The blasting construction of water conservancy projects is characterized by its long duration and large scale. However, traditional methods for blasting design and construction control are inadequate to meet the requirements of current water conservancy project development. Therefore, it is crucial to study and establish a platform-based, networked, and intelligent blasting design and control system with significant engineering significance. To achieve this goal, this research adopts a front-end and back-end separation method using the Angular framework and SpringBoot framework based on BIM (Building Information Modeling), WebGIS (Geographic Information System), and developed blasting design software. The system comprises an intelligent blasting design module, three-dimensional visualization module, digital blasting control module, as well as an intelligent safety evaluation and prediction/warning module. This integration enables intelligent blasting design along with comprehensive auditing functions throughout the entire process. Importantly, the system can select control points on the excavation contour line for intelligent blasting design based on actual site conditions. It generates blast design schemes that undergo review using a model parameterized dynamic joint cropping method before being uploaded. This approach promotes standardization, informatization, and digital management of the entire blasting process while enhancing real-time interactive collaboration among various units involved in designing, constructing, supervising hydropower stations. The application of this system in slope blasting and excavation projects at Yebatan Hydropower Station demonstrates its effectiveness in carrying out blast designs while improving control efficiency. Consequently, it provides valuable technical support for slope blasting designs during hydropower station excavations.

The geological structure of the Ying Liang-bao hydroelectric underground power-house is complex due to the development of surrounding rock fissures, messy lithology, and a rock body with "hard, broken, miscellaneous" characteristics. Excavation and molding pose difficulties while pre-splitting blasting has poor effects. To address this issue, we conducted a systematic blasting test combined with pre-splitting for central groove construction on layer III of the power-house. In initial tests, both sides of the wall exhibited significant breakage after blasting and traces of presplitting holes were not clearly visible when linear charge density was nearly 100 g/m lower than standardized calculation values. Acoustic testing data revealed that average longitudinal wave velocity in the rock mass body was 4.03 km/s indicating overall poor integrity. Additionally, segmental wave velocities along axial depths from 0~1.5 m, 1.5~3.9 m and 3.9~7.4 m were found to be 2.59 km/s, 3.58 km/s and 4.70 km/s respectively suggesting segmented integrity differences in depth direction. Based on these findings an average single-hole linear charge density for pre-splitting blasts during excavation was determined to be between 0.123~0.284 kg/m with different densities selected according to varying depths while small charge rolls were evenly spaced for each section. The results obtained through testing and application have been positive ensuring basic formation of wall surfaces while significantly increasing half-porosity levels.

This study aims to investigate the stability evolution of the safety roof pillar during the transition from open-pit to underground mining in Longshou mine under the influence of blasting vibration. A numerical calculation model was established based on the current mining area conditions. The most critical position of the safety roof pillar was determined through calculations, and a two-dimensional numerical model for this position was developed using top-level mining as an example. By calculating blasting parameters and equivalent elastic boundaries, we obtained the peak blasting load transmitted from cutting holes, auxiliary holes, and peripheral holes to the excavation surface. Subsequently, numerical calculations were conducted to assess the stability of the safety roof pillar after applying an equivalent blasting load to the excavation face. The results indicate that each delayed blast caused displacement and vibration velocity peaks, with maximum displacement observed at monitoring points inside the safety roof pillar closest to the blast site. Vibration velocity spreads spherically around the blasting operation position into surrounding rock mass. Based on criteria related to blasting vibration velocity and rock damage assessment, it can be concluded that overall there is no or only slight damage present in the safety roof pillar. Additionally, analysis reveals that maximum principal stress remains lower than tensile strength of rock mass without any significant formation of a tensile fracture plastic zone on the safety roof pillar. In general, the designed thickness of the safety roof pillar meets requirements for open-pit to underground mining. However, due to actual geological complexities beyond what is captured by the numerical model, it is essential to continuously observe and monitor changes in the safety roof pillar to ensure its stability during ongoing mining operations.

