To investigate the effects of different postponing nitrogen application treatments on oat grain yield and nitrogen accumulation and translocation, a randomized block design was adopted using two oat varieties Bayou 1 and Dingyou 8 as the experimental materials. Field trial were conducted in 2021 and 2022, and four nitrogen application treatments were set up under a total nitrogen rate of 100 kg·hm^-2: all basal application (CK), 1/2 basal application + 1/2 tillering stage fertiliser (N1), 1/2 basal application + 1/2 jointing stage fertiliser (N2), 1/3 basal application + 1/3 tillering stage fertiliser + 1/3 jointing stage fertiliser (N3). The effects of different postponing nitrogen application treatments on yield of oats, dry matter accumulation and translocation in each organ, and nitrogen accumulation and translocation in each organ were determined and analysed. The results indicated that different postponing nitrogen application treatments had an extremely significant impact on oat yield. Compared with CK, the yield of both Bayou 1 and Dingyou 8 significantly increased in N3 treatment, with an average increase rate of 7.96%-8.82% over the two years. However, the yield of oats were reduced by 9.64%-4.50% and 4.12%-6.59% in N1 and N2 treatments respectively, N3 treatment enhanced the pre-anthesis dry matter and nitrogen translocation, post-anthesis dry matter, and nitrogen accumulation, with the increase rate of 21.83%-37.79%, 23.59%-30.19%, 7.58%-12.35%, and 8.48%-11.54%, respectively. Therefore, under a total nitrogen rate of 100 kg·hm^-2, applying 1/3 basal application + 1/3 tillering stage fertiliser + 1/3 jointing stage fertiliser better coordinated the nitrogen accumulation and transport of oats, and improved the yield.

In order to explore the adaptability of strong-gluten wheat under different soil types and the differences in yield and quality among varieties, the pot experiments were conducted with three strong-gluten wheat varieties Gaoyou 2018, Shiluan 02-1 and Shiyou 20 as materials in fluvo-aquic soil environment and black soil environment. The changes of flag leaf chlorophyll content, grain weight and nitrogen content of various organs of the strong-gluten wheat varieties from flowering stage to maturity stage under fluvo-aquic soil and black soil were compared. The similarities and differences of stem number per plant, yield and its components, grain protein and component content, and protein yield at maturity stage were compared; Since the flowering period began, the nitrogen content of various plant vegetative organs gradually decreased, while the nitrogen content of grains showed a trend of first decreasing and then increasing. The results showed that the chlorophyll content of wheat in the two soils increased first and then decreased from flowering to 25 days after flowering, and reached the maximum at 5 days after flowering. Compared with the fluvo-aquic soil, the leaf staying green time and grain filling time of wheat were prolonged under the conditions of black soil, and the duration of grain filling gradual increasing period of the three varieties was prolonged by an average of 3.0 days. The stem number per plant, effective spike number and 1 000-grain weight increased by 10.91%, 18.62% and 3.85%, respectively; the number of ineffective spikes decreased by 1.35%; the non-gluten protein content and gluten protein content in grain increased by 0.18% and 1.48%, respectively; and the protein yield increased by 0.51 g·pot^-1. In summary, under the conditions of this experiment, black soil significantly promoted wheat tillering, protein content, and increased yield compared with fluvo-aquic soil.

