Full
Outline
Ruxiang（Frankincense）is a traditional Chinese medicine that enhances blood circulation，reduces swelling and promotes muscle growth. It is rich in triterpenes，diterpenes，volatile oils and other chemical compounds. However，raw Ruxiang（Frankincense）is toxic and can cause adverse reactions such as allergic rhinitis，eczema，nausea，joint pain，diarrhea and fever. Ruxiang（Frankincense）shows toxicity in liver，heart，kidneys and embryos of experimental animals. This presents a significant challenge to its safe use and development in clinical settings.“Vinegar-processing into liver”as a traditional Chinese medicine processing theory is widespread in clinical applications. Nowadays，the toxicity of raw Ruxiang（Frankincense）is reduced by vinegar processing. Vinegar-processing Ruxiang（Frankincense）is the only processed product in Chinese Pharmacopoeia. It has lower irritability than raw Ruxiang（Frankincense）. However，the toxic components of Ruxiang（Frankincense）are currently unknown，and the quality of the processed products is uneven. This paper reviewed a large number of ancient books and modern literature to study the toxicity and processing of Ruxiang（Frankincense）. It collated and inducted relevant literature，elaborating on the clinical adverse reactions of Ruxiang（Frankincense），the toxic components，the current status of toxicology research and the research on processing technology and vinegar-processing for toxicity reduction mechanisms. It is expected to provide research ideas for quality evaluation，rational development，safe application and the mechanism of vinegar-processing to reduce the toxicity of Ruxiang（Frankincense）. It is of great theoretical importance and practical value for the scientific interpretation of traditional processing theory and the optimization of the processing in traditional Chinese medicine.
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| 科 Family | 属数 Number of genus | 种数 Number of species | 占总种数比例 Percentage of total species (%) | 属 Genus | 种数 Number of species | 占总种数比例 Percentage of total species (%) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae | 2 | 11 | 5.26 | 鹅膏菌属 Amanita | 10 | 4.78 |
| 小菇科 Mycenaceae | 2 | 12 | 5.74 | 丝盖伞属 Inocybe | 5 | 2.39 |
| 多孔菌科 Polyporaceae | 8 | 14 | 6.70 | 蜡蘑属 Laccaria | 5 | 2.39 |
| 红菇科 Russulaceae | 3 | 23 | 11.00 | 小皮伞属 Marasmius | 6 | 2.87 |
| 小菇属 Mycena | 11 | 5.26 | ||||
| 光柄菇属 Pluteus | 5 | 2.39 | ||||
| 红菇属 Russula | 17 | 8.13 | ||||
| 栓菌属 Trametes | 5 | 2.39 |
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