Natural drugs have been used in clinic for thousands of years in China, with complete and systematic theories, and are the treasure of the Chinese nation. Among them, flavonoids, polysaccharides, iridoid glycosides, saponins and other natural drugs have been proved to have curative effects on many diseases. Generally, the bioavailability of natural drugs absorbed in the intestine after oral administration is relatively low. As one of the ecosystems regulating the host's adaptation to the environment, the gut microbiota has a two-way effect on the host's internal and external environment, which is usually closely related to the efficacy of natural drugs. In order to understand the mechanism of the effect of drugs that are difficult to absorb, the exploration of targeting the gut microbiota has become a new strategy in recent years. The metabolism of natural drugs is often achieved through the enzymes produced by the gut microbiota, which is closely related to its efficacy and safety. The research of metabolic transformation by the gut microbiota is still limited. So in this review, we mainly discussed the characteristics of major metabolic enzymes derived from gut microbiota and the research progress in the metabolism and transformation of natural drugs, aiming to enrich the information on the metabolism mechanism of natural drugs under the action of gut microbiota and provide evidence for proving that gut microbiota is part of the regulation axis of other organs. It also provides some scientific reference for deepening the understanding and cognition of the metabolism and transformation of natural drugs under the action of intestinal bacteria.

OBJECTIVE To establish an effective identification method for Jiawa and easily mixed species by using DNA barcoding ITS2 sequence. METHODS The total DNA of 72 Jiawa and its similar species samples were extracted by using the plant genomic DNA Extraction kit,PCR amplification and bidirectional sequencing were carried out for the ITS2 fragments, another 30 items of the genus were downloaded from GenBank. MEGA6.0 software was applied to analyze 102 ITS2 sequences, calculate the intraspecific and interspecific K2-P distance, construct neighber-jioning (N-J) phylogenetic tree, and predict the secondary structure of ITS2. RESULTS K2-P genetic distance analysis showed that, in addition to Pleurospermum franchetianum Hemsl. and Pleurospermum wrightianum de Boiss., Pleurospermum hookeri var. thomsonii C.B. Clarke., Sphallerocarpus gracilis (Bess.) K.-Pol., Vicatia thibetica de Boiss., Carum carvi L., Heracleum millefolium Diels., Ligusticum daucoides (Franch.) Franch. and Anthriscus sylvestris subsp. Nemorosa have obvious barcode spacing. N-J tree cluster analysis showed that each species could be clustered into one branch with a bootstrap support rate of >50%, and the monophyleticity was good. The secondary structure analysis of ITS2 showed that the number, size and position of stem-loops in the four helical regions of Jiawa and its miscible were different. CONCLUSION The ITS2 sequence can be used to identify Jiawa and its easily mixed species, which is beneficial to the rational development and utilization of Jiawa resources.

Matricaria chamomilla L. is a herbaceous plant belonging to Asteraceae family. It is frequently used as medicinal herb in the Uygur medicines and is mainly produced in Xinjiang Uygur autonomous region, Europe and other places. Its chemical constituents mainly include flavonoids, phenolic acids, essential oil, coumarins and other compounds. This herb has anti-inflammatory, analgesic, antibacterial, antioxidant, anti-tumor, hypoglycemic, hypolipidemic, hypotensive and pharmacological effects on gastrointestinal and nervous system. Based on the overview of the chemical constituents and pharmacological effects of chamomile, this paper conducts a predictive analysis of its quality markers. It is speculated that flavonoids, phenolic acids and sesquiterpenoids can be used as quality markers of chamomile, providing scientific reference for establishing its quality standards.

OBJECTIVE To investigate and analyze the medical information of anti-hypertensive drugs instructions in children and provide reference for clinical rational drug. METHODS A total of 473 instructions of anti-hypertensive drugs were collected. The determine standards for the dosage and medical information guidance of anti-hypertensive drugs in children were established according to Provisions on the Administration of Drug Instructions and Labels, and then the labeling of medical information in children was analyzed. RESULTS The dosage of anti-hypertensive drugs in children was labeled 55.18%, vaguely labeled 5.50% and unlabeled 39.32%, and then the medical guidance information of anti-hypertensive drugs in children was labeled 31.50%, vaguely labeled 28.54% and unlabeled 39.96%. CONCLUSION The information labeling rate of anti-hypertensive drugs in children is low, the medical information is insufficient, and there is still a certain risk of medication in children.