To investigate the effects of sulfur fertilization on wheat yield and quality under different nitrogen levels in the lime concretion black soil area of northern Anhui Province, a field split-plot experiment was conducted in Suzhou, Anhui Province, from 2022 to 2024. The wheat varieties tested were Annongda 1216 and Huachengmai 1688. The main plots were based on a basal nitrogen application of 196 kg·hm^-2, with two top-dressed nitrogen levels of 0 kg·hm^-2 (N1) and 75 kg·hm^-2 (N2) at the jointing stage. The sub-plot was set up with two sulfur levels of 0 kg·hm^-2 (S1) and 18.29 kg·hm^-2 (S2). The study compared and analyzed the effects of different treatments on wheat yield, quality, dry matter accumulation and translocation, and photosynthetic characteristics. The results showed that compared to the N1S1 treatment, the N2S2 treatment increased the average values of leaf area index (LAI), spike number, grain number per spike, grain yield, and protein content by 13.43%, 6.29%, 2.82%, 12.17%, and 1.07 percentage points, respectively. Under the same nitrogen application rate, P_n, G_s, and T_r in the S2 treatment were higher than those in S1, while C_i was lower. The post-flowering dry matter accumulation and grain dry matter distribution at maturity stage were on average 7.78% and 5.60% higher in S2, and the spike number, grain number per spike, and yield increased by 3.75%, 1.70%, and 6.14%, respectively. Under the same nitrogen-sulfur fertilization level, N2 resulted in higher tiller number and leaf area index than N1, with P_n, G_s, and T_r increasing by 5.67%, 16.62%, and 12.41%, respectively. The post-flowering dry matter accumulation and grain dry matter distribution at maturity stage were on average 8.47% and 6.23% higher, and the spike number, grain number per spike, yield, and protein content increased by 3.16%, 1.39%, 6.23%, and 2.05 percentage points, respectively. In conclusion, top-dressing nitrogen fertilizer and basal sulfur application can enhance wheat leaf area index, improve photosynthetic capacity, promote post-flowering dry matter accumulation, and ultimately increase wheat grain yield and protein content.

In order to investigate the control efficacy of the combination of Bacillus methylotrophicus Lw-6 and chemical fungicides against wheat stripe rust, Puccinia striiformis f. sp. tritici (Pst) urediniospores were used as the target fungus, and strain Lw-6 was screened through antagonistic tests in vitro. The chemical fungicide used in combination with Lw-6 was selected by compatibility testing, and the optimal concentration was selected by greenhouse pot tests. Finally, the control and growth promotion effects were determined by greenhouse pot tests and field test. The results showed that diniconazole had the best compatibility with strain Lw-6, and the combined application of 128 mg·L^-1 Di and Lw-6 fermentation liquid achieved 92.78% and 86.22% control efficacy against wheat stripe rust in pot experiments and field trials, respectively, which were higher than the controlling effects of using individual diniconazole or Lw-6. In addition, the 1 000-grain weight and yield of wheat were significantly increased after compound treatment, and the contribution rate of plant protection of 6 500 mg·L^-1 Lw-6 powder combined with 128 mg·L^-1 diniconazole was 24.98%. In summary, the combination of Lw-6 and diniconazole can effectively control wheat stripe rust, and it has promising application potential.

Ae. umbellulata (Aegilops umbellulata, 2n=2x=14, UU) is a tertiary gene resource for wheat improvement. In order to accurately identify the chromosomes of Ae. umbellulata U genome or the chromosome segments transferred into wheat, based on the next-generation sequencing information of Ae. umbellulata U genome, 13 oligonucleotide probes were designed for Oligo-FISH analysis according to the 17 possible specific satellite repeats identified. The Oligo-FISH results showed that 10 of the probes exhibited obvious hybridization signals on the chromosomes of Ae. umbellulata. The probe specificity analysis revealed that the five probes generated hybridization signals on the chromosomes of Ae. umbellulata, but there was no obvious hybridization signal on the chromosomes in wheat, which can be used as the specific probes to identify the chromosomes of U genome in wheat background. Two probes Oligo-pAu153 and Oligo-pAu263, generating rich and strong signals on Ae. umbellulata chromosome, and one probe Oligo-pAu133 specific for Ae. umbellulata chromosome combining with Oligo-pSc119.2 were used as a probe multiplex ONPS#AU1. The Oligo-FISH karyotype of Ae. umbellulata was constructed, which can accurately identify each chromosome of the U genome. It will accelerate the step for mining, transferring and utilizing the excellent genes of Ae. umbellulata.

Wild relatives are the gene pools for wheat genetic improvement. Distant hybridization helps to enrich the genetic diversity of wheat and cultivate excellent new germplasm. Leymus mollis (NsNsXmXm, 2n=4x=28) is a perennial self-incompatible species belonging to the Leymus genus, named for its growth in coastal areas. Many excellent characteristics of Leymus mollis, such as cold and drought resistance, salt and alkali tolerance, and resistance to fungal diseases, can be transferred to common wheat through distant hybridization. This paper mainly introduces the composition of the Leymus mollis genome, summarizes the 38 wheat-Leymus introgression lines that have been created, describes the identification methods of the alien chromosome introgression lines, and discusses the impact of the introduction of Leymus mollis genetic materials into the wheat background on the main agronomic traits and quality of the recipient. Finally, the future applications of wheat-Leymus mollis chromosome introgression lines are prospected, to help the researchers further understand and utilize Leymus mollis, excavate its excellent genes, and promote the improvement and innovation of wheat germplasm resources.

