ZrO₂ nanosheets were prepared at low temperature by a molten salt method with assistance of solvothermal process using zirconium chloride as zirconium source and ethanol as a solvent. The effects of salt type and content on the growth and morphology of zirconia crystals were investigated. The results show that monoclinic zirconia nanosheets with an average side length of 1.8 μm, a thickness of 70 nm and a width: thickness ratio of more than 10∶1 can be obtained when NaCl and Na₃PO₄ are used as composite molten salts and the mass ratio of precursor∶NaCl∶Na₃PO₄ is set to 10∶10∶1. The nanosheet shows single crystal structure with little defects, and the main exposed surface is (001) facet. The formation process in molten salts accords with a self-focusing mechanism, including dissolution, diffusion, adsorption and growth. The large percentage of (001) facet obtained is in reasonable agreement with that based on the theoretical calculation of surface energy.

Antimony-modified K_0.48Li_0.02Na_0.5NbO₃ (KLNN) piezoelectric ceramics were prepared via a microwave sintering process. The effect of antimony-substitution amount (i.e., x=0, 0.02, 0.04, 0.06, 0.08) on the microstructure, surface topography, piezoelectric and ferroelectric characteristics were investigated. The perovskite single phase structure is confirmed in the entire substitution range, together with good crystallization and even grains. Antimony can form a uniform solid solution in KLNN lattice, improving the microstructure and piezoelectric and ferroelectric characteristics of KLNN-based piezoelectric ceramics. The Curie temperature dielectric constant peak (ε_r), unidirectional strain (ε) and piezoelectric coefficient (d₃₃) of Na_0.5K_0.48Li_0.02(Nb_0.94Sb_0.06)O₃ ceramic all reach the maximum value, which are ε_r=5 557, ε=0.08%, d₃₃=208 pC/N.

The C_f/SiC/Ni and C_f/MoSi₂/SiC/Ni composites were prepared by a hydrothermal reaction-sintering method using glucose, Si powder, and carbon fiber as raw materials and nickel as a catalyst, respectively. The phase composition, microstructure and absorbing properties of C_f/SiC/Ni and C_f/MoSi₂/SiC/Ni composites were characterized by X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy and waveguide, respectively. The results show that SiC nanowires are grown sparsely and unevenly in the C_f/SiC/Ni composites. The minimum reflection loss at 8.20 GHz is -14.61 dB, and the effective absorption bandwidth is 0.23 GHz when the thickness of the grown SiC nanowires is 1.5 mm. The massive SiC nanowires are grown densely and uniformly on the surface of carbon fiber of C_f/MoSi₂/SiC/Ni composites. The minimum reflection loss is -34.14 dB at 9.10 GHz, and the effective absorption bandwidth is 2.18 GHz when the thickness of the grown SiC nanowires is 2.0 mm. Compared to C_f/SiC/Ni composites, the wave absorbing properties of C_f/MoSi₂/SiC/Ni composites are improved. It is indicated that MoSi₂ is a key factor improving the structural and absorbing properties of C_f/SiC/Ni composites.

The non-contact electrical resistivity measurement is a developed nondestructive method. The electrical resistivity of specimen can be in-situ and continuously measured by this method. In this review, the method application for the non-contact electrical resistivity in early hydration process was briefly summarized. The microstructure characterization and permeability of cementitious materials were reviewed. Three modified methods for non-contacting electrical resistivity measurement and the theoretical models for calculating microstructure parameters and diffusion coefficients based on the modified methods were introduced. The shortcomings of the existing studies were given, and some prospects of device improvement for non-contact electrical resistivity measurement, microstructure, permeability characterization and theoretical model were proposed.

Tin dioxide is a promising sodium storage material due to its great theoretical capacity of sodium storage. Graphene has good mechanical properties and electrical conductivity as an ideal conductive additive. However, SnO₂/reduced graphene oxide (RGO) composite has a large specific surface area and its initial Coulombic efficiency is low, thus affecting the application. In this paper, SnO₂/RGO composites were synthesized by a hydrothermal method, and C/SnO₂/RGO composites were alos prepared via filling the pitch pyrocarbon. The results show that SnO₂ in C/SnO₂/RGO composite is uniformly distributed in RGO with the size of 6 nm. The initial Coulomic efficiency of C/SnO₂/RGO nanocomposite with pitch pyrocarbon filling is improved, which is nearly 25% greater than that of SnO₂/RGO composite. The specific capacities of SnO₂/RGO and C/SnO₂/RGO composites are 442.1 and 479.8 mA·h/g, respectively, after 100 cycles. The addition of pitch pyrocarbon results in an increase in cycle stability, and the material impedance is improved, thus increasing the electrons and ionic conductivity among SnO₂ particles, RGO and pitch pyrocarbon.

A porous Si/Ag composite material derived by waste rice husk was synthesized via magnesiothermic reduction-silver mirror reaction. The structure, surface morphology and lithium storage performance were investigated. The results show that the particle sizes of obtained biomass silicon material with a porous structure are 10-20 nm, and the cycle performance, rate performance and specific capacity of the electrode all are improved by recombining silver nanoparticles. The capacity of electrode with the silver particles can retain 750.4 mA·h/g after 50 cycles, which is twice greater than that of graphite, and it is 370.2 mA·h/g greater than that of pure biomass silicon electrode. The biomass Si/Ag electrode exhibits the specific capacity of 618.3 mA·h/g at current density of 800 mA/g, which is higher than that of biomass silicon (380.2 mA·h/g), due to the higher conductivity of Si/Ag nanomaterial and excellent property of electrode/electrolyte interface.

