With the increasingly severe global water shortage problem, finding alternative freshwater resources needs to be addressed urgently. Atmospheric water harvesting (AWH) technology, a method for obtaining water from the atmosphere, holds great potential in alleviation on the global water shortage problem. The main methods of collecting water from the atmosphere include fog collection, condensation-based AWH, membrane-assisted AWH, and adsorption-based AWH. Herein, the principles of different water collection methods and their respective advantages as well as disadvantages were discussed. The characteristics of different types of adsorbents in adsorption-based AWH technology were compared, and the research progress on composite adsorbents was specifically introduced. At the same time, the optimization and regulation strategies in the processes of water absorption, storage/transportation, and water release were systematically expounded. Finally, the development trends in improving the performance of water collection materials, optimizing water quality, innovating preparation technologies, and expanding intelligent applications were prospected, with the aim to provide useful references and inspirations for further development and application of adsorbents.

Nitrite has been widely used in many fields, and its accurate detection is crucial due to the fact that excessive intake of nitrite is hazardous to human health. Traditional detection methods have disadvantages such as high cost and long detection time. Electrochemical sensors have become a research hotspot due to their advantages of low detection limit, rapid response and low cost. Herein, the research progress on electrochemical sensors modified with carbon nanomaterials in nitrite detection was reviewed. The unique advantages of carbon-based materials such as graphene, carbon nanotubes, carbon nanofibers, carbon dots, nanoporous carbon, metal-organic frameworks and biochar were emphatically analyzed, and their large specific surface area, excellent electrical conductivity and surface active sites significantly enhanced the electrocatalytic activity and electron transfer kinetics of the sensor. Functionalization strategies such as heteroatom doping, metal nanoparticle loading and polymer composite further endowed the material with specific recognition ability, making the detection limit generally reach the μmol level. Some sensors demonstrated good recovery rates and anti-interference capabilities in the detection of actual samples, such as water samples and food. However, these technologies are still facing challenges such as complex preparation processes, easy shedding of active materials, significant ionic interference in complex matrices, and insufficient long-term stability. Future research should focus on constructing multi-dimensional composite systems, developing controllable synthesis technologies such as in-situ growth and laser engraving, combining molecular imprinting techniques to enhance selectivity, and promoting cross-integration with artificial intelligence and sustainable materials to break through performance bottlenecks and provide efficient and reliable technical support for food safety monitoring and environmental pollution prevention and control.

Electrically conductive adhesive, a special functional adhesive, has been widely used in the fields of integrated circuit bonding, light-emitting diode manufacturing, chip packaging, and solar panel production due to its excellent line resolution, environmental friendliness, and simple operation process. In recent years, with the rapid development of electronic products, 5G, artificial intelligence and other emerging technologies, preparation of high-performance electrically conductive adhesives has become a key research direction and industry development trend in the field of electronic materials today. Herein, the basic composition, types as well as advantages and disadvantages of electrically conductive adhesives were reviewed, followed by introduction on the conductive mechanism. The improvement strategies for the mechanical bonding performance of electrically conductive adhesives were then elaborated for the aspects of modified resin matrix and doped nanomaterials, while strategies for electrical conductivity enhancement were summarized from regulation on the type, size and morphology of conductive fillers, nanoparticle addition, surface modification of conductive fillers, doping of low-melting-point alloys and optimization of curing conditions. Finally, the current development status and the existing problems of domestic conductive adhesives were pointed out and their future development trends were discussed.

The complexity of industrial wastewater and the diversity of emerging pollutants have imposed higher demands on adsorption materials. Biochar has been widely used in pollutants adsorption due to its renewability and modifiability. However, it is difficult for biochar with only the basic properties to meet practical requirements, with modification becoming the breakthrough strategy. Herein, the activation modification approaches for biochar (including chemical modification, metal/non-metal doping, surfactant modification, and plasma modification) and the regulatory mechanisms on pollutant adsorption performance were systematically reviewed. The adsorption efficiencies of modified and activated biochar toward novel pollutants in industrial wastewater, such as dyes, heavy metals, fluoride, antibiotics, microplastics, and phenolic compounds was specifically analyzed, followed by clarification on the synergistic effects between pore structure optimization and surface chemical modification. Furthermore, technological bottlenecks in regeneration processes and green solutions were discussed. Finally, the future development directions of biochar in pollutant adsorption application were prospected and should be focused on implementing collaborative modification strategies to achieve targeted pollutant removal, developing coupled systems to achieve adsorption enrichment and in-situ pollutant degradation, and developing green and low-carbon preparation technology to reduce carbon emissions.

