This study addresses problems of numerical methods for continuous media, such as the finite difference and finite element methods to simulate the discrete medium characteristics of a sandy cobble stratum. Based on the blockbased discrete element method, a discrete element model is built to simulate the process of shield tunneling through a sandy cobble stratum, and the displacement of joints and deformation of the surrounding rock and liner is studied. A finite difference model, in which a sandy cobble stratum is transformed into an equivalent continuous medium, is built to simulate the process of shield tunneling, and to compare the differences in simulation results between the discrete element model and the finite difference model. The results show that, in the discrete element model, the area at which the positive normal displacement of the joints exceeds 0.1 mm is primarily concentrated at the inverted arch, the area at which the negative normal displacement of the joints exceeds 0.1 mm is located at the hance, and the area at which the shear displacement of the joints exceeds 0.4 mm is primarily concentrated at the inverted arch. The simulation results of the discrete element method are greater than those of the finite difference method with respect to the deformation of the surrounding rock and liner; therefore, utilizing the discrete element method to verify the design of the tunnel and liner is relatively more secure and reasonable.

Focusing on the reuse of tunnel muck, this study aims to prepare tunnel muck from the Suzhou Metro Line 8 into a synchronous grouting material that satisfies the engineering requirements of different geological conditions by adjusting the solidification material compositions through laboratory experiments. In this project, a new doubleline shield tunnel of Metro Line 8 intersects the existing doubleline tunnel of Line 3 at Tangzhuang Station, forming a unique layout with two layers of four tracks. The muckproduced grout used in this project has a consistency value of 113 mm, and the 7and 28day strengths exceed 1 and 2.5 MPa, respectively, satisfying the engineering specifications. The deformation monitoring data show that the muckproduced grout effectively controls the impact of the upper tunnel construction on existing structures. Utilizing shield tunneling muck to prepare synchronous grouting slurry can achieve resource utilization of muck while promoting green construction and reducing construction costs by approximately 750 thousand Yuan per kilometer (double line).

In order to enhance the safety of Fully Automatic Operation (FAO) systems in urban rail transit, a hazard analysis method for FAO systems is proposed, which is based on scenario fusion from the perspective of FAO system operation and maintenance. The method initiates by identifying scenario elements and integrating them, to generate FAO application scenarios. It then comprehensively selects an allocation method of semiquantitative SIL (Safety Integrity Level) among proportional allocation, prior information allocation, and combined logical allocation, to complete the allocation of safety targets of functions of the core subsystems. Finally, the analysis method is applied in an actual engineering project case, providing a reference for subsequent hazard analysis and SIL allocation for metro lines with FAO system. This approach also addresses the limitations of traditional FMECA (Failure Mode, Effect and Criticality Analysis) in performing SIL allocation for multisystem functions.

Metro traction current changes dynamically during train operation, resulting in magneticinduced voltage in the peripheral grid circuit, which is one of the key challenges that cause transformers to undergo DC demagnetization. The generation of magnetic induction voltage is affected by various factors. To quantitatively analyze the size of the contribution of different influencing factors, this paper uses the magnetic induction voltage formula to derive the main influencing factors of the magnetic induction voltage of the subway. Subsequently, the “subway linetransmission line” magnetic coupling boundary element model is established to simulate and analyze the influence of the key factors on the induction voltage. The influence of the key factors on the induction voltage is analyzed. During the smooth running of the train, the induced voltage is not significantly affected, and at 1000 m, the induced voltage is attenuated by 90%. We constructed the backpropagation (BP) neural network to generate the magnetically induced voltage and analyzed the contribution of each influencing factor to the magnetically induced voltage using the mean impact value (MIV). The results show that the main influencing factors in the equivalent loop of the subway are the same as those in the grid, and the magnetically induced voltage in the equivalent loop is the same as that in the grid. The results show that the magnetic induction voltage in the equivalent loop is more likely to be influenced by the equivalent loop length, the contribution of which is 44.38%, and the relative distance has the smallest contribution of 21.31%. Therefore, the area of the power system constituting the equivalent loop is the most important factor affecting the magnetic induction voltage.

