the precipitation during the entire growth period of coastal drought-saline wheat in Cangzhou, Hebei Province showed an increasing trend. Combined with the precipitation in the summer of the sowing year and before sowing, natural precipitation in all years could meet the water demand of drought-saline wheat. However, there were significant differences among various growth stages. The proportions of years in which precipitation could meet the water demand during the sowing-overwintering stage, overwintering-regreening stage, regreening-heading stage, and heading-maturity stage are 76.7%, 66.7%, 1.4%, and 26.7%, respectively. The sunshine duration during the whole growth period and grain-filling stage of the wheat showed an increasing trend. A significant mutation in the sunshine duration during the grain-filling stage occurred in 2009, and the annual sunshine duration before and after the mutation differed by 358 h. The annual average sunshine duration during the grain-filling stage was 9.1 h·d^-1, indicating sufficient sunlight. The accumulated temperature above 0 ℃ during the growing season showed a significant increasing trend, with 76.7% of the years reaching over 2 000 ℃. For the negative accumulated temperature below 0 ℃, 50% of the years were within -200 ℃; however, the winter minimum temperature presents a significant decreasing trend, and 43.3% of the years drop below -15 ℃. The diurnal temperature range during the filling stage fell between 11.5-13.5 ℃ in 90% of the years, with a significant reduction observed in the 2010-2016 period. The number of days with the daily maximum temperature exceeding 32 ℃ during the filling stage increased significantly, while the number of days with the daily maximum temperature exceeding 35 ℃ decreases. The annual yield of coastal drought-saline wheat in Cangzhou, Hebei Province was significantly positively correlated (P<0.05) with the precipitation during the whole growth period, summer precipitation in the sowing year, pre-sowing precipitation, precipitation during the regreening to heading stage, and sunshine duration during the whole growth period and grain-filling stage. Water is the main limiting factor for coastal drought-saline wheat in Cangzhou, Hebei Province. It is necessary to improve water use efficiency through precision irrigation and rainwater harvesting technologies, and match cold-resistant, drought-tolerant, and early-maturing varieties to reduce climate risks.

Based on the continuous 37 year (1984-2020) phenological observation data of winter wheat at the National Agricultural Meteorological Observation Station in Tongren City, Guizhou Province, and combined with the meteorological observation data of the corresponding period, the changes and response relationships of the phenological periods of winter wheat and agricultural climate factors were systematically analyzed using kernel density estimation, climate trend analysis, correlation analysis, and multiple linear regression model. The results showed that the phenological periods of winter wheat in Tongren City from 1984 to 2020 generally showed a phased delay trend, among which the tillering period had the largest delay ［10.9 d· (10 a)^-1］. The duration of key growth stages was characterized by an extension at early stage ［vegetative growth period extended by 5.6 d· (10 a)^-1］, a shortening in the middle stage［vegetative and reproductive growth concurrent period shortened by -10.8 d· (10 a)^-1］, and relative stability at late stag ［reproductive growth period changed by 0.2 d· (10 a)^-1］. During the growth period of winter wheat, the agricultural climate elements generally showed an increase in temperature, a decrease in sunshine, and an increase in the fluctuation of water and heat conditions. Correlation analysis indicated that accumulated temperature and ground temperature were significantly positively correlated with the phenological period day numbers of sowing, emergence and three-leaf stage (P<0.001), while relative humidity and sunshine duration were significantly negatively correlated with the phenological periods of heading, flowering and milk-ripen stage (P<0.05 or P<0.01), yet the maturity period had no significant correlation with each climate factor. The results of multiple regression analysis showed that the phenological periods of winter wheat were most sensitive to accumulated temperature and ground temperature, followed by daily temperature range, precipitation and relative humidity, and less sensitive to sunshine duration. This study revealed the response characteristics of the phenological periods of winter wheat in the northeastern part of Guizhou Province to climate change, which can provide agricultural meteorological basis for the breeding and cultivation management of winter wheat varieties in the region.

