Polyporus umbellatus, a traditional medicinal fungus in China, is used medicinally for its sclerotium. It is commonly categorized into two types, Zhushiling and Jishiling, based on the morphology of the sclerotia. Cultivation of Polyporus umbellatus heavily relies on the asexual reproduction of its sclerotia and the absence of clear distinction between Zhushiling and Jishiling often results in the confusion and intermixing of seed sclerotia. This can lead to the instability in quality and yield of Polyporus umbellatus medicinal materials, thereby adversely affecting the robust development of the Polyporus umbellatus industry. This article provides a comparative overview of Zhushiling and Jishiling in 4 aspects: morphology, quality, genetics and spawn cultivation. The results indicate that although the differentiation between Zhushiling and Jishiling based on morphological features such as sclerotium branches and surface characteristics holds certain significance, there remains a necessity to develop more scientific and precise criteria for this classification. The traditional perspective that Zhushiling is of superior quality compared with Jishiling is often based on empirical observations rather than rigorous scientific evidence. It is imperative to conduct comprehensive and systematic studies to objectively evaluate the quality and medicinal properties of both types. The variation in the sclerotial morphology of Polyporus umbellatus may be the result of a complex interplay among genetic, geographic, environmental factors, as well as other factors that have yet to be identified. Key technological breakthroughs in cultivation of the Polyporus umbellatus spawn leading to the formation of the sclerotia have not yet been achieved. However, the strains of Jishiling may possess greater potential for the development of spawn cultivation techniques. Zhushiling and Jishiling exhibit differences across 4 distinct aspects. Conducting the systematic analysis of Polyporus umbellatus from various perspectives is significantly important for the evaluation of its resources and for maximizing its potential value.

Since the end of 2019, the new coronavirus swept the world, causing irreversible harm to social economy and human health, so the search for corresponding antiviral drugs has aroused wide attention. SARS-CoV-2 is mainly transmitted by droplets, and after the process of replication, transcription and translation in the host cell, the mature virus is excreted in the form of endocytosis, forming a closed loop of infection. Notably, the papain like protease (PL^pro) encoded by non-structural protein 3 (nsp3) plays an important role in this process. At the same time, PL^pro also helps the virus evade the corresponding immune response in inflammatory reactions such as deubiquitination. Therefore, targeted inhibition of PL^pro can not only block the overall replication process of the virus, but also restore the host's own immune function, so as to achieve a better anti-SARS-CoV-2 effect. In summary, based on the different structures of the compounds, this paper intends to conduct an exploratory summary of the recent studies on inhibitor targeting SARS-CoV-2 PL^pro, in order to provide theoretical reference for the discovery of anti-SARS-CoV-2 drugs.

OBJECTIVE To investigate the chemical constituents from Ferula bungeana Kitagawa. METHODS The chemical constituents from Ferula bungeana Kitagawa were investigated by silica gel chromatography, TLC, preparative HPLC, NMR, and HR-MS. RESULTS Thirty-three compounds were isolated from Ferula bungeana Kitagawa and identified, namely palmitic acid(1), oleic acid(2), linoleic acid(3), linolenic acid(4), dehydrofalcarinol(5), falcarinol(6), β-itosterol(7), 2, 6, 11, 15-tetramethyl-2, 6, 10, 14-hexadecanetetraene(8), arteordoyn A(9), falcarindiol(10), dehydrofalcarindiol(11), umbelliprenin(12), conferone(13), farnesiferone A(14), ferukrinone(15), polyanthinin(16), assafoetidnol B(17), actylfekrynol(18), fekrynol(19), kellerin(20), mogoltacin(21), gummosin(22), farnesiferol A(23), ferukrin(24), deacetylkellerin(25), assafoetidnol A(26), karatavicinol (27), 14'-hydroxy-karatavicinol (28), galbanic acid(29), 6, 7-dimethoxycoumarin(30), vanillin(31), 7-hydroxycoumarin(32) and 6, 7-dihydroxycoumarin(33). CONCLUSION Compounds 5-6, 9-11 are isolated in this genus for the first time, and others are isolated from this plant for the time.

OBJECTIVE To provide reference for reasonable protection, development and utilization of Codonopsis pilosula germplasm resources. METHODS Variation analysis, correlation analysis, principal components analysis, cluster analysis, piecewise linear regression analysis, and stepwise multiple regression analysis were conducted on the main agronomic traits and representative components of 106 Codonopsis pilosula germplasm resources. RESULTS The genetic variability of the 106 Codonopsis pilosula germplasm resources was rich, with the coefficients of variation of the 106 Codonopsis pilosula trait indexes ranging from 9.331% to 86.948%, among which the coefficient of variation of the degree of variability of atractylenolide Ⅲ was the highest, 86.948%; the indexes of genetic diversity ranged from 1.587 to 2.039, with syringin 1.587, and root length, number of branches, and Codonopsis polysaccharide were 2.027,2.039 and 2.032, respectively. Correlation analysis showed that most of the 14 traits had significant or highly significant relationships with each other. The seven principal component factors available for principal component analysis could explain most of the information of the 14 indicators, with eigenvalues of 4.172, 2.427, 1.646, 1.196, 0.943, 0.872 and 0.75, respectively, and the cumulative contribution rate reached 85.760%. Using the DTOPSIS method to score the germplasm resources of Codonopsis pilosula, the top 15 were No.13, No.20, No.21, No.18, No.73, No.77, No.90, No.78, No.88, No.72, No.74, No.80, No.79, No.34 and No.14, respectively.Clustering analysis showed that 106 codonopsis germplasm could be classified into five taxa, among which the agronomic traits and quality indexes except syringin at a higher level in taxon Ⅰ. The overall performance was better, and it could be promoted for cultivation. stepwise multiple regression analysis showed that root length, luxia diameter, dry weight, drying rate, total amino acid, tryptophan, tangshenoside Ⅰ and atractylenolide Ⅲ had significant effects on fresh weight. Root length, total amino acid. Codonopsis polysaccharide, tryptophan, syringin, tangshenoside Ⅰ and atractylenolide Ⅲ had significant effects on extractum. Extractum had significant effects on codonopsis polysaccharide. Total amino acids, tryptophan and syringin had significant effects on lobetyolin. CONCLUSION The results of this study can serve as a reference for screening high-quality germplasm resources and cultivating varieties of Codonopsis pilosula.

