OBJECTIVE To investigate the current research status and trends of gut microbiota in diabetes both domestically and internationally, thereby providing a reference for advancing related studies. METHODS By systematically retrieving literature on diabetes and gut microbiota published in the Web of Science (WOS) and China National Knowledge Infrastructure (CNKI) databases from 2000 to 2024, visual analyses were performed using specialized tools to examine the number of publications, authors, institutions, journals, citation frequencies, and keywords. RESULTS A total of 1 514 Chinese and 2 780 English articles were retrieved. Since 2010, the number of published articles has shown an upward trend. Domestically and internationally, high-impact journals include the Chinese Journal of Microecology and Nutrients, respectively. High-frequency keywords revealed key areas such as metabolomics, insulin resistance, and bifidobacteria (Chinese), research hotspots including diabetic nephropathy, intestinal nitrogen homeostasis disorder, and probiotic supplementation (English). Future research will focus on specific strains, metabolites, and traditional Chinese medicine therapies. CONCLUSION Significant progress has been made in the study of gut microbiota and diabetes; however, disparities between domestic and international research remain. In the future, efforts should be directed toward deepening mechanistic research, enhancing interdisciplinary collaboration, and promoting clinical translation.

OBJECTIVE To investigate the toxic mechanisms of Tripterygium wilfordii tablet(TWT) causing male mice reproductive damage and to identify detoxification targets. METHODS TWT was used to induce reproductive injury in mice. Metagenomic and metabolomics analysis were employed to perform differential analysis and functional analysis of gut microbiota and metabolites, aiming to identify the causative strains and metabolic pathways for reproductive injury, and to elucidate the mechanisms by which the microbiota and metabolites affect reproductive injury. RESULTS TWT significantly reduced the testicular index and sperm count in mice, leading to oxidative stress in testicular tissues. And TWT disrupted the gut microbiota and testicular metabolism. Supplementation with exogenous indole-3-lactic acid and Lactobacillus reuteri could regulate oxidative stress and improve testicular damage induced by TWT. CONCLUSION TWT cause reproductive damage by disrupting the gut microbiota and testicular metabolism. Lactobacillus reuteri and its metabolite, indole-3-lactic acid, improve male mice reproductive damage induced by TWHF tablets by regulating oxidative stress in testicular tissues.

OBJECTIVE To investigate the sex-specific effects of icariin on gut microbiota in aged mice and elucidate its regulatory mechanisms on microbial diversity, community structure, and metabolic functions. METHODS Young(2-month-old) and aged(24-month-old) male/female C57BL/6J mice were orally administered icariin(100 mg·kg·d^-1) or saline for 14 days. Gut microbiota profiles were analyzed via 16S rRNA sequencing, and metabolic pathways were predicted using KEGG annotation. RESULTS Icariin significantly increased α-diversity in aged mice(Chao1 index: +25%, P<0.05) and shifted β-diversity toward a younger-like pattern. At the phylum level, icariin reduced Bacteroidetes abundance while increasing Firmicutes(F/B ratio restored to youthful levels). Notably, Akkermansiaceae was enriched in aged female mice(4.1-fold). KEGG analysis revealed enhanced glucose metabolism and sphingolipid metabolism(3.2-fold upregulation in females). CONCLUSION Icariin ameliorates age-related gut dysbiosis in a sex-dependent manner, highlighting its potential for gender-tailored anti-aging interventions in traditional Chinese medicine.

Mineral Chinese medicine is an important part of traditional Chinese medicine.Due to resources,sources,history and other reasons,compared with the research of plant and animal medicine,the research of mineral Chinese medicine has been slow for a long time.Based on ancient materia medica,modern monographs,Chinese pharmacopoeia and domestic and foreign literature,the definition,classification,varieties,quality control,processing and analysis methods of mineral Chinese medicine were reviewed,and the main problems, research and development suggestion are put forward.The purpose is to provide reference for the sustainable utilization of mineral Chinese medicine resources,the in-depth study of mineral Chinese medicine and the promotion of the development of mineral Chinese medicine in our country.

Colorectal cancer(CRC) is a prevalent malignant tumor of the digestive tract. In China, most patients are diagnosed at an advanced stage, with approximately 44% having developed liver and lung metastases, presenting significant challenges for clinical treatment. In recent years, immune checkpoint inhibitors(ICIs) have shown significant efficacy in patients with deficient mismatch repair or microsatellite instability-high(dMMR/MSI-H) metastatic colorectal cancer(mCRC), yet they have shown limited effectiveness in patients with proficient mismatch repair or microsatellite stable(pMMR/MSS) mCRC. Further exploration into the heterogeneous tumor microenvironment, the mechanism of immunotherapy resistance and other combined immunotherapy is anticipated to facilitate the transformation of “cold tumors” into “hot tumors”. This article is intended to review the research progress on the immune escape mechanism and the immunotherapy combination treatment for MSS mCRC.

