3D printing technique, which is based on digital model files and use of computer-aided layer by layer printing to construct 3D objects, has attracted recent attentions. In this review, we introduced recent development on 3D printing glass techniques, including fused deposition, selective laser sintering, stereo lithography, digital light processing, ink direct writing, etc.. In addition, we also discussed the application of 3D printing glass in various aspects, analyzed the current problems of 3D printing glass techniques, and gave a prospect on 3D printing glass techniques.

Additive manufacturing is a worldwide hot issue during the last decade. Compared with counterparts in polymer and metal, additive manufacturing for ceramic had a relatively late breakthrough, but the development in recent years has also make it a highlight as well. In this perspective, based on state-of-the-art of ceramic additive manufacturing and the development history of polymer & metal additive manufacturing, we propose the idea of "additive materialization", that is, making additively manufactured components with customized structure and performance simultaneously. The evolution of the connotation in "customization" in additive manufacturing will be analyzed first together with its essential causes. Then current obstacles in various ceramic additive manufacturing techniques and corresponding embedded potentials to realize additive materialization in ceramic components would be pointed out and summarized. At last, possible approaches and related focuses towards "additive materialization" would be proposed.

In order to investigate the influence of fabrication method on the uniaxial tensile and compressive properties of polyethylene (PE) reinforced engineered cementitious composites (ECC), the axial tensile and axial compressive stress-strain curves of cast-in-place ECC and 3D printed ECC were measured. The results show that the ultimate tensile strength of the printed specimen decreases slightly, while the tensile ductility greatly improves. The uniaxial compressive strength of ECC is not affected by mixing 6 mm and 12 mm PE fibers in ECC at a constant fiber volume content. The compressive strength of printed ECC is 60%-70% of that of cast-in-place ECC. The maximum compressive strength in z-direction and followed by x- and y-direction. The elastic modulus of printed specimen has a slight change. Moreover, the Poisson ratio in x- and y-directions is greater than that of cast-in-place ECC. A uniaxial compression stress-strain constitutive model suitable for cast-in-place ECC and printed ECC was established, and the accuracy of the model was verified by comparing with the measurement results. The model provides a theoretical basis for the calculation and analysis of 3D printed ECC components and structures.

The manufacture of new energy technology and devices is one of the effective ways for sustainable development. Most of the existing materials used in new energy devices are based on ceramics and composite materials, etc.. The efficient and reliable manufacture is to obtain and use high-performance devices. This paper represented the performance requirements of ink-jet printing technology in the preparation of new energy devices, and reviewed research progress on ink-jet printing technology in the manufacture of new energy storage devices (i.e., supercapacitors and lithium ion batteries) and new energy conversion devices (i.e., solar and fuel cells). In addition, some problems and the corresponding solutions to the problems from raw materials to printing technology were also discussed, and the future development on inkjet printing of new energy devices was forecasted as well.

Ceramic materials have excellent properties such as high strength, high compressive strength, wear resistance, acid and alkali resistance, etc.. They are indispensable materials for the development of modern technology. However, it is difficult for the conventional ceramic processing methods to meet the requirements of individualization, light mass and complexity. Additive manufacture technology as a forming method has a wide range of application prospects. Among them, photopolymerization three-dimensional printing technology has some advantages of high precision and fast speed. This paper represented several commonly stereolithography printing technologies and their main applications. In addition, the prospect and application of ceramic photopolymerization three-dimensional printing technologies were also discussed.

Concrete 3D printing technology is one of the current research hotspots in the field of civil engineering. The strengthening and toughening technologies for 3D printing concrete materials and structure are particularly important since the failure of concrete is brittle. According to the sequence of printing and reinforcing, the advantages and disadvantages of existing strengthening and toughening methods for 3D printing concrete materials and structure were reviewed. In addition, some technical and scientific problems for the further study and application of 3D printing concrete were also prospected.

Micro-cubes of hardened cement paste with the lengths of 100 μm and 200 μm were prepared by micro-dicing and thin-sectioning techniques. The compressive strength and splitting strength of these specimens were measured by a nanoindenter equipped with different types of tips. Considering the heterogeneity nature of the material in a micro-scale, we examined 100 specimens via a statistic analysis. The results show that the two-parameter Weibull distribution can be used to represent the probability distribution of both compressive strength and splitting strength in a micro-scale. The specimens with a higher water-to-binder ratio have a higher strength and a lower variability. Furthermore, the specimen size has an influence on the measured strength. The bigger specimens have lower strength and variability. The reported average value and variability of strengths obtained in this work are greater than those of the concrete in a meso-scale, but lower than those of the hydration product in a nano-scale.