Black point disease (BP) severely affects wheat production, and planting disease-resistant varieties is an important measure to mitigate the damage caused by BP. However, the current lack of resistance sources restricts the improvement of BP resistance. To obtain superior resistance sources for BP, this study inoculated 412 wheat germplasm with the dominant pathogen of BP in the Huanghuai wheat region, Bipolaris sorokiniana, and conducted molecular testing using 16 reported BP resistance-related markers. The results showed that among the 412 tested materials, there were no immune or highly resistant germplasm; 4 showed moderate resistance (1.0%), while 95 (23.1%), 209 (50.7%), and 104 (25.2%) exhibited mild susceptibility, moderate susceptibility, and high susceptibility, respectively. Of the 16 markers, 13 showed polymorphism among different materials, with only 3 tightly linked to BP resistance: wmc170, BP-4A-d20, and Xbarc10. These correspond to the resistance loci QBP-Usq.2A, QBB.hau-4A, and QBB.hau-5A, respectively, with QBB.hau-4A exhibiting a better disease resistance effect. Its presence alone or in combination with other loci can significantly reduce the black point rate in wheat (P<0.01). The 4 moderately resistant materials (Shannong 530070, ZC223, 05CV078, and Shannong 38) can serve as resistance sources for improving BP resistance in wheat, and BP-4A-d20 marker can be used for BP resistance breeding.

To understand the evolution of agronomic and quality traits of wheat varieties approved in Jiangsu Province over past decade, thirteen agronomic and quality traits of 90 and 95 wheat varieties approved in Huaibei and Huainan areas of Jiangsu Province from 2014 to 2023 were analyzed. The results showed that the wheat varieties approved in Huaibei from 2014 to 2023 were primarily medium-gluten types, while the focus in Huainan gradually shifted toward medium- and strong-gluten varieties. Local germplasm resources were more frequently utilized in variety breeding within the province compared to external sources, with Zhenmai 9 (17 times), Zhenmai 168 (14 times), Zhengmai 9023 (13 times), and Aikang 58 (11 times) being the most commonly used. The yield, plant height, grain number per spike, and 1 000-grain weight of the approved wheat varieties in both regions showed an upward trend, while the effective panicle number remained stable, and the growth period exhibited a downward trend. There are great differences in the quality changes of wheat varieties between the two places. In the Huaibei region, grain test weight, protein content, wet gluten content, and water absorption increased rapidly. The protein content and wet gluten content of wheat in Huainan showed a downward trend, and were gradually lower than those in Huaibei area. The maximum tensile resistance and tensile area of wheat in the two regions showed a stead trend, while dough stability time showed a downward trend. Correlation analysis revealed that in Huaibei, the correlation between wheat yield and its three components ranked as: 1 000-grain weight>grain number per spike>effective spike number. In Huainan, the correlation ranked as: 1 000-grain weight>effective panicle number>grain number per panicle. This indicates that the main goal of wheat yield breeding in Jiangsu Province in the past ten years was to improve the 1 000-grain weight, and the potential of yield increase can be continuously improved from the aspects of grain number per spike and effective spike number in the future. Huaibei area should try the feasibility of developing strong gluten and weak gluten wheat in different regions, and Huainan area should further introduce new high-quality germplasm resources. While increasing the number of approved varieties, the two regions should take into account the improvement of yield increase rate and the optimization of quality, and breed high-quality and high-yield wheat varieties that meet market demand.