Silicon-based anodes are very promising anode materials for next-generation lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) due to their high theoretical capacity, low working voltage, and high natural abundance. However, practical implementation is severely hindered by intrinsic drawbacks including significant volume expansion, low electrical conductivity, and unstable solid electrolyte interphase (SEI) films, collectively leading to poor cycling stability. Herein, the fundamental principles governing volume expansion and SEI formation in silicon anodes were reviewed, followed by in-depth discussion on the expansion mechanism. The dual failure modes (mechanical and chemical instability) was analyzed, while the detrimental consequences of cycling degradation was expounded. The modification research on silicon-based anodes in recent years were elaborated from the perspective of multi-dimensional nano-silicon structure design, including the design, preparation, advantages and disadvantages of 0D (silicon nanoparticles, silicon quantum dots, etc.), 1D (silicon nanowires and silicon nanotubes), 2D (silicon nanosheets, silicene), and 3D (porous silicon, silicon nanosponges) nano-silicon materials, as well as the differences in structure, performance and application of other silicon-based anode materials (pure Si anode, SiO_X anodes, Si/C composite anodes). Finally, the critical needs for innovative technologies, fundamental understanding in mechanism, in-situ characterization, and synergistic modification strategies were emphasized. Future research directions and application prospects for high-performance silicon anodes were outlined.

A series of Cr³⁺ doped BiVO₄ (Cr-BiVO₄) and palygorskite (PGS)/Cr-BiVO₄ composite materials were prepared by hydrothermal method using Bi(NO₃)₃•5H₂O, NH₄VO₃, Cr₂O₃ and PGS as raw materials, and characterized by XRD, SEM, TEM and UV-Vis for analyses on structure, composition, morphology and optical performance. The thermochromic behavior of the composite materials was evaluated, with the color change mechanism speculated. The results indicated that the doping of Cr³⁺and PGS showed no effect on the monoclinic phase of BiVO₄ but widened the absorption range of the material in the visible light region. The maximum absorption edge of 30% Cr-BiVO₄ with a Cr³⁺ doping content (based on the mass of BiVO₄, the same below) redshifted from 536 nm to 634 nm and the absorbance was enhanced. Both Cr-BiVO₄ and PGS/Cr-BiVO₄ displayed reversible thermochromic properties at 20~500 ℃. Compared with that of BiVO₄ (from bright yellow to red, r.t.~300 ℃), the color changing temperature of 30% Cr-BiVO₄ decreased 100 ℃ and achieved reversible change between dark orange and red at r.t.~200 ℃. 30% Cr-BiVO₄ could repeat reversible thermochromic behavior more than 12 times at 20~500 ℃. Meanwhile, the water-based coating from 20% PGS/30% Cr-BiVO₄ composite materials prepared with 20% mass fraction of PGS exhibited reversible thermochromic between orange yellow to red. The phase transition between the monoclinic and tetragonal phases of BiVO₄ in the composite material was the fundamental cause for its reversible thermochromic property.

Coal gangue-based water-retaining agent (CG-WRG) was prepared using coal gangue-based humic acid (CG-HA), sodium carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC-Na), sodium alginate (SA), and acrylic acid (AA) as raw materials, potassium persulfate (KPS) as initiator, and N,N'-methylenebisacrylamide (MBA) as crosslinking agent, and then characterized by FTIR and SEM. The influence of KPS dosage, MBA dosage, neutralization degree of AA and m(AA)∶m(SA)∶m(CMC-Na)∶m(CG-HA) on the water absorbency and water retention of CG-WRG was evaluated through single-factor experiments, followed by exploration on the environmental adaptability of CG-WRG under different environmental conditions (temperature, pH, type and mass concentration of metal cations). The water and fertilizer retention effects were further studied through leaching experiments and water-fertilizer evaporation experiments in saline-alkali soil. The results showed that under the optimal CG-WRG preparation conditions of KPS dosage 0.25 g, MBA dosage 0.06 g, 65% neutralization AA 9.00 g, and m(AA)∶m(SA)∶m(CMC-Na) ∶m(CG-HA)=9∶1∶1∶1, the water absorbency of CG-WRG reached 370.1 g/g, and the water retention was 94.1 g/g. CG-WRG exhibited good water retention effects at temperatures ranging from 5 to 60 ℃, with a higher water absorbency (228.6 g/g) in the alkaline environment pH=11 than in the acidic environment pH=3 (154.4 g/g). The water retention of saline-alkali soil with 2% CG-WRG (based on the mass of saline-alkali soil）was 55%. After being buried in soil for 16 and 20 d, the degradation of CG-WRG was 10.3% and 15.8%, respectively. When the CG-WRG dosage was increased from 0.05% to 0.20%, the cumulative loss of potassium decreased by 37.1%~58.8%, and the loss of nitrogen decreased by 15.7%~30.4%. When the CG-WRG dosage reached 0.20%, the soil water content increased by 4.67% compared with the control group. When the CG-WRG dosage was 0.05%, the contents of and in the soil reached the maximum (7.935 and 1.529 mg). The seedling germination with CG-WRG addition was 90%, and the average root length was 2.7 cm, higher than that with no CG-WRG, which was 50% and 1.0 cm, respectively. In addition, the germination index of the CG-WRG addition group was 486%.