In response to the application problems of eCNY hardware wallets in rail transit gate boarding, business process design and ticketing system transformation methods were adopted to implement eCNY hardware wallets for the Suzhou rail transit gate boarding business. In this paper, first, the basic concept of eCNY hardware wallets is introduced, and the application forms of eCNY hardware wallets in rail transit are clarified. The current business scenario, usage needs, and technical characteristics of eCNY hardware wallets in rail transit and the overall plan for passing through gates and boarding trains with eCNY hardware wallets is determined, and a detailed design is for the registration, entry and exit, ticket processing, and other business processes of eCNY hardware wallets is described. Finally, combined with the current scenario of the Suzhou Rail Transit ticketing system, a specific transformation scheme of the Internet ticketing system and an automatic fare collection system is proposed to achieve the eCNY hardware wallet lockin service. The application of eCNY hardware wallets in Suzhou Rail Transit has a promotional significance for the promotion of eCNY hardware wallets and has a reference value for the application of eCNY in the field of rail transit.

Rapid urban rail transit growth presents new challenges for operation and management. Traditional methods limit data and resource utilization. China's "strong transportation country" strategy and smart city development necessitate a shift from traditional to digital thinking for subways, a crucial component of resident travel. Digitalization offers the potential to enhance operational efficiency and quality. This study analyzes the challenges of digital rail operations and presents Kunming Metro Line 4 as a case study. It explores Line 4's digital transformation journey, highlighting its economic benefits. By establishing a cloudbased comprehensive automation and business integration management system, Line 4 achieved synchronized digitalization across the enterprise, enabling practical implementation of digital metro operations. This approach reduced costs, improved efficiency, and offers valuable solutions for urban rail transit digitalization within the industry.

Amidst the ongoing development of rail transit and urbanization in China, station square planning with singlefunction can no longer meet the varied demands of urban construction. This study examined the construction history and related planning standards of station squares in Japan, conducted onsite research on station squares in multiple cities at different levels, analyzed the spatial planning and development methods for representative cases, and summarized the conclusions regarding Japanese station squares. The planning experience revealed the following recommendations: Pay attention to the spatial regulatory role of the station square in the integrated development of the station and city, and adjust the urban function of the square according to planning requirements. The construction of the square should be combined with the development characteristics of the surrounding areas of the station, focusing on the flexible layout and diversified use of the square. A cooperative organization should be established at each stage to focus on mutual communication and division of responsibilities among the various construction departments of the square, as well as the development of a continuous user participation mechanism and a complete square operation system, thereby hoping to provide reference and guidance for the sustainable development of China's rail transit and reasonable urban space planning.

This study uses multisource big data (e.g., metro card transactions, mobile phone signaling, and points of interest (POIs)) and interpretable machine learning methods (integrating random forest and Shapley additive explanations (SHAP) models) to investigate the nonlinear relationship between stationarea built environments and Chengdu Metro ridership as well as the synergistic effects among built environment variables. The results indicate that the three most important built environment determinants of metro ridership are the floor area ratio, employment density, and road density. Moreover, the SHAP model results reveal the threshold and synergistic effects of the stationarea built environment variables on metro ridership. These findings provide theoretical support and policy insights for transitoriented developmental (TOD) planning and practice.

In response to the relevant issues of urban operation transformation of existing railways under the background of "four network integration," this paper investigates new ideas and models for urban operation transformation of existing railways, taking the Xi'anHuyi railway transformation as an example. First, based on the function of urban railways, this study assessed the construction models and operational characteristics of existing railways for operating urban trains and identified current problems, such as incomplete technical standards, a low degree of network integration, a low passenger flow intensity, and significant operational losses. Second, taking the operation of urban trains on the Xi'anHuyi railway as an example, this study analyzed the transportation organization mode, passenger flow characteristics, and transportation connection methods and explored the applicability of the mixed passenger and freight modes of singletrack urban railways. Finally, this paper proposes optimization strategies for the highquality development of urban railways, including coordinating preliminary planning, optimizing transportation connections, improving operational efficiency, accelerating land development, and overcoming management barriers. These suggestions can provide a reference for subsequent renovation and upgrading of existing railways.

Urban rapid transit emerges under the background of the development of the urban circle in China. This study uses the Jingxiong Express Line as an example to explore design standards for urban rapid transit stations that can be popularized. Such stations should have the advantages of both railway and urban rail as well as integrate with urban spatial patterns and urban comprehensive transportation systems. In this study, the characteristics and differences between traditional and urban rail stations are determined. Then, the study analyzes the functional positioning of each station of the Jingxiong Express Line, which is divided