To clarify the composition of glutenin subunits in wheat varieties developed in the Huang-Huai wheat region and their relationship with quality traits, this study used 92 new wheat varieties (lines) as materials to systematically analyze the distribution and combinations of high-molecular-weight glutenin subunits (HMW-GS) and low-molecular-weight glutenin subunits (LMW-GS), as well as their relationships with some quality indicators. The results showed that among the 92 varieties (lines), a total of 9 types of HMW-GS subunits and 15 subunit combinations were detected. The combination with the highest occurrence frequency was 1/7+9/2+12, accounting for 19.57%, while the occurrence frequency of the high-quality subunit combination 1/7+8/5+10 was 8.70%. For LMW-GS, 9 types genes of subunits and 40 combination types were identified. Among them, 72 materials belonged to moderately complex combinations consisting of 2 to 4 subunits genes, and the combination A3d+D3-21 had the highest occurrence frequency (16.30%). Correlation analysis indicated that Glu-B3d was significantly positively correlated with protein content, sedimentation value, and wet gluten content. Cluster analysis classified the materials into three groups, and Group Ⅱ exhibited superior overall quality. The occurrence frequencies of multiple high-quality subunits in Group Ⅱ were higher than those in Group Ⅰ and Group Ⅲ, including 14+15 at the Glu-B1 locus and 5+10 at the Glu-D1 locus of HMW-GS, as well as Glu-A3a (8.33%), A3a/c (54.17%), B3d (37.50%), D3-23 (54.17%), and D3-32 (66.67%) of LMW-GS. In addition, 2+10 at the Glu-D1 locus and D3-22, D3-31 at the Glu-D3 locus were only detected in Group Ⅱ. These results had important reference for wheat quality breeding and genetic improvement in the Huang-Huai wheat region.

Doubled haploid (DH) technology is a biotechnology that rapidly obtains homozygous plants through haploid induction and chromosome doubling, genetic stability in one generation and significantly shortening the breeding cycle. It is widely used in the genetic breeding of various crops such as wheat, corn, and rapeseed, especially a key role in the construction of genetic populations, QTL mapping, and variety improvement. This paper will briefly introduce the method of producing wheat haploid, review the latest progress of DH breeding technology in the field of wheat research, and introduce the application examples of DH technology in accelerating breeding, genetic map construction, nuclear sterility, and microspore genetic transformation, in order to promote the development of DH technology in wheat breeding and further improve the efficiency of wheat breeding.

In order to explore the feasibility of applying the gluten-starch interaction to breed super-gluten wheat variety, 20 F₇recombinant inbred lines (RILs) derived from a cross between Jimai 44 and Jimai 229 and their parents were used as materials, and the farinograph properties of dough were measured. Three RILs with the longer stability time (Group H) and 3 RILs with the shorter stability time (Group L) were selected for further invistigating the gluten protein quantity and quality, starch size distribution and gluten-starch interaction. The results showed that the Group H exhibited higher dough development time and stability time than those of their parents, which can be attributed to their tighter gluten network, higher B-type starch granule proportion and stronger gluten-starch interaction. Correlation analysis showed that dough development time and stability time had significantly positive correlation with gluten index, protein junctions, protein length, B-type starch granule proportion, the ratio of B-type starch granules to A-type starch granules (B/A), B/lacunarity, and B/A/lacunarity, yet significantly negative correlation with lacunarity, A-type starch proportion and A/lacunarity. In summary, compared with Jimai 44 and Jimai 229, the gluten network structure, B-type starch granule proportion, and gluten-starch interaction of Group H were significantly improved. Parameters related to gluten-starch interaction determined using micro-scale flour samples can be used to assess the dough quality at an early generation in wheat breeding.