OBJECTIVE To prepare berberinehydrochloride resincomplex for good taste-masking effectof lyophilized oraldisintegration tablets using berberine hydrochloride as a model drug and using Kyron-T114 as the drug-loaded resin. METHODS The drug-resin composites were prepared by using the static method. Then drawn the adsorption isotherm and adsorption kinetic curves to study the adsorption mechanism of the resin. Afterwards, the characteristic of the berberine hydrochloride resin complex was studied by using the SEM, DSC, XRD and FTIR. Finally, prepared the oral disintegration tablets of berberine hydrochloride and its resin complex by using the lyophilized extrusion technology. Next, studied the in vitro release experiments and evaluated the effect of masking taste. RESULTS According to the research, a berberine hydrochloride-resin complex with the drug loaded of 43.04% was prepared. And the analysis showed that the adsorption of the drug on the resin was the multilayered chemical adsorption. The dissolution of berberine hydrochloride's powder is mainly affected by the solubility of berberine hydrochloride. Moreover, the dissolution mechanism is mainly based on Fick diffusion. The dissolution of berberine hydrochloride's powder is mainly affected by the pH of the solution, along with the concentration and the type of the ion in the solution. In artificial gastric juice, the drug dissociates rapidly from the resin. So the film diffusion was the rate-limiting step for dissolution. On the contrary, the drug dissociated slowly in the water, artificial saliva, artificial intestinal fluids including pH 4.5 and pH 6.8. So the particle diffusion was the rate-limiting step for dissolution. Besides, the dissolution of lyophilized oral disintegration tablets of drug-resin complexes in artificial saliva was significantly lower than that of berberine hydrochloride oral disintegration tablets. Lastly, the results from sensory evaluation and electronic tongue detection proved that the lyophilized oral disintegration tablets of berberine hydrochloride-resin compound has good taste masking effect. CONCLUSION Berberine hydrochloride resin complex lyophilized mouth collapse has good taste masking effect. Moreover, the drug-resin complex prepared by Kyron-T114, a weak cation exchange resin, is beneficial to improve the dissolution of poorly soluble drugs in artificial gastric juice, thereby improving their oral bioavailability. Thus, it can provide a new idea for the taste masking of traditional Chinese medicine.

OBJECTIVE To screen and study the effects of small activating RNA (saRNA) enhancing the expression of ABCG2 gene on renal and intestinal cell excretion of uric acid (UA) to explore a new type of therapeutic mechanism drugs to promote UA excretion. METHODS saRNAs targeting mice and human ABCG2 genes were designed and screened by real-time quantitative reverse transcription PCR(RT-qPCR) and Western blot in mice TCMK-1 and human HK-2 cells. The effect of the selected saRNA on the excretion of UA was examined in TCMK-1 and HK-2 cells. The mice saRNA was injected into the tail vein of hyperuricemia (HUA) model mice. The levels of serum uric acid (SUA), urinary uric acid (UUA), intestinal uric acid, blood urea nitrogen (BUN) and serum creatinine (SCr), and the activity of liver xanthine oxidase (XOD) in the mice were detected to verify the ability of selected saRNA to promote UA excretion. The pathological changes of kidney and small intestine were analyzed through H&E. The expression of ABCG2 in kidney and small intestine was analyzed by RT-qPCR, Western blot and immunohistochemistry. RESULTS Four saRNAs targeting ABCG2 were selected, 2 for mice and 2 for human, named saRNA-1/2 and hsaRNA-1/2 respectively, which increased the expression of ABCG2 in TCMK-1 and HK-2 cells (P<0.05), and promoted the extracellular excretion of UA (P<0.05). In HUA model mice, saRNA-1/2 increased the levels of UUA and intestinal UA (P<0.05), reduced the levels of SUA, BUN, and SCr (P<0.05), decreased the damage of HUA to kidney and small intestine, and enhanced the expression of ABCG2 in kidney and small intestine, but did not show significant effect on the activity of liver XOD (P>0.05). CONCLUSION The selected saRNAs could enhance the expression of ABCG2 and promote the excretion of UA in cells and mice, reducing SUA level.

OBJECTIVE To research and evaluate risk of 18 polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons(PAHs) in seed-fruit herbs based on a SPE-isotope dilution GC-MS/MS method for the determination of the residues. METHODS Using isotope as internal standard, the sample was extracted by n-hexane and purified by molecular imprinting solid phase extraction. GC-MS /MS method was used for the assay. The chromatographic column was DB-17ms(0.25 mm×30 m, 0.25 μm) with temperature programming and MRM detection. The preliminary risk assessment of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in seeds and fruits of traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) was carried out by using toxicity equivalent factor method. RESULTS The calibration curves for the 18 kinds of typical PAHs were linear in the range of 2-50 ng·mL^-1. The average recovery rate was in the range of 77.25%-112.32%, with RSD 2.74%-15.89% (n=3). The LOQs were 0.2-1 μg·kg^-1 According to the risk assessment results, some varieties may have potential cancer risk. CONCLUSION This method is specific, sensitive, and can be used for residue detection of 18 typical kinds of PAHs in seed-fruit herbs. The residual amount of PAHs in some seeds and fruits of traditional Chinese medicine may have a potential cancer risk, which need attention.