3D spherical visible light catalyst ZIF-8/BiOI composites was prepared from Bi(NO₃)₃•5H₂O, KI and self-made metal-organic framework material ZIF-8 by ethylene glycol solvothermal method, characterized by XRD, FTIR, SEM, EDS, BET and UV-Vis, and evaluated for its performance in activating peroxymonosulfate (PMS) oxidation to remove sodium 4-(2-hydroxy-1-naphthalenazo) benzenesulfonate (Orange Ⅱ) under light conditions. The effects of ZIF-8 addition amount (based on the mass of BiOI, the same below) and reaction conditions on the degradation rate of Orange Ⅱ were investigated, while the mechanism of Orange Ⅱ oxidative removal by activated PMS with ZIF-8/BiOI composites was speculated. The results showed that ZIF-8/BiOI composites exhibited good visible light response performance. Under the conditions of 500 mg/L ZIF-8/BiOI with 10% ZIF-8 as catalyst, 350 W xenon lamp simulated illumination, 0.5 mmol/L PMS, 100 mg/L Orange Ⅱ, adjust initial pH of solution 7.0, and 60 min, the degradation rate of Orange Ⅱ reached as high as 95.4%. The reaction process conformed to the first-order kinetic model. and showed a significant effect while , Cl⁻, and displayed almost no influence on the reaction system. The 10%ZIF-8/BiOI also showed good reusability, with the degradation rate of Orange Ⅱ at 60 min still could reach 83.2% after 4 recycles. Hydroxyl radicals, singlet oxygen and holes were the main active substances in the degradation process, with sulfate radicals playing an auxiliary role. During the degradation process, the holes and electrons of BiOI and ZIF-8 were transferred to each other, enhancing the separation efficiency of photogenerated electron-hole pairs. With the synergistic coupling effect of type Ⅰ band structure heterojunctions and PMS, ZIF-8/BiOI accelerated the generation of free radicals in the degradation system.

Extensive accumulation of waste tires, which is hard to decompose naturally, have led to serious resource waste and environmental pollution. Carbon element, primarily contained in waste tire, making them an ideal precursor for the synthesis of carbon dots. N-doped carbon dots (N-CDs) were synthesized by acid-free one-step hydrothermal synthesis method using waste tires powder pyrolysic carbon black (CBp) as carbon source and ammonium persulfate (APS)-triethanolamine (TEA) oxidation-reduction system as oxidant and N element as doping agent, respectively. The synthesis conditions of N-CDs were optimized by orthogonal experiments, while the composition, structure and fluorescence properties of N-CDs were characterized by FTIR, XPS, TEM and steady-state fluorescence spectrometer. A fluorescent ink for anti-counterfeiting was further prepared from N-CDs and evaluated for its performance. The results showed that N-CDs exhibited a basic spherical structure with a particle size of 3~6 nm. Under excitation at 325 nm, N-CDs displayed a maximum fluorescence emission intensity at 410 nm, indicating its wavelength-dependent fluorescence emission property. The photoluminescence quantum yield of N-CDs was 5.14%, which was 12.5 times higher than that of carbon dots (CDs) synthesized by chemical oxidation method using nitric acid as oxidant. The anti-counterfeiting fluorescent ink emitted blue-green fluorescence under a 365 nm UV light, and luminescence phenomenon still remained stable and obvious after 7-day storage.

A phosphorus-amine ionic liquid, 1-(3-amino-3-oxopropyl)-3-propyl-imidazolium phosphate (IL) was prepared by quaternization reaction and ion exchange method using acrylamide, imidazole, 1-bromopropane, and sodium hypophosphite as raw materials, characterized via FTIR, ¹HNMR and HRMS, and then used as curing agent to obtain epoxy resin (EP) composites. The effect of IL mass fraction on the properties of EP composites was analyzed through SEM characterization, tensile strength, impact strength tests, limiting oxygen index, horizontal/vertical burning, thermal analysis and conical calorimetry experiments. The results showed that the addition of IL improved the mechanical properties of EP composites. When the mass fraction of IL was 6.4%, the impact strength of the prepared EP composites (EP-2) increased by 46.16% compared with that of pure EP (EP-0). Meanwhile, the addition of IL broadened the decomposition temperature range of EP composites, increased the residual carbon content, and significantly reduced the maximum heat release rate (PHRR) and total heat release (THR). When the mass fraction of IL was 8.4%, the PHRR of the prepared EP composites (EP-3) was 664.95 kW/m², a decrease of 27.86% compared with that of EP-0 (921.72 kW/m²), while THR decreased from 119.27 kJ/m² of EP-0 to 86.39 kJ/m², a decrease of 27.57%. The ultimate oxygen index reached 30.6%, and the horizontal/vertical combustion level reached V-0 level.