Poly (2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate) grafted silica (SiO₂) nanoparticles (SiO₂-g-PHEMA NPs) were prepared via surface-initiated activators regenerated by electron transfer atom transfer radical polymerization. Then the synthesized NPs were utilized as a hydrophilic additive for fabrication polyethersulfone (PES)/SiO₂-g-PHEMA organic-inorganic composite membranes. The transmission electron microscope results confirm that the SiO₂-g-PHEMA NPs uniformly dispersed in the casting solution and tend to migrate toward the membrane top surfaces. As a result, the hydrophilicity of the composite membranes is significantly improved (the contact angle decreases from 84.5^° to 71.9^°). The membrane exhibits the highest pure water flux and oil flux around 208.68 L/(m²·h) and 86.86 L/(m²·h) when the SiO₂-g-PHEMA dosage is 1% (in mass), the pure water flux and oil flux of the unmodified PES membrane around 64.10 L/(m²·h) and 11.09 L/(m²·h). Compared to the unmodified PES membrane, the flux recovery ratio increases from 45.74% to 78.32%, suggesting the fouling-resistance of the composite membranes is greatly improved. Furthermore, the SiO₂-g-PHEMA NPs exhibit good stability due to the physical intertwisting interaction between the PHEMA chains and PES chains, indicating that this material has a potential application prospect.

Si-Ca porous mineral material was prepared with calcine diatomite and slaked lime via a hydrothermal reaction method. The microstructure of diatomite under lime-containing hydrothermal conditions was characterized. The effect of microstructure change of diatomite on its adsorption performance was investigated with methylene blue as an adsorbent, and the mechanism of Si-Ca porous mineral material was analyzed. The results show that SiO₂ in calcined diatomite reacts with Ca(OH)₂ to generate clinotobermorite under the lime-containing hydrothermal conditions. The diatoms disk structure disappears and the flaky clinotobermorite stacks up into Si-Ca porous mineral. The volume of porous material is 10 times greater than that of calcined diatomite, and the amount of hydroxyl on the surface of the material increases. Si-Ca porous mineral material exhibits good methylene blue adsorption and recycling performance. The adsorption capacity of Si-Ca porous mineral is 6.5 times greater than that of calcined diatomite, and its saturated adsorption capacity can reach 384.51 mg/g. The adsorption process of diatomite board towards methylene blue can be described by the pseudo-second-order kinetic model. Its adsorption isotherms can be fitted by the Langmuir model, and the adsorption is a spontaneous endothermic process. When pH value>4, the surface of Si-Ca porous mineral is negatively charged, the adsorption is completed by the active hydroxyl group of the mineral surface and the quaternary ammonium salt cationic in the solution form the hydrogen bond through electrostatic attraction, Also, the large specific surface area of Si-Ca porous mineral can provide the more adsorption sites for methylene blue, which is conducive to the adsorption.

A hierarchical porous SAPO-11 zeolite was synthesized via dodecyl trimethylammonium bromide (DTAB) as a mesoporous template and hydrochloric acid post-treatment, respectively. The synthesized samples were characterized by X-ray diffraction, N₂ adsorption-desorption, scanning electron microscopy and transmission electron microscopy. The effect of different synthetic methods on the structure and morphology of the hierarchical porous SAPO-11 was investigated. The results indicate that the content of mesoporous template DTAB has a great influence on the pore structure and external surface area of SAPO-11. When n(DTAB)∶n(Al₂O₃)=0.4∶1.0, the composition of the synthesis system is n(Al₂O₃)∶n(P₂O₅)∶n(DPA+DIPA)∶n(SiO₂)∶n(H₂O)=1.0∶1.0∶1.0∶0.5∶50.0, the external surface area and pore volume of the synthesized hierarchical pore SAPO-11 become the maximum values. For the hydrochloric acid post-treatment, the maximum external surface area and pore volume of hierarchical pore SAPO-11 are obtained when the concentration of hydrochloric acid is 0.3 mol/L. Compared to the two methods, hydrochloric acid treatment can destroy the spherical morphology of SAPO-11. Besides the slit holes produced due to the grain accumulation, the channels also come from the slit holes formed due to the layer structure. The hierarchical holes of SAPO-11 synthesized with mesoporous template DTAB mainly comes from the slit holes formed due to the grain accumulation. The crystal structure of the zeolite retains and the specific surface area increases.

Polystyrene microspheres were prepared via an emulsion polymerization method and used as hard templates to form hollow mesoporous silica microspheres. The structural properties of silica microspheres were characterized by scanning electron microscopy, transmission electron microscopy, thermogravity analysis, small angle X-ray diffraction, nitrogen adsorption-desorption isotherm analysis. The effects of synthesis parameters (i.e., amounts of ammonia and silane precursor) on the microsphere size, thickness and mesopore size of silica microspheres were investigated, and the optimum reaction conditions were 6.25 mL of ammonia and 10 g of tetraethylorthosilicate. The hollow microspheres as a host are loaded with benzotriazole, and then coated with a two-layer polyelectrolyte shell by a layer-by-layer deposition process. The inhibitor release profile revealed that the polyelectrolyte shell lowered the release rate of benzotriazole-loaded hollow silica microspheres by 5 times.