The blasting effect of cut holes has a significant impact on the overall quality of blasting in large section tunnels. To address the challenges associated with difficult excavation and low utilization rate of blast holes, this study employs a fluid structure coupling algorithm based on ANSYS/LS-DYNA to compare and analyze the internal effective force and damage range between single wedge cut blasting and compound wedge cut blasting. The research findings confirm that compound wedge cut blasting yields better results compared to single wedge cut blasting, providing an explanation for this improved performance. The results indicate that in single wedge cutting, peak stress occurs at the bottom of the hole, gradually decreasing from the bottom to the stemming section before dropping sharply from the stemming section to the palm surface. In contrast, double wedge cutting exhibits higher peak stress values at the bottom of the first level cutting hole compared to single wedge cutting. The damage area cross-sections are found to be similar for both types of cutting models. However, in single wedge cutting models, rock from the blockage section to the palm face area remains unbroken and disconnected. Conversely, in compound wedge cutting models, there is complete connectivity throughout the entire groove cavity. Based on these numerical simulation results, an improved blasting scheme was implemented for a specific highway tunnel project. On-site experiments were conducted accordingly. Compound wedge cuts proved more effective in addressing issues such as low utilization rate of blast holes in large section tunnels and multiple large blocks after blasting.

The non-pillar sublevel caving method is extensively employed in underground metal deposits due to its advantages of high mining efficiency, simple structure, and enhanced safety. In order to address the issues associated with the laborious design process and insufficiently intuitive simulation effect of medium-length hole blasting using traditional pillarless sublevel caving methods, this study conducted a simulation and application research on the medium deep hole blasting process based on the Aegis blasting design and analysis software. Firstly, this paper introduces the module composition and functions of the software while summarizing the simulation analysis process. Secondly, two key technologies were investigated: utilizing model boundaries to confine the blasting space and employing staggered states of blasting energy to verify borehole network parameters. Finally, numerical simulations were performed on medium-length hole blasting in a specific underground mine with non-pillar sublevel caving method using this software. The research findings suggest that the explosion energy in a single row of blast holes is concentrated and fills the entire explosion chamber. The design of continuously coupled charging structure and a powder factor of 0.3 kg/t is deemed reasonable in this context. It appears that there exists a tangential state for the blasting cavity walls between adjacent blast holes, indicating that the energy between rows may not be sufficient to completely break the rock mass. The distance between blast holes, which is approximately 2.2 m, seems slightly larger. Multiple routes were analyzed to predict the distribution of blasting fragmentation masses, all showing a high proportion of large blocks, consistent with field engineering practice results. For instance, based on photos taken after one blasting event, it was observed that large blocks accounted for 18.03% of the total pile volume. Simulation results from Aegis software analysis indicate that the large spacing between blast holes may be a primary factor contributing to this high block rate. Furthermore, through conducting 12 blasting tests on six mining routes within an experimental section and verifying these results through simulation analysis, consistent outcomes regarding proportions of block size and mass were obtained. This effectively supports the practical application efficiency of the software on-site. Overall, these findings contribute valuable insights into optimizing blasting techniques in rock excavation projects by considering factors such as explosion energy concentration and hole spacing to achieve desired fragmentation outcomes while minimizing undesirable block formation.

In deep hole bench blasting in open-pit mines, several issues arise including high consumption of explosives per blast, large bulk and foundation ratio, increased overall cost, inadequate loose blasting pile for shovel loading, and excessive blasting vibrations that affect slope stability. This study focuses on the controlled blasting project of deep-hole benches in Duobaoshan open-pit mine. Theoretical analysis was conducted to establish an analytical formula for the stress field caused by hole-by-hole blasting. The parameters such as hole and row spacings, minimum bottom resistance line, and delay time between holes were determined based on this formula. The LS-DYNA software was utilized to analyze the blasting stress and crushing range under these parameters. Furthermore, six groups of industrial field tests were carried out at Duobaoshan open pit mine using different blasting parameters. These tests aimed to determine the variation patterns of powder factor, fragmentation size, and looseness characteristics among different explosives. The optimized parameters for controlled deep hole bench blasting in Duobaoshan open-pit mine were verified and determined through these experiments. The main research findings are as follows: (1) Under the coupling charge condition of Duobaoshan open-pit blasts and utilizing theoretical derivation and analysis of stress fields from hole-by-hole initiation method, it was found that the influence of stress field distribution is limited to front and rear holes with a delay time between holes set at 17 ms. (2) UAV tilt photography technology along with mobile phone photography can be employed to collect data on detonation piles' characteristics and lumpiness size at blast sites. Analysis based on collected data provides effective insights into looseness levels. (3) For the 178 mm of the hole diameter and 17 ms of the holes' delay time of the deep hole bench blasting in Duobaoshan open-pit mine, the powder factor is 0.60 kg/m³ and the hole row spacing is 7 m×5 m under the conditions that the blast lumpiness is less than 60 cm and the looseness is greater than 1.45 shovel loading.