To enhance the charge separation and transport efficiency of perylene diimide (PDI)-based organic polymer photocatalysts, three PDI-dominated polymeric photocatalysts (PDI-1, 5NDA, PDI-1, 4NDA and PDI-PDA) were synthesized via a facile polymerization method using 1,5-diaminonaphthalene, 1,4-diaminonaphthalene and p-phenylenediamine as linkers, respectively. The three PDI materials were characterized by FTIR, ¹³CNMR, XRD, XPS, UV-Vis, and photoluminescence spectrometer, evaluated for their photonic quantum efficiency, charge transfer resistance, and separation/transport efficiency of photogenerated carriers through photoelectrochemical experiments, and analyzed for their photocatalytic performance for H₂O₂ production in isopropanol aqueous solution under visible light. The results revealed that PDI-1, 5NDA and PDI-1, 4NDA crystallized in monoclinic systems but exhibited distinct unit cell parameters, while PDI-PDA adopted a triclinic crystal structure. All three materials demonstrated two-dimensional layered architectures and full-spectrum absorption within the visible light region, with PDI-1, 5NDA and PDI-1, 4NDA showing prominent absorption between 600~800 nm. PDI-PDA, PDI-1, 4NDA, and PDI-1, 5NDA were all typical n-type semiconductors, exhibiting photocurrent intensities of 3.0×10⁻⁷, 6.0×10⁻⁷ and 1.2×10⁻⁶ A, respectively, and corresponding photoelectrochemical impedances of 1.21×10⁶, 6.22×10⁵ and 4.23×10⁵ Ω, respectively, with PDI-1, 5NDA displaying the highest photogenerated charge carrier transport and separation efficiency. Under visible light irradiation, PDI-1, 5NDA achieved an exceptional H₂O₂ production rate of 113.485 μmol/(g·h), which was 1.3-fold and 2.2-fold those of PDI-1, 4NDA and PDI-PDA, respectively. This enhanced photocatalytic performance was attributed to the synergistic advantages of PDI-1, 5NDA's asymmetric structural features and extended π-conjugated system, which promoted the separation and transport of photogenerated carriers, thereby boosting H₂O₂ generation efficiency.

To fabricate an ion piezoelectric self-powered flexible strain sensor with good mechanical properties, and stable output through a simple preparation process, a polyvinyl alcohol (PVA)/p(acryloyloxyethyl trimethyl ammonium chloride) (PDMC)/cellulose nanocrystals (CNC) (PVA/PDMC/CNC) ionic hydrogel was synthesized from PVA, acryloyloxyethyl trimethyl ammonium chloride (DMC) and CNC via segmented polymerization, cyclic freeze-thawing, as well as ion soaking, and characterized by FTIR, SEM, and XRD. The influence of CNC content (based on PVA mass, the same below) on the mechanical properties and output voltage of the hydrogels was evaluated, while series of output tests were conducted on the fabricated ion-piezoelectric flexible sensor to explore its ion-piezoelectric mechanism. The results showed that when the content of CNC being 2% and m(PVA)∶m(DMC)=1∶2, the prepared PVA/PDMC/CNC ionic hydrogel (2%-PVA/PDMC/CNC) exhibited a maximum tensile strength of 1.46 MPa, and an elongation at break of 475%. The piezoionic flexible sensor fabricated from 2%-PVA/PDMC/CNC could achieve an output voltage of 40 mV under pressure of 20 N and frequency of 0.5 Hz, and maintained stable output performance during 800 times of cyclic tests. Meanwhile, it could accurately detect and identify human motions such as gestures and joint bending, and precisely detect the motion frequency and intensity through analysis on the waveforms and peak height of the output voltage.

Polyquaternary ammonium salt cationic surfactants Tz-6C_nQC (n=12, 14, 16) containing a rigid triazine spacer group were prepared via a two-step method using N,N-dimethylalkylamine with different alkyl chain lengths (C₁₂, C₁₄, C₁₆), melamine and epichlorohydrin as raw materials. The Tz-6C_nQC were characterized by FTIR and ¹HNMR for chemical structure, and analyzed through tests on surface tension, conductivity, Krafft point, and rheological properties for its surface activity, with its viscosity reduction, emulsification, and foaming performance evaluated. The results showed that the critical micelle concentration (CMC) of Tz-6C₁₂QC was 0.17 mmol/L, significantly lower than that of dodecyltrimethylammonium bromide (14.0 mmol/L) with the same hydrophobic alkyl chain length, and CMC showed a regular decreasing trend with the increase of alkyl chains. The foaming performance of Tz-6C_nQC increased with the growth of alkyl chains, and the foaming volume was better than that of sodium dodecylbenzenesulfonate and sodium dodecylbenzenesulfonate, with the foaming volume reaching up to 150 mL. Tz-6C_nQC had good viscosity reduction effect on polyacrylamide (PHIII, relative molecular mass 8×10⁶~1×10⁷) solution, and the viscosity reduction efficiency was positively correlated with the length of alkyl chain, among which, Tz-6C₁₆QC exhibited the best performance under high temperature (45 ℃) and high concentration (1.00 mmol/L) conditions, and the viscosity of Tz-6C₁₆QC/PHIII water-soluble solution reduced to 2.42 Pa·s. The emulsification performance showed concentration dependence. At low concentration (≤1.00 mmol/L), the emulsification performance increased significantly with the increase of alkyl chain, and at high concentration (3.00~30.00 mmol/L), it decreased with the increase of alkyl chain, in which the separation time of Tz-6C₁₂QC solution at 30.00 mmol/L was 1527 min.

