Objective To explore the relationship between the reproductive factors (such as the number of pregnancy,number of birth, abortion, lactation, menarche age, menopausal age and childbearing years) and female type 2 diabetes mellitus(T2DM). Methods Based on the data of cohort study REACTION in Lanzhou, an epidemiological investigation was performed among residents aged 40-75 years in Tianqingjiayuan, Zhangguang and Wuquanshan communities of Lanzhou City in May 2011.Reproductive history and menstrual history were determined by questionnaire. A total of 7094 women were with complete investigation data, including 2963 with normal baseline glucose tolerance who were followed up for 5 years for the occurrence of outcome event T2DM; Logistic regression and Cox risk regression analysis were employed to explore the relation between reproductive related factors and female T2DM. Results The risk of T2DM obviously increased in women with more gestational number and parturient times, especially when the gestational number and parturient times were more than 3, the risk of T2DM increased about 1.6 times, and the impact of parturient times was more significant on female T2DM (Pregnancy number 2, 3, ≥4, HR: 1.08, 1.26, 1.60; 95%CI 0.68-1.72, 1.07-1.99, 1.01-2.45; P=0.000. Parturient times 2, 3, ≥4, HR: 1.21, 1.60, 1.65; 95%CI 1.08-1.69, 1.09-2.78, 1.11-2.43; P=0.000). Abortions did not affect the incidence of female T2DM, and there was no correlation between the cumulative level of estrogen (menarche age, menopause age, childbearing years) and female T2DM. In addition, lactation was a better protective factor for women from T2DM, and may reduced the risk of female T2DM by about 30% (HR=0.70, 95%CI 0.46-0.96, P=0.001). Conclusions Pregnancy and parturient times were the risk factors of T2DM in women. With the increase of pregnancy and parturient times, the risk of T2DM increased significantly; Lactation is the protective factor of female T2DM.

In recent years, there have been increasing reports of anti-N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor (NMDAR) encephalitis and myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein-antibody disease (MOG-Ab disease) appearing simultaneously or sequentially in the same patient. Some scholars have collectively referred to this kind of disease as the overlapping syndrome of MOG-Ab disease and anti-NMDAR encephalitis (MNOS). The clinical manifestations, treatment and prognosis of these syndromes are different from simple anti-NMDAR encephalitis or MOG-Ab disease. However, due to lack of understanding, clinicians tend to diagnose these syndromes as simple anti-NMDAR encephalitis or MOG-Ab disease, resulting in delayed the disease and affected prognosis. In order to strengthen the understanding of MNOS, this paper reviews MNOS from etiological hypothesis, characteristics of affected population, clinical manifestations, imaging manifestations, antibody characteristics in disease progression and treatment, so as to provide reference for the diagnosis and treatment in the future.

Reticulophagy is a process that selectively clears endoplasmic reticulum through autophagy. Selective degradation of stress endoplasmic reticulum and aggregate-prone proteins is important to maintain endoplasmic reticulum homeostasis.Reticulophagy receptors mediate selective recognition of endoplasmic reticulum by autophagosomal membrane to promote the elimination of endoplasmic reticulum by lysosome. Reticulophagy is associated with human diseases, therefore, further investigation is required to reveal its molecular mechanism. This review focuses on the most recent advances related to mechanisms and physical relevance of reticulophagy.

Virus is one of the common pathogens of intraocular infection. The testing of viral nucleic acid in the intraocular fluid currently becomes an important means for the diagnosis of the suspected intraocular virus infection. Viral nucleic acid testing for confirmed patients is also clinically valuable in adjusting the follow-up treatment regimen, determining therapeutic endpoint,and predicting therapeutic effect. To obtain stable, reliable, and effective results, sample collection of intraocular fluid and laboratory testing procedures of viral nucleic acid should be standardized. To normalize and standardize viral nucleic acid testing of intraocular fluid and to facilitate the accurate diagnosis and treatment of intraocular viral infection, we reached a consensus on the testing process and its clinical application from aspects of laboratory construction standards, specific testing procedures, standardized quality control systems, and clinical application value.