The distribution of blasting fragmentation in open pit mines has a direct impact on subsequent excavation, transportation, and crushing operations. To effectively control the fragmentation distribution of blasted rocks in different regions of graphite mines, a new model for evaluating rock blastability was developed using the K-means unsupervised cluster learning method and entropy weight TOPSIS evaluation method. Evaluation indexes including rock density, dynamic energy dissipation rate, dynamic compressive strength, average strain rate, and brittleness index were selected. Through entropy weight calculation, it was determined that the degree of rock breakage is most influenced by the brittleness index and least influenced by the average strain rate. The model was then applied to an actual graphite mine to assess its effectiveness. The rock blastability was divided into 10 grades based on this evaluation model. The average particle size of rocks under different grades was calculated and it was observed that as blastability grade increased, so did the average particle size. This finding demonstrates clear classification characteristics and validates the efficacy of our model. From the perspective of rock mass type of graphite ore, the rock explosibility is ranked from easy to difficult: schist, gneiss, granodiorite, mixed rock. Combined with the analysis of microscopic observation results of graphite ore, it can be seen that the lithology changes from schist to mixed rock, and the graphite crystalline content in the rock decreases, and the graphite ore explosibility grade is also higher and higher. Additionally, there exists a linear positive relationship between density/energy dissipation rate/dynamic compressive strength with rock blastability while negative correlation is observed with respect to average strain rate/brittleness index.

Rock blastability classification is a prerequisite for determining labour quotas, designing blasting programmes and controlling the unit consumption of explosives. In order to realize a real-time grading of rock explodability, a measurement of in-situ drilling parameters of carbon-bearing muddy dolomite during the excavation process of ore body and roadway in the Shukongping phosphorus mine has been carried out based on the KJ212-1 full-hydraulic boring drilling truck. Combined with the indoor uniaxial compressive strength test, the relationship model between the uniaxial compressive strength R_c and the drilling speed V, the drilling hole diameter D and the rotary pressure M was respectively established and verified. Finally, the model is substituted into the solidity coefficient f relationship equation to derive a model for the relationship between the blasthole drill-following parameters and the rock blastability classification. The results of the study show that the average rate of difference between the uniaxial compressive strength calculated by the relational model and the results of the indoor uniaxial compression tests is 5.5%, which demonstrates the reasonableness of applying the model to the real-time prediction of rock blastability. This model provides a more convenient and fast method for real-time grading prediction of rock blastability. The results show that the dolomitic banded phosphorite, mud banded phosphorite and dense banded phosphorite are medium explosive, carbon-bearing mud dolomite is difficult to explode.

This study focuses on the impact of charge structure on the distribution of blast pile morphology in a limestone mine. A combination of theoretical analysis, GDEM-BlockDyna numerical simulation, and on-site optimization tests were conducted to investigate the morphological distribution of step blasting and blast reactors. The change in blast pile morphology with different charge structures was analyzed. The results indicate that the looseness and throwing distance of the blast pile initially increase and then decrease with an increase in the upper charge proportion of the interval section. The height of the explosion pile generally decreases but shows an initial decrease followed by an increase when there is a large air interval proportion. Additionally, the slope angle of the blast pile increases with an increase in charge proportion in the upper section of the interval section but decreases when this proportion becomes too large. These findings demonstrate that explosive pile patterns vary according to charge structure. Furthermore, through numerical simulation methods, effective optimization can be achieved for charge structure, leading to improved on-site explosion patterns and economic benefits for mining operations.

The impact of fragmentation size and gradation on the stability and permeability of rockfill in hydraulic engineering is of great significance. Accurate prediction of fragmentation size has become a key focus in rock blasting research. In this study, a PSO-BPNN model is developed based on the Backpropagation Neural Networks (BPNN) with optimized network weights and biases using the Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO) algorithm. The model is trained and tested using representative blasting data, and its reliability and applicability are validated through its application in the Hunyuan Pumped Storage Power Station project in Shanxi. Results demonstrate that the PSO-BPNN model exhibits short computation time and high reliability for predicting fragmentation size, with a maximum relative error between the model output and actual average fragmentation size of 6.56%. Therefore, this model demonstrates high predictive accuracy and applicability, providing precise guidance for construction of rock-fill dams at the Hunyuan Pumped Storage Power Station in Shanxi province.