OBJECTIVE To evaluate the safety of intra-articular injection of α2-macroglobulin(α2-M) derived from human plasma Cohn fraction Ⅳ. METHODS α2-M was prepared from human plasma Cohn fraction Ⅳ and its purity and activity were tested. A rabbit red blood cell hemolysis test was conducted using an in vitro test tube method. The local irritancy was evaluated by injecting α2-M into the knee joint cavity of rats. The abnormal toxicity test was conducted by injecting α2-M into the abdominal cavity of mice and guinea pigs. RESULTS The purity of fraction Ⅳ derived α2-M was 95%, with an activity of (6.835±0.104) μg·mL^-1. In the in vitro hemolysis test, no hemolysis or aggregation was observed macroscopically, but slight hemolysis was detected by spectrophotometry. The irritancy test showed no obvious abnormalities at the injection site of the rats after administration, with good general condition, appearance, behavior, and spirit, and no abnormal changes in routine blood and blood biochemistry indicators except for PCT and Bas. In the abnormal toxicity test, no abnormal reactions were observed within 30 min after intraperitoneal injection of the test article in mice and guinea pigs, and the average body weight of mice and guinea pigs increased by the end of the observation period. CONCLUSION α2-M derived from human plasma Cohn fraction Ⅳ is considered to be safe in vivo.

OBJECTIVE To optimized the extraction process of Ganoderma lucidum crude polysaccharide using Ganoderma lucidum fruiting body as experimental material, and discuss its antioxidant activity. METHODS In this study, the extraction conditions of crude polysaccharide from Ganoderma lucidum were optimized by single factor experiment and response surface methodology. The polysaccharide was extracted by hot water extraction method, protein was removed by Sevag method, and purified by anion exchange column chromatography and gel column chromatography. Its structure was preliminarily determined by UV spectrum, FT-IR spectrum and atomic force microscope. The antioxidant activity of Ganoderma lucidum polysaccharide was evaluated by detecting DPPH radical, ABTS radical, hydroxyl radical and superoxide anion scavenging ability. RESULTS The results showed that the best extraction conditions of Ganoderma lucidum crude polysaccharide was extraction temperature 92.4 ℃, extraction time 5 h 5 min, liquid-solid ratio 21∶1, and the yield was 2.967±0.228%. Ganoderma lucidum polysaccharide obtained by extraction and purification conform to the structural characteristics of polysaccharide, and did not contain nucleic acids and proteins. Atomic force microscopy showed that most of them presented a chain like conformation. Ganoderma lucidum polysaccharide can significantly scavenge DPPH radical, ABTS radical, hydroxyl radical and superoxide anion. CONCLUSION Ganoderma lucidum polysaccharide has good antioxidant ability, this study provides a basis for further development and application of Ganoderma lucidum.

OBJECTIVE To establish HPLC fingerprint and multi-component content determination method for Linderae Radix, and explore the quality of Linderae Radix from different origins by combining chemical pattern recognition method, providing scientific basis for the quality control and further development of Linderae Radix. METHODS High-performance liquid chromatography(HPLC) was employed, using acetonitrile-0.1% triethylamine aqueous solution(adjusted to pH=3.0 with acetic acid) as the mobile phase for gradient elution, to establish the fingerprint of Linderae Radix. The quality of Linderae Radix from different areas was explored through chemical pattern recognition methods, such as similarity evaluation, cluster analysis(HCA), principal component analysis(PCA), and orthogonal partial least squares discriminant analysis(OPLS-DA). RESULTS The established fingerprint method meets the methodological requirements. A total of 17 common peaks were calibrated in the fingerprint spectra of 44 batches of Linderae Radix, and the similarity was greater than 0.8. Seven components were identified, including norisoboldine, boldine, reticuline, linderalactone, linderane, linderene and lindenanolide H. The HCA analysis results showed that the 44 batches of Linderae Radix were classified into five categories. PCA analysis indicated that the cumulative variance contribution rate of the first four principal components was 80.123%. OPLS-DA analysis showed that linderane, linderene, norisoboldine, and linderalactone were identified as differential chemical components of Linderae Radix. The content determination results indicate that “Tiantai Linderae Radix” has significantly higher levels of linderane (P<0.001), linderene (P<0.001), and linderalactone (P<0.01) compared with Linderae Radix from other regions. CONCLUSION The established fingerprint and content determination method is reliable and stable, providing a reference for the quality evaluation of Linderae Radix and the multi-index quality control of related preparations.