Objective To investigate the effect and mechanism of total parenteral nutrition (TPN) on the myocardial injury of young rats. Methods Twenty-four male young Sprague-Dawley rats aged 6 to 8 weeks were randomly divided into 4 groups (6 each): normal group, control group, TPN-7 d group and TPN-14 d group. Rats in normal group were not placed into tubes and had free food and water. Rats in control group were catheterized through the right jugular vein and continuously infused with normal saline, free food and water. Those in TPN group were catheterized through the right jugular vein and continuously infused with TPN nutrient solution and abstained from food and water. Rats in the 4 groups were killed and their myocardial tissue were obtained on the 14th, 14th, 7th and 14th day after the establishment of the model, respectively. HE staining was performed to observe the pathological changes of myocardial tissue, TUNEL staining was used to observe the apoptosis of myocardial tissue, the contents of malondialdehyde (MDA) and hydrogen peroxide (H₂O₂) in myocardial tissue were detected by ELISA, the expression of myeloperoxidase (MPO) in myocardial tissue was detected by qRT-PCR, Western blotting and immunofluorescence staining. Results The 50% of myocardial tissue of rats in TPN-7 d group were slightly damaged, and all the rats in TPN-14 d group were slightly to severely damaged. Compared with normal group and control group, the cardiomyocytes apoptosis rate in the TPN groups increased significantly (P<0.05), MDA and H₂O₂ contents increased markedly (P<0.05), the expressions of MPO mRNA, protein and immunofluorescence increased (P<0.05). The apoptotic rate, H₂O₂ content, MPO protein and immunofluorescence expression were higher in TPN-14 d group than those in TPN-7 d group (P<0.05). Conclusions TPN over 1 week can cause myocardial injury in young rats, and the degree of injury increases with the extension of TPN. Oxidative stress may be one of the mechanisms of the injury.

With the persistent increase of global temperature, the incidence of heatstroke is rising yearly. The impairment of the intestinal barrier function induced by heat stroke leads to endotoxemia. Systemic inflammatory response syndrome and multiple organ dysfunction syndrome ensue, which are the main causes of heat stroke death. And heat stroke is characterized by rapid deterioration and extremely high fatality. However, unlike other critical diseases, heat stroke is preventable and controllable.According to domestic and foreign researches, dietary supplements can enhance the intestinal barrier and alleviate the inflammatory response in heat stroke. This article reviews the research progress of dietary supplements in the protection of heat stroke and its mechanism in recent years, hoping to provide the reference for the prevention and treatment of heat stroke.

Mitophagy is a selective form of autophagy that can selectively remove abnormal or redundant mitochondria to maintain the quality and function of mitochondria, so is regarded as an important regulation form of cell homeostasis. Stem cells are a type of cells with self-renewal, pluripotency and differentiation potential, and play a vital role in individual development,tissue renewal and certain diseases. Studies have shown that mitophagy is highly correlated with the self-renewal, pluripotency and differentiation of stem cells. The function and regulation mechanism of mitophagy in a variety of normal stem cells (embryonic stem cells, induced pluripotent stem cells, hematopoietic stem cells, mesenchymal stem cells, neural stem cells, cardiac stem cells)and cancer stem cells have been reviewed in present paper, so is to deeply understand the relationship between mitophagy and the biological functions of stem cells, and to provide a new theoretical reference for stem cell regulatory mechanisms and treatment strategies.

Due to the wide application of noninvasive angiography in the health examination or central nervous system disease treatment, more and more pilots with asymptomatic and unruptured intracranial aneurysms (UIAs) have been found. Most asymptomatic UIAs are still in "static phase" for a long time, but a few of them can grow gradually, even rupture and bleed suddenly,which may have the risk of disability in the sky. The risk factors of rupture for UIAs include patient's factors, aneurysm's factors,hemodynamics and flight related factors. Interventions include medical treatment, intracranial aneurysm clipping and endovascular treatment. The selection of the treatments need to weigh the risk of aneurysm rupture and surgical complications of UIAs. At present, there are no opinions and aeromedical evaluation criteria for asymptomatic UIAs in pilots nationally and internationally.Therefore, it is necessary to conduct multidisciplinary and individual assessment.