OBJECTIVE To analyze the characteristics of clinical pharmacists' participation in consultation cases of infectious diseasesin the intensive care unit (ICU), summarize the experience and effect and provide reference for promoting the rational use of antiinfection drugs in ICU. METHODS A retrospective analysis was conducted on the cases of clinical pharmacists participating in ICU infection consultation from November 2021 to MAY 2023, and the basic data, common etiology, consultation purpose, adoption rate, and prognosis of these cases were statistically summarized. RESULTS Among the 72 consultations, there were 60 patients with positive etiological examination results and 73 strains of virus, including 35 strains of Gram negative bacteria, 28 strains of Gram positive bacteria, and 10 strains of fungi. The top three bacteria were Pseudomonas aeruginosa (23.61%), Staphylococcus aureus (16.67%), and Klebsiella pneumoniae (9.72%). The top three clinical consultation purposes were the selection of antibacterial drugs for positive bacterial/fungal culture (47.22%), the adjustment of medication due to poor early protocol (22.22%), and the selection of antibacterial drugs for specific site infections (12.50%). The top three consultation opinions given by pharmacists were 24 cases of adjusting the type of antibacterial drugs, 16 cases of adding antibacterial drugs, and 16 cases of continuing the original antiinfection treatment plan. The consultation opinions were adopted in 62 cases and not adopted in 10 cases, with an adoption rate of 86.11%. Among them, the treatment effectiveness rate of patients with accepted opinions was 74.19%, and that of patients without accepted opinions was 30.00%. The prognosis of patients with accepted opinions was better (P<0.05). CONCLUSION Due to the particularity of ICU patients and the limitation of drug selection, antiinfection treatment is difficult. Clinical pharmacists participate in consultation of ICU infected patients and formulate drug treatment plans can improve the cure rate of infectious diseases, which is of great significance to promote the rational use of antibiotics and improve the prognosis of patients.

OBJECTIVE To study the effect of different particle size of nifedipine on the in vitro and in vivo equivalence of its sustained-release tablets (Ⅰ), and confirm the appropriate range. METHODS The effect of API with different particle size on the dissolution of nifedipine sustained-release tablets (Ⅰ) was evaluated by experimental design and dissolution similarity factors (f₂), and the in vitro dissolution and in vivo bioequivalence of the commercial products with the reference preparations were compared. RESULTS The dissolution of the industrial products prepared by micronizing the API to Dv90 ≤20 μm is similar to the reference preparations in four dissolution media in vitro, and both are bioequivalent in vivo. CONCLUSION The particle size of API is the key factor affecting the release and equivalence of nifedipine sustained-release tablets (Ⅰ).

OBJECTIVE To provide the basis for the original source and quality control, and investigate herbal textual and pharmacognosy of Yi medicine Peperomia tetraphylla(Guo Jiu Lu). METHODS By consulting ancient and modern herbal literature combined with actual investigation and research, the research was carried out from four aspects: name, the origin, Yi medicinal use history and folk proved prescription. The plant morphology and medicinal properties were observed and described, the paraffin sections of stems and leaves and the whole grass powder were prepared to observe the microscopic characteristics.Physicochemical identification was performed based on thin-layer chromatography.The content of α-asarone in P.Tetraphylla was determined by HPLC.The volatile oil was extracted by steam distillation and the volatile components were analyzed by GC-MS. RESULTS In different herbal works, the proper names recorded with Peperomia tetraphylla. as the original plant are not uniform, and there are many other names, including 5 proper names and 44 specific names. The phenomenon of the same substance with different names is very prominent. In addition, the foreign substance of the same name also exists objectively: in addition to the Piperaceae plant Peperomia tetraphylla., the drug recorded with the name of "Yizhuxiang" also involved the Rubidiaceae plant Hedyotis capituligera Hance. The related plants of Peperomia genus Peperomia blanda and Peperomia duclouxii were also known as Peperomia tetraphylla., which was a foreign substance of the same name. The medicinal use of Yi nationality could be traced back to the journal of《Yunnan Sheng Zhi》, comprehensive research, the yi language called: , transliteration name: Guo Jiu Lu. Ten folk empirical prescriptions were recorded in the literature. Systematic pharmacognostic study was carried out on 10 lots of collected medicinal materials, and the morphological characteristics, tissue structure, powder characteristics, and physical and chemical identification characteristics of the medicinal materials were determined. The content of α-asarone was determined by HPLC between 0.0648% and 0.5916%, the volatile oil of 5 batches of medicinal materials from Sichuan, Yunnan and Guizhou were analyzed by GC-MS, and 24 compounds were identified,and 5 compounds with relative percentage content greater than 2% were obtained by peak area percentage method. CONCLUSION This paper systematically completes the herbal research and pharmacognotic research of Yi medicine P.Tetraphylla, and promotes its inclusion in the 《Standard of Traditional Chinese Medicinal Materials in Sichuan Province》 (Tibetan, Yi, Qiang and Miao Medicinal Materials 2022 edition), which will provide an important basis for the scientific evaluation and in-depth development of the quality of P.Tetraphylla.