The hybrid effect of citric acid with polycarboxylate water-reducing agent (PCE) on the fluidity, setting time and mortar strength of high belite sulphoaluminate (HB-CSA) cement paste was investigated. The results show that citric acid with PCE prolongs the setting time of HB-CSA cement, but reduces the initial fluidity and early strength of the cement, and has no adverse effect on the later strength of the cement. The mechanism of citric acid with PCE to delay the early hydration of HB-CSA cement was analyzed by cement hydration microcalorimeter, X-ray diffractor and scanning electron microscope, and the adsorption behavior of citric acid with PCE in the early stage of hydration of HB-CSA cement was analyzed via organic carbon adsorption. It is indicated that the combined use of citric acid and PCE could delay the hydration heat release rate of the cement, inhibit the formation of ettringite, the early hydration product of cement, and change ettringite as a main hydration product of HB-CSA cement in the early stage. The morphology changes from rod-like or tubular to fine needle-like. The use of citric acid with PCE will produce a competitive adsorption in cement, thus reducing the effect of PCE dispersion in HB-CSA cement and cement fluidity.

The nano-structural change of hydrated calcium silicate gels (C-(A)-S-H) in Portland cement (PC) and high-sulphate resistance cement (HSR) mortars under wetting-drying cycling conditions in 5% (mass fraction) MgSO₄ solution was investigated by Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), thermogravimetry-tifferential scanning calorimetry (TG-DSC), ²⁹Si magic-angle spinning nuclear magnetic resonance (MAS-NMR), and transmission electron microscopy-energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (TEM-EDX). The results show that Al-tetrahedra in C-(A)-S-H phase is plausibly the weakness during sulphate attack, the Q¹ (dimer or end-member in the chain) in the main aluminosilicate tetrahedral chain can be easily attacked by MgSO₄ to form M/C-(A)-S-H, and sulphate ions are easily absorbed on the surface of C-(A)-S-H through -Si-O-M²⁺-1/2SO₄^2-. The chemical compositions of C-(A)-S-H in all the samples before and after sulphate attack were simulated by the tobermorite/jennite (T/J) model. The difference between the nano-structural and the average compositional formulas of C-(A)-S-H gels in two cements after sulphate attack was derived from the (T/J) model. It is necessary for the improvement of the resistance of motors against MgSO₄ attack to restrict the expansive corrosion products (i.e., gypsum and AFt) and Al-tetrahedra in the aluminosilicate chain of C-(A)-S-H phase.

Polyphosphate superplasticizer (PPS) was synthesized via free radical polymerization of isopropenyl-phosphonic acid (IPPA) and isopentenyl polyethylene-polypropylene glycol (IPEPPG) in the presence of ammonium persulphate (APS) as an intiator and sodium hypophosphite (SHP) as a chain transfer agent. The effects of n(IPPA)∶n(IPEPPG) molar ratio, APS amount, SHP amount and IPEPPG average molecular mass on the properties of polyphosphate superplasticizer were investigated to obtain the optimum parameters of technology and the appropriate proportion of raw materials. The molecular structure of polyphosphate superplasticizer was characterized by gel permeation chromatograph, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, and ¹H nuclear magnetic resonance, respectively. The surface tension, hydrodynamic radius, adsorption behavior on MMT, heat flow evolution over time during cement hydration, rheological behavior of cement pastes and application performance in concrete were determined. The results show that polyphosphate superplasticizer has viscosity-reducing effect, clay tolerance and retard cement hydration.

A scale factor model for simulating cement hydration kinetics was represented. The application of this model in simulating the influences of factors (i.e., curing temperature, curing pressure, chemical additives and mixing intensity) on the cement hydration process based on the experimental data by isothermal calorimetry was described. The results show that the scale factor model can be used to calculate the equivalent age of cement under a standard condition. The cumulative cement hydration heat shows almost the same evolution profile as a function of the equivalent age, and there is a functional correlation between each influencing factor and the scale factor.

Effect of chloride and magnesium ions in seawater on the early dissolution of the major clinker in cement (i.e., tricalcium silicate, C₃S) was investigated. The dissolution rates of tricalcium silicate in solutions containing chloride and/or magnesium ions at various concentrations were obtained through lab-made platform and inductively coupled plasma-optical emission spectroscopy. The influence of chloride and magnesium ions on the dissolution heat release of tricalcium silicate was investigated by isothermal calorimetry. The morphology of tricalcium silicate tablet during the dissolution process was determined by scanning electron microscopy. The results show that, chloride ion and magnesium ions both inhibit the dissolution of tricalcium silicate and the inhibiting effect of magnesium ion is more pronounced at a low ionic strength. Sodium chloride and magnesium chloride promote the dissolution of tricalcium silicate at a high ionic strength. The intense solvation of vast sodium and magnesium ions weakens the solvation effect of chloride ion in tricalcium silicate crystal and reduces the stability of water molecules in the solvation shell of chloride ion. Moreover, the presence of massive background ions accelerates the migration of water molecules in the vicinity of the crystal surface, thus promoting the dissolution of chloride ion.