In order to clarify resistant genes distribution and genetic basis of scab resistant varieties (lines) from Huanghuai wheat region, single floret injection method, molecular markers and 55K SNP chips were used to evaluate scab resistance, detect gene components and analyze genetic diversity of 60 materials with relatively good resistance, which were evaluated from 515 white-grain wheat varieties (lines) in 2021-2022. Evaluation of Fusarium head blight (FHB) resistance showed that there were 1, 36, and 23 varieties (lines) exhibiting high resistance, moderate resistance and moderate susceptibility in 2022-2023, accounting for 1.7%, 60.0%, and 38.3% of total materials, respectively. In 2023-2024, 39 varieties (lines) were evaluated as moderate resistance and 21 varieties (lines) were moderate susceptibility, account for 65.0% and 35.0% of total, respectively. No varieties (lines) with high resistance were identified. From the perspective of two consecutive years, there were 33 and 17 varieties (lines) performed as moderate resistance and moderate susceptibility stably, accounting for 55.0% and 28.3% of total, respectively. The rest materials exhibited differences in different years, with the resistance level all in the middle of moderate resistance and moderate susceptibility. The results of gene molecular detection showed that there were 17, 4, 6, 3, 4, and 8 varieties (lines) carrying Fhb1, Fhb2, Fhb4, Fhb5, Fhb7, and Qfhs.crc-2DL, accounting for 28.3%, 6.7%, 10.0%, 5.0%, 6.7%, and 13.3% of total, respectively. In terms of multiple gene pyramiding, there were 7 varieties (lines) containing two genes, 4 varieties (lines) carrying three genes, and 1 pyramiding four genes, account for 11.7%, 6.7%, and 1.7% of total, respectively. Genetic diversity analysis showed that the genetic background of the tested materials was relatively narrow. The genetic distance between the representative varieties (lines) varied from 0.026 cM to 0.532 cM, and average distance was only 0.384 cM. These varieties (lines) can be grouped into five categories by clustering analysis, with 6, 4, 10, 3, and 37 varieties (lines) in each category, which generally conforms to the characteristics of regional origin and pedigree.

In order to understand the yield, quality, disease resistance and parental use of new wheat varieties in the southern Huanghuai winter wheat region in recent years, and to provide reference for the cultivation of new wheat varieties, this study analyzed the yield, quality, disease resistance, and parental use of wheat in the southern Huang-Huai winter wheat region from 2011 to 2024. The results showed that from 2011 to 2024, there were totally 574 wheat varieties, and the yield increased year by year, with an average annual increase of 58.4 kg·hm^-2. Among the three yield components, there was a significantly positive correlation between yield and 1 000-grain weight (P<0.01). Yield was significantly correlated with the number of grains per spike (P<0.05). Among the quality traits, the bulk density, stability time and water absorption all showed a slow increase trend, and the wet gluten content was basically stable. There are 459 medium-gluten varieties, accounting for 79.97%, 26 strong gluten varieties, accounting for 4.53%, and 67 medium-strong gluten varieties, accounting for 11.67%. High-quality varieties are on the increase. In terms of disease resistance, among the 574 varieties, 96 varieties are resistant to stripe rust, accounting for 16.72%, of which 40 varieties are highly resistant or immune, accounting for 6.97%. There are no varieties with high resistance to Fusarium head blight (FHB) or powdery mildew, only 8 and 7 varieties with moderate resistance to FHB and powdery mildew, accounting for 1.39% and 1.22%, respectively. There are only 2 and 5 varieties with high resistance and moderate resistance to sheath blight, accounting for 1.22% in total. There are 9 varieties resistant to more than two diseases, accounting for 1.57%. Single cross combination breeding is the main breeding method, accounting for 72.30%. A total of 489 parental materials were applied for breeding the 574 varieties, among which 5 parental materials were frequently used: Zhoumai 18 (41 times), Jimai 22 (43 times), Bainong Aikang 58 (73 times), Zhoumai 22 (82 times), and Zhoumai 16 (90 times). The analysis showed that the number of good-quality varieties in the national approval of the southern Huang-Huai winter wheat region is small; the varieties resistant to FHB and powdery mildew are lacking; the breeding method is relatively simple, and the use of parental materials is relatively concentrated. In the future, we should broaden the genetic basis, enrich the breeding methods and strengthen the cultivation of good-quality and disease-resistant varieties.