The shell nacre protein was extracted from the nacre layer in the Pinctada martensti shell by a combined technology of acidification-high pressure, with the extraction process optimized through single-factor and response surface experiments using the protein extraction rate as index. The protease hydrolysis products of the shell nacre protein were then prepared, and evaluated for its amino acid composition, anti-inflammatory activity as well as skin repair activity. The results showed that under the optimal extraction conditions of hydrochloric acid concentration 0.18 mol/L, alkali material-liquid ratio (g∶mL) 1∶4.9, mass fraction of NaOH solution 1.00%, extraction temperature 65 ℃, extraction time 3 h, acid precipitation pH 3.5 and resting time 32 h, the extraction rate of shell nacre protein was 17.31%±0.84%. The enzymatic hydrolysate of the shell nacre protein produced via bromelain hydrolysis for 3 h showed no cytotoxicity and was beneficial to the macrophage proliferation. The inhibitory rate of the hydrolysate with a concentration of 800 μg/mL on NO release reached up to 51.85%±1.39%. Meanwhile, the hydrolysate exhibited activities of inhibition against the pro-inflammatory factors IL-6 and TNF-α, and up-regulation of the anti-inflammatory factor IL-10 release, thus demonstrating good anti-inflammatory performance. The enzymatic hydrolysate of the shell nacre contained 17 kinds of amino acids. Among them, the total relative content of 8 kinds of essential amino acids for the human body was 32.626%, the total relative content of 7 kinds of hydrophobic amino acids was 34.513%, while that of 3 kinds of positively charged amino acids was 16.173%. The shell nacre active peptides could significantly improve cell proliferation and cell migration of fibroblasts L929, and improve cell viability induced by H₂O₂, inhibit ROS production, and exhibit good skin repair activity.

Potentilla anserina L. polysaccharides were extracted under ultra-high pressure, and characterized by FTIR, TGA and ion chromatography for structural composition, thermal stability and monosaccharide components. The influence of pH, solid-liquid ratio (mg∶mL), holding pressure and holding time on the yield of crude Potentilla anserina L. polysaccharides were analyzed, with the extraction process optimized via single factor and response surface experiments. The in vitro hypoglycemic activity of Potentilla anserina L. polysaccharides was investigated through their inhibition against α-glucosidase andα-amylase activities. The results showed that under the optimized conditions of pH=8.0, solid-liquid ratio (mg∶mL) 1∶6, holding time 21 min, and holding pressure 360 MPa, the yield of crude Potentilla anserina L. polysaccharides was 29.31%±0.41%. The four main components of Potentilla anserina L. polysaccharides purified by cellulose column and glucan gel column were arabinose, glucose, xylose and mannose, with a mass ratio of 1.4∶82.9∶10.4∶5.4. Within the mass concentration range of 0.25~4.0 g/L, the polysaccharides exhibited an increased inhibition rate on α-glucosidase and α-amylase activity increased along with the increment in mass concentration, showing an inhibition rate of 57.17% and 65.26%, respectively, at a mass concentration of 4.0 g/L.

Inspired by nitroreductase and the electron transfer process of its metabolite nitroaromatic or nitroheterocyclic compounds, dye 2,7-dichlorofluorescein, which was ring-opened through solvent-assisted ligand incorporation to form carboxylic acid ligand groups, was loaded into the channels of iron-porphyrin metal-organic framework PCN-222(Fe) for synthesis of DCF@PCN-222(Fe). The DCF@PCN-222(Fe) was characterized by ¹HNMR, XRD, SEM, EDX, UV-Vis, fluorescence spectrometer and XPS, and evaluated for its electrochemical properties via cyclic voltammetry (CV). With DCF@PCN-222(Fe) photo-catalyzing nitrobenzene reduction to aniline as a model reaction, the reaction conditions were optimized, the nitroaromatic hydrocarbon substrate was expanded and the cycling stability of the catalyst was evaluated. The results showed that DCF@PCN-222(Fe) still maintained the PCN-222(Fe) parent framework with a molar ratio of DCF to iron porphyrin ligand 1.6∶1, with its formula speculated as C₈₀H_46.4Cl_4.2FeN₄O_22.4Zr₃ and a relative molecular mass of 1878.47. DCF@PCN-222(Fe) exhibited UV-Vis absorption and fluorescence emission peaks at the same positions as DCF (532 and 556 nm, respectively), indicating electron transfer within the framework which can simulate the electron transfer process of nitroreductase. Under light irradiation, excited DCF transferred electrons to the iron-porphyrin center, from which the generated low-valent iron center transferred electrons to other electron acceptors, enabling the efficient reduction of nitrobenzene substrates. Under the optimal reaction conditions of room temperature, with 532 nm LED as light source, 2.5 μmol DCF@PCN-222(Fe) as photocatalyst, 1 mL methanol as solvent, catalytic reduction of 0.1 mmol nitrobenzene for 2 h, the aniline yield was 82% and reduced to 77% when the catalyst was used continuously for three times. Under the optimum reaction conditions, the reduction of nitrobenzene substrates with different para substituents catalyzed by DCF@PCN-222(Fe) showed yields from 64% to 91%.