Objective To detect the expression level of cell division cycle gene 20 (CDC20) in prostate cancer (PC) tissues and analyze the effect on the clinicopathological characteristics and prognosis of PC patients. Methods To collect the prostatic tissues of 134 PC patients and benign prostate hyperplasia tissues of 134 patients with benign prostate hyperplasia who underwent surgical treatment in the 988th Hospital of Joint Logistics Support Force from January 2016 to December 2018. qRT-PCR, Western blotting and immunohistochemical method were used to detect the expression of CDC20 in PC tissues and benign prostate hyperplasia tissues. According to the immunohistochemical score, the PC patients were divided into CDC20 high expression group(n=69) and CDC20 low expression group (n=65). The clinicopathological characteristics, 3-year overall survival rate and disease progression-free survival rate were compared between the two groups. Cox regression analysis were performed to analyze the risk factors affecting the survival of patients after surgery. Results The results of qRT-PCR and Western blotting showed that the relative expression levels of CDC20 mRNA and protein were higher in PC tissues than in benign prostate hyperplasia tissues with statistically significant difference (mRNA: 1.96±0.34 vs. 0.37±0.12, P=0.003; protein: 1.02±0.08 vs. 0.15±0.06, P<0.001). The immunohistochemical test results showed that the positive expression rate and high expression rate of CDC20 were higher in PC tissues than in benign prostate hyperplasia tissues [CDC20 positive expression rate: 80.6% (108/134) vs. 8.9% (12/134), P<0.001;CDC20 high expression rate: 51.5% (69/134) vs. 0.0% (0/134), P<0.001]. The 3-year overall survival rate and disease progression-free survival rate were lower in CDC20 high expression group than in CDC20 low expression group with statistically significant difference [3-year overall survival rate: 69.6% (48/69) vs. 87.7% (57/65), P=0.012; 3-year disease progression-free survival rate: 62.3% (43/69) vs. 80.0% (52/65), P=0.020]. Gleason score >7 points, cT stage >cT_2c stage, T stage >T₂ stage, and CDC20 immunohistochemical score ≥8 points were independent risk factors affecting postoperative survival of PC patients (P<0.05). Conclusions The increased expression of CDC20 in PC tissue might mean the progress of PC. CDC20 immunohistochemical score ≥8 points suggests a poor prognosis for patients, so is expected to become a tumor marker for judging the prognosis of PC.

Objective To evaluate the accuracy of applying functional near-infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS) for measurement of short-term heart rate variability (HRV). Methods Sixteen college students were recruited from Wuhan University and surrounding universities as the volunteer subjects from October 2020 to September 2021. The short-term HRV of subjects in resting state was simultaneously measured with electrocardiogram (ECG) and fNIRS. The consistency of the results measured with fNIRS on the forehead and at the finger was evaluated; and the accuracy of fNIRS measurements was assessed using the result of ECG measurement as the golden standard. Results No statistically significant differences existed between the fNIRS measurements on the forehead and at the finger in these short-term HRV parameters including sympathetic nervous system index(SNS index), parasympathetic nervous system index (PNS index), pressure index, Mean RR, standard deviation of normal-to-normal RR intervals (SDNN), triangular interpolation of normal-to-normal intervals (TINN), approximate entropy (ApEn) and sample entropy (SampEn). Excepting for the entropy parameters (ApEn: P<0.05 and SampEn: P<0.01) that are for measuring the complexity of time series, no statistically significant differences were observed in most short-term HRV parameters (PNS index, SNS index, pressure index, Mean RR, SDNN and TINN) between the fNIRS measurements and the ECG golden standard. Conclusion With satisfactory accuracy, it is feasible to use fNIRS in measuring short-term HRV.