1H-perimidine (PED) and 2-hydroxy-1H-perimidine (HPED) were prepared as corrosion inhibitors for HRB400 reinforced steel in simulated concrete pore solution. The corrosion inhibition performance and adsorption mechanism were investigated via dry and wet cycle experiments, scanning electron microscopy, electrochemical impedance spectroscopy and related theoretical calculations. The results show that the inhibition efficiencies of these compounds are more than 80% for HRB400 reinforced steel in SCP at a concentration of less than 0.12 mmol/L. Moreover, HPED functions as a more effective inhibitor rather than PED due to the presence of 2-position hydroxyl-group. In addition, the inhibitor molecules spontaneously adsorb onto reinforced steel surfaces to form a protective film, and the adsorption process follows the Langmuir isothermal model.

To activate the early-age hydraulic reactivity of steel slag powder (SS), a method of using glacial acetic acid (GA)-anhydrous alcohol solution to modify the SS via dry chemical modification technology was proposed. The mineral composition, surface morphology and specific surface area of unmodified SS and GA modified SS were investigated by X-ray diffraction, Fourier transform infrared, scanning electron microscopy and Brunauer-Emmett-Teller specific surface area analysis. The hydraulic reactivity, compressive strength and soundness of SS pastes and SS blended cement pastes were investigated. The results show that calcite, portlandite and dicalcium ferrite in SS react with GA to produce calcium acetate after GA modification and some pores in the modified process, thus leading to GA modified SS with the greater specific surface area and rougher surface, compared to unmodified SS. In the hydration process, water is easier to absorb onto the surface of modified SS and enters the inner of SS particles along the pores, resulting in higher dissolution heat and reaction heat of active minerals in SS. The result show that, the higher 72-h cumulative hydration heat, the 3 d, 7 d and 90 d compressive strengths and better soundness of GA modified SS pastes and GA modified SS blended cement pastes are obtained, compared to the unmodified pastes.

In order to describe and reconstruct the true irregular particle morphology of cement particles and clarify the hydration process, microstructure evolution and mechanical property development of cement-based materials, an irregular particle reconstruction method was proposed by a discrete method and a central growth model based on a cellular automata theory. A cement particle shape data-base was established. The irregular cement particles were introduced into the CEMHYD3D model, and an irregular basis hydration model was constructed. The effect of particle shape on the hydration process and pore characteristic parameters were analyzed. The reliability and accuracy of the hydration model after the introduction of irregular cement particles were verified. The total porosity and pore size range of the non-spherical-based model are smaller than those of the spherical-based model, while the specific surface area with various pores of the non-spherical-based model is greater than that of the spherical-base model.

Effects of cellulose fiber (CF) and modified cellulose fiber on the mechanical properties, energy evolution, crack propagation and interface failure of cement under dynamic load were investigated by splitting hopkinson pressure bar and high speed-high resolution camera technology. In the third period, the accumulation of specific energy will directly affect the compressive strength of the sample, and the sample with unmodified cellulose fiber (UCF) absorbs more energy and has better compressive strength than the sample with modified cellulose fiber (MCF) at the same fiber incorporation amount. Low-temperature plasma modification can introduce oxygen-containing groups on the surface of cellulose fiber, so that the interface between MCF and cement matrix is more closely bound. The result of this failure is since the modified cellulose fiber-oil well cement composite (MCF-OWC) has a lower compressive strength under dynamic load and a lower crushing degree after failure.

It is of great significance for the optimization and performance improvement of aggregates to investigate the influence of aggregate chemical properties on the nucleation and growth of calcium silicate hydrate (C-S-H) and its mechanism. In this work, limestone, quartz and magnesite were used as aggregates. The interactions between different aggregates and ions in a simulated solution were determined via zeta potential measurement. Also, the nucleation and growth of C-S-H on the surface of these aggregates were analyzed by scanning electron microscopy. The hydration heat of cement pastes with the micro-aggregates was examined to investigate the effect of aggregate chemical properties on the early hydration of cement. The results show that limestone surface has a strong adsorption of Ca²⁺ (i.e., chemical adsorption), leading to a high density of C-S-H nuclei and directional growth of C-S-H, and thus greatly promoting the hydration of cement. The adsorption of Ca²⁺ on quartz surface is due to electrostatic force, which is weaker than that due to the chemical adsorption. The density of C-S-H nuclei on quartz surface is thus much lower than that on limestone surface. In the case of magnesite, its surface has a high affinity for SO₄^2- rather than Ca²⁺, reducing the nucleation density of C-S-H on the surface of magnesite, and thus slowing down the early hydration of cement.