To investigate the influence of distillation time on the extraction yield, chemical composition and antioxidant activity of essential oil from Pogostemon cablin (Blanco) Benth., essential oil from Pogostemon cablin (Blanco) Benth. growing in Guangxi with the 0~10, 10~30, 30~60, and 60~360 min distillation were obtained through hydrodistillation, analyzed by GC-MS for chemical composition, and evaluated via 1,1-diphenyl-2-trinitrophenylhydrazine free radical (DPPH•) and diammonium 2,2'-azino-bis(3-thylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) cationic free radical (ABTS⁺•) scavenging assay for the antioxidant capacity. The results showed that the essential oil collected at 0~10, 10~30, 30~60 and 60~360 min distillation periods exhibited an extraction rate of 0.14%±0.01%, 0.18%±0.01%, 0.20%±0.02%, and 0.57%±0.03%, respectively, while displayed same main components belonging to sesquiterpenoids, including patchouli alcohol, patchoulone, α-bulnesene and seychellene. Among them, patchouli alcohol was of the highest relative content, with the relative content in the four distillation periods of 49.22%, 50.82%, 50.47%, and 39.07%, respectively. The median inhibition concentration (IC₅₀) of essential oils for DPPH•were 21.75, 12.45, 12.03, and 3.54 g/L, while those for ABTS⁺• were 13.91, 8.62, 8.00, and 3.02 g/L, respectively. The essential oil from Pogostemon cablin (Blanco) Benth collected at 60~360 min exhibited the strongest DPPH• and ABTS⁺• scavenging capacities among the four distillation periods, while that collected at 0~10 min showed the weakest.

To enhance the transdermal delivery performance of recombinant human collagen Ⅲ (RHC), glycerosomes were constructed from soybean lecithin (for short lecithin), glycerol and Tween 80, and subsequently used for encapsulation of RHC to form RHC-loaded glycerosomes (RHC glycerosomes). A Folch-based high-performance liquid chromatography method (Folch-HPLC method) combining the Folch extraction protocol with size exclusion chromatography was established to measure the RHC encapsulation efficiency. The effects of glycerol and Tween 80 mass concentrations on the particle size and polydispersity index (PDI) of RHC glycerosomes were investigated by multi-angle particle size and high sensitivity Zeta potential analyzer, while the influence of glycerol and Tween 80 mass concentration on the micro-viscosity and stabilization mechanism of RHC glycerosomes was explored via fluorescence probe analysis. The transdermal delivery capability of RHC glycerosomes was evaluated by confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM), with its irritancy assessed by chorioallantoic membrane assay in chicken embryos. The results demonstrated that the Folch-HPLC method effectively removed interference from lecithin while retained the RHC, achieving an RHC recovery rate of 100.44%±0.84%. Under the conditions of lecithin mass concentration 150 g/L, RHC mass concentration 2 g/L, glycerol mass concentration 250 g/L, and Tween 80 mass concentration 25 g/L, the prepared RHC glycerosomes appeared as a yellow, clear, and transparent solution, showed the best stability, displayed a particle size of (92.34±1.22) nm, a PDI of 0.233±0.01 and an encapsulation efficiency of 12.78%±0.13%. Compared with RHC solution (phosphate buffer solution as solvent), RHC glycerosomes exhibited significantly enhanced skin penetration, effectively promoted the transdermal delivery of RHC, and showed no irritation in chorioallantoic membrane.

In order to improve the physicochemical properties of puerarin and enhance its water solubility, membrane permeability and bioavailability, puerarin nanoparticles were prepared by subcritical water-anti-solvent method, and characterized by SEM, DSC, and FTIR. The effect of different factors for preparation of puerarin nanoparticles on the particle size and polydispersity index (PDI) of puerarin nanoparticles were evaluated via nanoparticle size and Zeta potential analyzer. The in vitro and in vivo properties of puerarin nanoparticles were analyzed through in vitro release and transdermal experiments. The results showed that under the optimal process conditions of liquid-material ratio (mL∶g) 220∶1, subcritical water temperature 125 ℃, extraction time 20 min, volume ratio of subcritical water to anti-solvent (ultrapure water containing stabilizer) 1∶1, and lactose with a mass fraction of 0.08% as stabilizer, the prepared puerarin nanoparticles exhibited an average particle size of 89.94 nm, a yield of 94.01%. The puerarin nanoparticles gel had a cumulative release rate of 90.0% within 12 h and up to 96.7% within 48 h with the release process conforming to the first-order release model, and a cumulative permeability of 1323.64 μg/cm² at 12 h. Its pharmacokinetic parameters were improved compared with those of puerarin, with the half-life prolonged and the peak mass fraction decreased.