In order to screen and identify the excellent highland barley germplasm resources in Ganzi Prefecture, Sichuan Province, 15 agronomic traits of 346 highland barley resources, collected in Ganzi Prefecture, were analyzed. The statistical results showed that the coefficients of variation for different agronomic traits of these resources ranged from 7.80% (grain length) to 58.05% (seed coat color), with the average of variation 25.52%. The genetic diversity index ranged from 0.30 (curled leaf) to 2.11 (flag leaf length). The genetic diversity index of 8 traits was greater than 2.0, including flag leaf length, stem diameter and plant height. The results of principal component analysis showed that the cumulative contribution rate of the six extracted principal components was 64.931%, and the contribution rate of the traits related to the spike type and yield of highland barley was larger. According to the comprehensive score (M value), the top 10 materials were HV-13, HV-12, HV-190, HV-193, HV-335, HV-112, HV-322, HV-184, HV-188, and HV-232, which had higher yield traits (average 1 000-grain weight of 47.62 g) and plump grain shape (average grain width of 3.79 mm and average grain length of 8.06 mm). The photosynthetic efficiency was high (average flag leaf width was 2.92 cm), and the overall performance was excellent. Cluster analysis showed that the 346 accessions were divided into 5 groups. Among them, 78 materials in group Ⅱ had both high yield and dwarf traits compared with others, which could be used as excellent resources for the subsequent selection of highland barley breeding parents. This study clarified that the highland barley in Ganzi Prefecture has rich genetic diversity, and selected some resources with better comprehensive characteristics, which can provide a theoretical basis for the excavation and creation of excellent germplasm resources of Ganzi highland barley.

In order to figure out the most suitable combination of sowing pattern and drip irrigation configuration of late-sown wheat in northern Xinjiang, a winter wheat variety Xindong 18 was used as the test material, with the sowing method (S) as the main plot of a split-plot experiment, including S1 (three-dimensional uniform sowing), S2 (wide and narrow row sowing: 18-18-18-26 cm), S3 (wide and narrow row sowing: 15-20-15-30 cm), and S4 (conventional strip sowing, row spacing 20 cm), and each plot was grouped with continuous four rows of winter wheat (evenly sown within 80 cm). The drip irrigation configuration was set up as a sub-plot: two pipes and four rows (D1, both pipes were 5 cm away from the inner row, and the sowing interval was 30 cm + 50 cm), two pipes and four rows (D2, both pipes were 5 cm away from the outer row, and the spacing between the sowing was 40 cm), equal interval by 50 cm (D3), and one pipe and four rows (D4, interval spacing by 80 cm). The effects of different sowing patterns and drip irrigation combinations on the net photosynthetic rate, dry matter accumulation, yield and its components of the late-sown winter wheat in northern Xinjiang were studied. The results showed that the mean values of SPAD and net photosynthetic rate ranked as S3>S2>S1>S4, and the mean values under the same sowing pattern ranked as D1>D2>D3>D4, of which reached the peak under S3D1 treatment. The accumulation of dry matter and distribution of grains at maturity reached their maximum values under the S2D1 treatment. Compared to S4D1 treatment, the dry matter transportation before and after flowering increased by 30.20% and 10.89%, respectively; S2D1 treatment extended the rapid filling phase by 1.6 d, prolonged the duration of grain filling by 2 d, and increased the average grain filling rate by 11.34%, consequently improved the number of spikes, grain number per spike, and thousand-grain weight by 11.93%, 8.78%, and 8.30%, respectively, and ultimately resulted in an increase rate of 17.74% in yield. The comprehensive evaluation based on gray correlation concluded that the appropriate sowing pattern and drip irrigation configuration for late-sown winter wheat in the northern region of Xinjiang is S2 and D1.