In order to understand the effects of different types of fertilizers on the photosynthetic characteristics and yield of wheat at the jointing stage, the effects of three different types of fertilizers: F₁ (ternary compound fertilizer, N∶P₂O₅∶K₂O=15∶15∶15), F₂ (wheat compound fertilizer, N∶P₂O₅∶K₂O=26∶10∶9), F₃ (urea) and no topdressing (CK) on wheat photosynthetic indices, dry matter accumulation and yield were studied under the same type and amount of base fertilizer application at the jointing stage. The results showed that the application of F₃ at the jointing stage increased the leaf area index at the middle and early stages of wheat growth compared with F₂, and the F₂ treatment was conducive to maintaining the higher leaf area index at the filling stage. The chlorophyll content of F₂treatment was significantly higher than that of F₁ treatment (P<0.05) at the flowering stage and filling stage, and there was no significant difference when compared with F₃ treatment. The photosynthetic rate of F₂ was the highest. compared to F₃, F₂significantly increased canopy photosynthetically active radiation at flowering and middle of filling stages by 4.74%, 4.18% and 5.83%, 5.09%, respectively in Suixi and Yingshang experimental sites. F₁ can increase the photosynthetic rate compared with F₃, but reduce the photosynthetically available radiation in the canopy. The grain filling rate ranked as F₂>F₁>F₃>CK, and the grain filling rate of CK was significantly lower than that of the treatments. The dry matter accumulation of the F₃ group was higher than that of the F₂ treatment at the booting and flowering stages, while the dry matter accumulation of the F₂ group was higher than that of the F₃ treatment at the maturity stage. The yield of topdressing treatments ranked as F₂>F₁>F₃, with significant differences. Compared to F₁, F₂ increased yield by 7.26% and 8.13%, respectively in Suixi and Yingshang experimental sites. All the findings demonstrated that although topdressing with the same weight of urea increased the leaf area index, chlorophyll content and population dry matter accumulation of wheat at early growth stage, topdressing with specialized compound fertilizer had more advantages in improving photosynthetic indices, grain filling rate and population dry matter accumulation at the middle and later growth stages of wheat. Topdressing with specialized compound fertilizer increased yield when compared to ternary compound fertilizer and urea.

To investigate the effects of different water and nitrogen treatments on photosynthetic characteristics, yield and water-nitrogen use efficiency of drip-irrigated winter wheat during the grain-filling stage, a field experiment was conducted using the cultivar Yinong 22. Three drip irrigation levels 5 250 (W₁), 6 000 (W₂) and 6 750 (W₃) m³·hm^-2and three nitrogen application rates 0 (N₀), 240 (N₁) and 300 (N₂) kg·hm^-2were established to analyze the impacts of water-nitrogen combinations on chlorophyll relative content (SPAD), photosynthetic parameters, leaf area index (LAI), dry matter accumulation, yield and water-nitrogen use efficiency, and the response of each factor to yield was revealed by path analysis. The results showed that irrigation amount and nitrogen application rate significantly affected SPAD, LAI, photosynthetic parameters (C_i, G_s, P_n and T_r) and dry matter accumulation per plant (leaf sheath, grain and stems) from anthesis to 20 days after anthesis. Under W₂N₁ treatment, the above indices did not increase significantly with the increase of water and nitrogen supply. Analysis of yield and water-nitrogen use efficiencies revealed that yields under W₂N₁, W₂N₂, W₃N₁ and W₃N₂ treatments were significantly higher than those under W₁N₀, W₁N₁, W₁N₂, W₂N₀and W₃N₀treatments. The highest yield was achieved under W₂N₂ treatment (8 395.88 kg·hm^-2), followed by that under W₂N₁treatment (8 208.37 kg·hm^-2). Irrigation water use efficiency under W₂N₁ treatment reached 1.37 kg·m^-3, significantly surpassing that of the W₃N₁ (1.22 kg·m^-3) and W₃N₂ (1.23 kg·m^-3) treatments. Precipitation use efficiency was highest under W₂N₂ treatment (33.66 kg·mm^-1·hm^-2), showing no significant difference from the W₂N₁ treatment. Both partial factor productivity of nitrogen (34.20 kg·kg^-1) and agronomic nitrogen use efficiency (6.08 kg·kg^-1) were highest under W₂N₁ treatment. Path analysis showed that photosynthetic characteristics, dry matter accumulation and agronomic traits direct regulated wheat yield, and the direct effect values were 0.889, 0.334 and 0.137, respectively. Water and nitrogen input mainly affected wheat yield through indirect pathway, and the indirect effect value was 1.27. In summary, photosynthetic characteristics are important factors affecting wheat yield, and water and nitrogen inputs affect yield mainly through the indirect drive of photosynthetic characteristics. Under the condition of drip irrigation in the Ili River Valley, taking yield and water and nitrogen use efficiency into consideration, the recommended drip irrigation amount is 6 000 m³·hm^-2, and the nitrogen application rate is 240 kg·hm^-2 (W₂N₁) is the optimal combination.