A lotus seed protein peptide (LSP)/tea saponin (TS) coated diosmetin (Dios) nanoemulsion (Dios-NE) based on a natural emulsifier system formulated with LSP and TS was prepared by dispersing and encapsulating the lipophilic active ingredient Dios in rapeseed oil, and characterized by FTIR, SEM, nanoparticle size analyzer and polarizing microscopy. The effects of m(LSP)∶m(TS), volume ratio of dispersed phase to deionized water (oil-to-water ratio) and homogenization pressure on the particle size of Dios-NE were investigated through response surface experiment. The in vitro antioxidant activity of Dios-NE was evaluated using 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical and 2,2'-azino-bis (3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid)diammonium salt (ABTS) cation radical scavenging assays, while the gradient sustained-release performance and bioaccessibility of Dios-NE were assessed through simulated digestion experiments. The results indicated that, under the optimal preparation conditions of mass ratio of m(LSP)∶m(TS)=3∶20, oil-to-water ratio 5∶95, homogenization pressure 172.375 MPa, Dios-NE showed a particle size of (138.8±0.2) nm, with Dios stably embedded within the emulsion core by hydrophobic interactions and hydrogen bonding. Dios-NE maintained stable particle size and Zeta potential across a wide range of conditions, including pH (2~11), NaCl concentration (0~50 mmol/L), and temperature (30~90 ℃). The controlled-release properties of Dios-NE and the synergistic antioxidant effects of LSP/TS significantly enhanced the scavenging abilities for DPPH radical and ABTS⁺ radical, reaching 99% at a mass concentration of 24 mg/L. Dios-NE could delay the degradation of Dios in gastric fluid (retention rate 87%) and achieve targeted release in intestinal fluid through micellization, with a bioaccessibility of 57%.

White quinoa protein isolates (WQPI), red quinoa protein isolates (RQPI) and black quinoa protein isolates (BQPI) were isolated and extracted from white, red and black quinoa, respectively, after degreasing with n-hexane, alkaline dissolution with NaOH and precipitation with hydrochloric acid. The effects of pH (2.0~10.0) and NaCl concentration (0~0.6 mol/L) on the physicochemical properties and functional characteristics of WQPI, RQPI and BQPI were evaluated through polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, Zeta potential and particle size determination, as well as surface hydrophobicity, protein solubility, water-holding capacity, oil-holding capacity, emulsifying activity, foaming property and gelation property tests. The results showed that the main components of WQPI, RQPI and BQPI were all 11S globulin and 7S globulin cross-linked via acidic subunits and basic subunits through disulfide bonds, but with significant difference in their contents. The average particle size and surface charge of the three proteins were highly dependent on pH, and their surface hydrophobicity significantly decreased as pH increased. The pH far from the isoelectric point (about 5.0) could significantly improve the solubility, emulsification and foaming property of the protein, but reduce the stability of the foam. Under neutral conditions, WQPI and RQPI exhibited better gelation and interfacial properties than BQPI. The influence of NaCl on the solubility, emulsification and foaming properties of proteins was correlated to its concentration. The gelation properties of WQPI and RQPI were significantly better than those of BQPI. The gel structures formed by WQPI and RQPI with a mass concentration of 120 g/L were complete and had good standing properties, while only BQPI with a mass concentration of 180 g/L could form a gel with standing properties.

Ni-based supported catalyst was prepared by supercritical carbon dioxide deposition method using NiCl₂ as precursor and carbon nanotubes (CNT) as carrier, and characterized by XRD, Raman, SEM, TEM, EDS and BET for its crystal structure, microstructure and pore structure. The effects of reaction temperature (55~75 ℃) and pressure (9~18 MPa) on the Ni loading (the mass fraction of Ni measured by ICP, the same below) of S-Ni-CNT were evaluated. The S-Ni-CNT was further used as cathode of Li-CO₂ battery, followed by analysis on the electrochemical performance of the battery. The results showed that the S-Ni-CNT had a Ni loading of 3.61% under the optimal synthesis conditions of temperature 65 ℃ and pressure 18 MPa, showing excellent single-atom dispersion, with a specific surface area of 220.14 m²/g, which was only reduced by 13.6% compared with that of the CNT carrier (254.74 m²/g). The mesoporous structure of S-Ni-CNT accounted for 90%. At a current density of 100 mA/g, the discharge specific capacity of S-Ni-CNT battery could reach 16427 mA·h/g, at a current density of 300 mA/g, the discharge voltage platform was 2.67 V and the charge voltage platform was 3.85 V. At a density current of 500 mA/g, after the battery undergone 100 charge-discharge cycles, the voltage retention rate was 94%.