OBJECTIVE To explore the efficacy of small/short interfering RNA- insulin-like growth factor 1 receptor(siRNA-IGF1R) in the treatment of sorafenib-resistant liver cancer. METHODS SiRNA-IGF1R was transfected into sorafenib-resistant hepatocellular carcinoma cells, and the effects of blank control, siRNA-NC(Lipo3000), siRNA-IGF1R, sorafenib, siRNA-IGF1R combined with sorafenib on the proliferation, migration and invasion of the drug-resistant cells were compared by CellTiter-Glo^® luminescent cell viability assay(CTG) detection and Transwell assay. In vivo, the mouse xenograft tumor model was constructed by drug-resistant cell line, and the tumor volume, mouse body weight, and IGF1R expression in blank control, siRNA-IGF1R, sorafenib, siRNA-IGF1R combined with sorafenib groups were compared. RESULTS In vitro, compared with the blank control group, siRNA-NC(Lipo3000) and sorafenib alone had no effect on the proliferation, migration and invasion of sorafenib-resistant HepG2 cells. SiRNA-IGF1R and siRNA-IGF1R combined with sorafenib treatment inhibited the proliferation, migration and invasion of HepG2-so cells; and the combined effect of the two drugs was superior to that of siRNA-IGF1R treatment alone. In vivo, the combination of siRNA-IGF1R and sorafenib significantly inhibited tumor growth in mice, outperforming the effect of siRNA-IGF1R alone, with no significant difference in mouse body weight; siRNA-IGF1R markedly reduced IGF1R expression in tumor tissues. CONCLUSION IGF1R is a target for the treatment of sorafenib resistance in liver cancer, and siRNA-IGF1R enhances the efficacy of sorafenib in the treatment of drug-resistant liver cancer by knocking down IGF1R.

OBJECTIVE To prepare lutein microcapsules using yeast cells as the wall material and lutein as the core material by the freeze-drying method. METHODS One-way tests and response surface method optimization were employed to explore the effects of different temperatures, times and core ratios on the embedding rate of the microcapsules, thereby determining the optimal preparation process. Additionally, the microchemistry of the microcapsules, storage stability, and in vitro simulated digestion were analyzed to evaluate the impacts on the antioxidant activity of the microcapsules, in vitro digestive release behavior, and the digestive effect under a fluorescence microscope. RESULTS The results indicated that the optimal preparation process involved a temperature of 40 ℃, a time of 1.5 h, and a core material ratio of 1∶3(g∶g). Under these optimized conditions, the embedding rate of lutein microcapsules reached 81.77%. Scanning electron microscopy results demonstrated that the microcapsule particles were intact, with a smooth surface, dense structure and an excellent embedding effect. Compared with the control group, microencapsulation treatment could significantly enhance the physiological activity and storage stability of lutein. Under light conditions, it increased by 29.40%, showing good light resistance. Under acidic conditions, it increased by 14.70%-48.07%, and under neutral or weak alkaline conditions, it increased by 45.33%-58.44%, which improved the pH stability of lutein and enabled it to better resist the destruction of intestinal fluid. Investigations of the storage environment of lutein microcapsules revealed that the activity of lutein microcapsules increased by 7.06% under light-avoidance conditions. Lutein microcapsules stored under neutral or weak alkaline conditions had the best effect. They could be stored at room temperature for 28 d, during which the antioxidant activity decreased by 23.74%. Reducing the temperature could increase the antioxidant activity and significantly extend the shelf life. In the simulated gastrointestinal digestion test, the yellow-green fluorescence signal under the fluorescence microscope was first enhanced and then weakened, indicating that lutein was digested and utilized in the gastrointestinal tract. The microcapsules had favorable release properties, and exhibited the highest antioxidant activity and release rate during 2 h gastrointestinal digestion, which could effectively reduce the loss of lutein and improve its bioavailability. CONCLUSION This paper broadens new perspectives for the application of yeast cells and also provides a new reference basis for the development of the lutein industry.