It is well known that mass concrete has the characteristics of huge volume, large amount of raw materials, complex structure and great heat hydration. The temperature cracks occur, thus reducing the performance, safety bearing capacity, durability and service life of the concrete. Hydration heat controlling materials, which can lower the internal temperature rising and temperature stress of the mass concrete, are widely used to reduce the risk of temperature cracks. The effect of hydration heat controlling material type on the hydration heat and the working mechanism was summarized, and the application and future development were discussed, thus providing a design basis for the development of hydration heat controlling materials.

Microbial corrosion of concrete (MICC) is still a problem in concrete engineering. The H₂S and some sulfur compounds in the sewer pipe are oxidized by sulfur oxidizing bacteria to produce biological sulfuric acid, which reacts with the calcium-rich phase in concrete to form gypsum and expansive ettringite and decomposes hydrated calcium silicate formation of insoluble and non-cemented colloids, thus leading to the deterioration of concrete. This review mainly represented recent research work on MICC aspects, including microbial corrosion mechanism, influencing factors, test methods, evaluation indexes and protection measures of concrete as well.

The anti-glare treatment of high alumina glass was carried out by a chemical etching method in an anti-glare etching solution with n(NH₄HF₂)∶n(KHF₂)∶n(C₆H₈O₇)∶n((NH₄)₂SO₄)∶n(TiO₂)∶n(C₆H₁₄O₆) (in molar ratio) at normal temperature. The influence of etching time on the structure and properties was analyzed via the characterization of surface morphology and optical properties. The results show that optimal etching time is 30 min. The anti-glare liquid can etch micron scale pits on the surface of the sample to form a light trapping structure, which can scatter an incident light in all directions and convert the specular reflection into diffuse reflection. Some of the scattered light can be captured by the light trapping structure again and incident repeatedly, which can achieve the anti-glare purpose and maintain the high-transmittance of high aluminum glass.

As a kind of porous clay mineral material, diatomite has some advantages like rich reserves, low cost, and high specific surface area, which can be used as an excellent carrier of phase change material (PCM). Recent work on high-efficiency diatomite PCM is to improve its latent heat and thermal conductivity. This review represented recent research progress on the specific surface area modification and thermal conductivity enhancement modification of diatomite PCM and analyzed the thermal properties of diatomite with different types and contents of PCMs. In addition, some problems of diatomite PCM application were described, and the future research directions were prospected.

An one-dimensional (Ni_xZn_1-x)O composite desulfurizer for gasoline was prepared by an one-step composite method. The samples were characterized by X-ray diffraction, H₂-temperature programmed reduction measurement, scanning electron microscopy and BET specific surface area analysis. The results show that nickel is doped into the lattice of ZnO by the one-step compounding method, which increases the force between active component nickel and ZnO and improves the active component of nickel thermodynamic stability and chemical stability, thus effectively avoiding the loss in the process of reaction and accumulation by heating during regeneration. Also, at a certain amount of nickel, (Ni_xZn_1-x)O composite desulfurizer can maintain an one-dimensional nano-morphology that favors the reduction of active component nickel in the desulfurizer for the desulfurization. At a nickel amount of 8%, (Ni_xZn_1-x)O composite desulfurizer has better desulfurization and regeneration performances, and the desulfurization rate becomes 99.0%. The service life of desulfurizer can still maintain to be 90 h after regeneration for seven times.

Cu-doped Bi₂WO₆ nanomaterials (Cu/Bi₂WO₆) were prepared by a hydrothermal method. The structures of Cu/Bi₂WO₆ nanomaterials were characterized by scanning electron microscopy, X-ray diffraction, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, UV-Vis diffuse reflectance spectroscopy and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy. The photocatalytic activities were examined through the photocatalytic reduction of U(VI) under visible light irradiation. The results show that Cu-doped Bi₂WO₆ samples exhibit much higher photocatalytic activity than pure Bi₂WO₆ for reduction of U(VI) under visible light irradiation. It is also revealed that 10% Cu/Bi₂WO₆ sample exhibits the optimum photocatalytic activities in the reduction of U(VI), The enhanced photocatalytic activity of Cu/Bi₂WO₆ materials are attributed to the increased transmission rate and reduced recombination rate of photogenerated electron-hole by Cu doping on BiWO₆. Also, Cu doping reduces the Bi₂WO₆ band gap and expands the response range to visible light, thus improving the activity of Cu/Bi₂WO₆ photocatalyst. Cu doped Bi₂WO₆ materials have considerable potential applications in solar-driven treatment of wastewater with U(VI).