A nitrogen-doped carbon-coated lithium iron manganese phosphate (LMFP) composite (N-C@LMFP) was synthesized from ball-milling glucose, as carbon source, and urea, as nitrogen source, with LMFP precursor, and characterized by XRD, Raman spectroscopy, XPS, and TEM. The effect of nitrogen doping content (that is, the percentage of the amount of substance of nitrogen in urea accounting for that of carbon in glucose, the same below) on the electrochemical performance of N-C@LMFP electrode was evaluated by cyclic voltammetry and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy, while the mechanism through which the nitrogen-doped carbon layer enhanced the rate capability of LMFP cathode material was also investigated. The results indicated that the 5% N-C@LMFP electrode with 5% nitrogen doping content exhibited the best electrochemical performance, achieving a discharge specific capacity of 133.6 mA·h/g. Even under a high discharge rate of 5 C, the specific capacity remained at 98.7 mA·h/g, significantly outperforming that of the undoped C@LMFP. Furthermore, after 300 cycles at 1 C, the 5% N-C@LMFP electrode exhibited a capacity retention rate of 95.3%, surpassing that of C@LMFP (93.9%), demonstrating enhanced cycling stability. The improved performance was attributed to the strong interaction between the nitrogen-doped carbon layer and the LMFP matrix. Specifically, chemical bonds such as N—Mn and N—Fe formed at the interface effectively reduced the charge transfer resistance and enhanced the lithium ion diffusion coefficient, thereby improving both structural stability and ion transport kinetics.

Nitrogen and phosphorus co-doped activated carbon-supported iron catalyst (Fe/AC-NP) was synthesized from dicyandiamide, NaH₂PO₄ and FeCl₃•6H₂O via two-step impregnation-evaporation method, and subsequently employed for the catalytic degradation of piperazine in aqueous solution. The microstructure, chemical composition and textural properties of Fe/AC-NP were characterized by XRD, SEM, XPS and BET. The effects of raw materials ratio and heteroatom doping type on the chemical oxygen demand (COD) and ammonia nitrogen contents of the catalytic piperazine oxidation degradation by Fe/AC-NP were investigated, while the possible reaction mechanism was analyzed through radical quenching experiments, water contact angle measurements and XPS analyses. The results showed that the Fe/AC-NP prepared with n(C₂H₄N₄)∶n(NaH₂PO₄)=2∶1 displayed the best properties, with a high specific surface area of 699.647 m²/g, a crystal lattice spacing of 0.0169 nm, and a uniform distribution of iron species without the formation of large agglomerates. The Fe species were successfully loaded and coordinated with N and P atoms, predominantly existing in the forms of Fe(Ⅱ) and Fe(Ⅲ). The optimal reaction conditions of Fe/AC-NP for piperazine degradation were temperature 230 ℃, pressure 1.2 MPa, catalyst dosage (mass concentration, the same below) 1.25 g/L, under which, COD was completely removed within 70 min, and the ammonia nitrogen removal efficiency reached > 88.7% after 150 min. Even after five successive recycles, the COD and ammonia nitrogen removal efficiencies remained high at 96.3% and 84.2%, respectively. The synergistic contribution of graphitic and pyrrolic nitrogen functionalities enhanced oxygen adsorption. The catalytic degradation process was primarily driven by hydroxyl radical chain reactions and facilitated by electron transfer between the carbon support and metal sites. Furthermore, phosphorus doping modulated the surface acidity/basicity and stabilized Fe—N bonds, enabling the N-P co-doped carbon matrix to maintain catalytic activity via electronic regulation throughout the reaction cycles.

In order to explore the application of photodynamic antimicrobial technology in the field of personal health protection, PCL/D-M/BSA membranes were synthesized from bovine serum albumin (BSA) modification on PCL/D-M membranes, which were prepared via electrospinning technology using polycaprolactone (PCL) as base material and 4′,5′-bis(2,6-dimethyl-4-pyranylidene malononitrile)-2′,7′-dichlorofluorescein (DCF-MPYM) as photosensitizer, and characterized by SEM. The effects of DCF-MPYM and BSA mass fraction on the hydrophilicity, mechanical properties and antimicrobial properties of nanofiber membranes were investigated by contact angle measurement, electronic fabric strength tester and Escherichia coli (E. coli) and Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) antimicrobial test. The optimized PCL/D-M/BSA membrane was finally compounded with activated carbon mask to obtain functional textile with good breathability and antibacterial performance. The results indicated that the PCL/15D-M membrane with a mass fraction of 0.034% DCF-MPYM displayed ideal fiber diameter, excellent mechanical properties and good hydrophilicity, showing an average fiber diameter of (120±56) nm, a maximum breaking strength of 252.35 cN, a maximum elongation at break of 46.74%, and a water contact angle of 123.13°. The PCL/D-M/BSA membrane prepared with a mass fraction of 0.166% BSA exhibited an average diameter of (96±26) nm, a maximum breaking strength of 382.39 cN, a maximum elongation at break of 84.18%, and a water contact angle of 62.07°. The bacterial inhibition rates of PCL/D-M/BSA membrane against E. coli and S. aureus reached 95.0%±2.0% and 99.0%±1.0%, respectively, while the prepared composite functional textile exhibited a gas permeability of 113.45 nm/s and an antibacterial rate of 95.0%±1.0%.