OBJECTIVE To study the accumulation pattern of effective components in Cistanche deserticola in different months, and to provide theoretical support for the harvesting, processing and quality control of Cistanche deserticola. METHODS Fifty-four batches of Cistanche deserticola samples were collected from April to December 2023, and a high performance liquid chromatography(HPLC) method was established for the simultaneous determination of six components in Cistanche deserticola, such as echinacoside, acteoside, tubuloside A, isoacteoside, poliumoside and geniposide, etc. The content of 54 batches of herbs were determined to analyze the trend of content changes. 54 batches of Cistanche deserticola herbs were identified and classified by chemometrics analysis, hierarchical cluster analysis (HCA), principal component analysis (PCA), and orthogonal partial least squares-discriminant analysis (OPLS-DA). RESULTS The established HPLC method was able to achieve a good separation of six components in the samples. The contents of the echinacoside, acteoside, tubuloside A, and isoacteoside, decreased gradually with the blooming of the herbs in April-August and increased in September-December while the contents of poliumoside decreased in the blooming stage of Cistanche deserticola. The content of geniposide reached its highest in the full bloom period; the content of the cyclic enol ether terpene constituent geniposide was higher in November-December than in the other periods. From the HCA and PCA analyses, it was found that 54 batches of Cistanche deserticola samples could be clearly differentiated into four groups(elongation period, full bloom period, fruit splitting period, and dormant period), among which all of them were clustered together in one group during the spring harvesting period, and the main feature was that the content of echinacoside was the highest; the samples of Cistanche deserticola samples were clustered together in one group during the autumn harvesting period, and the main feature was the lowest content of acteoside; most of the Cistanche deserticola samples at the full bloom stage were clustered into one group; all the samples at the dormant stage were clustered into one group, and the main characteristic was the highest content of geniposide.The results showed that the contents of the constituents in different growth stages of the herbs of Cistanche deserticola were significantly different. From the results of OPLS-DA analysis, it can be concluded that echinacoside and acteoside are the two components that contribute more to the different growth periods, which are the key components to distinguish the different growth periods, and can be used as the index components for evaluating the quality of Cistanche deserticola herbs, so as to further differentiate the different growth periods. CONCLUSION The HPLC method established in this study has good accuracy, and combined with chemometric analysis, it can be used to distinguish the differences in the quality of the herbs of Cistanche deserticola in different months, and provide a reference for its harvesting and quality control.

OBJECTIVE To identify the composition of glyceryl mono-and distearate (GMD) from different sources using an LC-TOF-MS method and compare the composition and proportion of glycerides in samples. METHODS A Kinetex C₁₈ column (2.1 mm×100 mm, 2.6 μm) was used as analysis column. Methanol-acetonitrile-water(1∶1∶1, containing 5 mmol·L^-1 ammonium acetate) was used as mobile phase A, and isopropanol(containing 5 mmol·L^-1 ammonium acetate) was used as mobile phase B, gradient elution was performed at a flow rate of 0.3 mL·min^-1. The analysis was carried out in ESI positive and negative ion full scanning(TIC) mode and quantified by area normalization method. RESULTS The composition and proportion of 19 fatty acid glycerides in six different sources of GMD showed significant differences in the composition and proportion of glycerides. CONCLUSION This method can be used to determine the composition and proportion of glycerides from different sources, thus contributing to the revelation of the internal mechanism affecting the quality equivalence of GMD.

OBJECTIVE To explore the value of pharmaceutical care for patients with CKD3-5D by resident clinical pharmacists. METHODS Clinical pharmacists in the department of nephrology and three students formed a resident pharmacists team to develop standardized pharmaceutical care procedures(including admission medication reconciliation, doctor's order review, DRPs recognition, pharmaceutical care, medication education, discharge medication reconciliation, etc.) to provide pharmaceutical care for patients with 3-5D chronic kidney disease(CKD). The basic information, disease diagnosis and drug reorganization information of patients admitted to the department of nephrology of our hospital in 2024 were collected. The classification system based on the modified version of the European Foundation for Pharmaceutical Care Network(PCNE) was used to analyze the drug related problems(DRPs) of patients for assessment, intervention and statistical analysis. RESULTS A total of 141 patients were included in this study, and pharmacists found 54 DRPs, with an incidence of 38.3%. Among them, 36 cases(66.67%) were related to the effectiveness of treatment. Clinical pharmacists carried out 60 interventions, and the acceptance and complete implementation rate was 79.63%. The harmfulness grades of the 54 DRPs were as follows: 22 in grade E(40.74%), 16 in grade D(29.63%), 6 in grade C(11.11%), 6 in grade B(11.11%), and 4 in grade F(7.41%). CONCLUSION DRPs in patients with CKD3-5D are relatively common and harmful to some extent. Resident clinical pharmacists can identify and timely solve DRPs in patients with CKD3-5D through standardized pharmaceutical care, and assist physicians to ensure the safety, effectiveness and economy of drug use for patients.