OBJECTIVE To investigate the mechanism by which Danggui Buxue Decoction (DBD) regulates oxidative stress in rats with rheumatoid arthritis based on phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K)/protein kinase B(Akt)/nuclear factor E2-related factor 2(Nrf2) signaling pathway. METHODS Forty-eight Wistar rats were randomly divided into 6 groups [normal group, model group, tripterygium glycosides tablets group(9.45 mg·kg^-1), DBD low dose (3.75 g·kg^-1), medium dose(7.5 g·kg^-1) and high dose group(15 g·kg^-1)]. In addition to the normal group, the other groups were constructed collagen-induced arthritis (CIA) rat model, and given the corresponding drug treatment for 28 days. During the period, the body weight of the rats, the degree of ankle swelling, and the arthritis score were recorded regularly. The levels of superoxide dismutase (SOD), glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px), catalase (CAT) and malondialdehyde (MDA) in serum of rats were determined by ELISA. The spleen index and thymus index were calculated. HE staining and safranin O-fast green staining were used to observe the pathological morphology of synovial membrane of knee joint in rats. The expression of PI3K, AKT, Nrf2 and HO-1 mRNA in synovial tissue was determined by qPCR. The expression of p-PI3K/PI3K, p-Akt/Akt, Nrf2 and HO-1 protein in synovial tissue was determined by Western blot. RESULTS Compared with the normal group, the body weight of the rats in the model group was lower (P<0.05), and the bilateral hind limbs were obviously red and swollen or even deformed. Compared with the model group, the body weight of rats in each administration group increased gently (P<0.05), the swelling degree of bilateral hind limbs was significantly reduced (P<0.05), and the arthritis score was significantly decreased (P<0.05). The level of MDA in joint tissue decreased (P<0.05), and the levels of GSH-Px, CAT and SOD increased (P<0.05). The expression of PI3K, Akt, Nrf2 and HO-1 mRNA in PI3K/Akt/Nrf2 pathway was increased (P<0.05). The ratio of p-PI3K/PI3K, p-Akt/Akt and the expression of Nrf2 and HO-1 protein were significantly increased (P<0.05). CONCLUSION DBD may inhibit the level of oxidative stress, attenuate the oxidative damage of synovial tissues and improve the pathological changes of synovium by regulating the PI3K/Akt/Nrf2 pathway in CIA rats, thus exerting an anti-RA effect.

OBJECTIVE To study the extraction method, quality, transdermal permeability, and transdermal promoting effects of Chuanxiong Rhizoma Hort. volatile oil (LVO) and Angelicase Sinensis Radix volatile oil (AVO) combined with the characteristic advantages of “unification of drugs and excipients” of traditional Chinese medicine volatile oil. METHODS The orthogonal design was used to screen and optimize extraction process of LVO and AVO. Quality control was carried out by detecting the physical parameters and indicator component content of LVO and AVO. Franz diffusion cells were used to conduct the studies of skin permeation in vitro. The contents of ligustilide and resveratrol(RSV) were determined by HPLC, and the steady-state transdermal rate(Jss) and enhancement factor (EF) compared with blank were used as evaluation indicators. And the transdermal permeability and transdermal promoting effects of different concentrations of LVO, AVO and mixed were investigated respectively. RESULTS The extraction process for LVO and AVO involves 8 times the amount of water, heating and refluxing for 8 h, collecting with ethyl acetate, dehydrating anhydrous sodium sulfate, and then volatilizing under reduced pressure. Perfect quality control methods were established for LVO and AVO, including the properties, relative density, pH, optical rotation, viscosity and ligustilide content. LVO and AVO have good permeability and promote RSV transdermal effect in vitro, and the maximum Jss values within 10 h were (48.23±6.53) and (27.84±3.03), respectively, and the maximum EF values were 4.51 and 19.34, respectively. CONCLUSION LVO and AVO have good transdermal permeability and transdermal promoting effects of RSV when used alone or in combination. The transdermal permeability of LVO was significantly higher than that of AVO, while the transdermal promoting effects of AVO was higher than that of LVO. The combination of LVO and AVO's own pharmacological effects and good transdermal absorption promoting effect plays a role of “unification of drugs and excipients”, which has a good advantage in clinical use, and lays a foundation for their development and application in transdermal drug delivery preparations of traditional Chinese medicine.

OBJECTIVE To establish an evaluation method for the release of mupirocin ointment in vitro, according to the quality research of ointment preparations at home and abroad and the technical guidelines for generic drugs. METHODS The diffusion cell method was adopted, the release membrane was polyethersulfone membrane, the receiving medium was sodium dihydrogen phosphate buffer solution with pH 7.4, the rotation speed was 600 r·min^-1, and the sample size was 300 mg. The concentration of mupirocin in the receiving solution at different time points was determined by HPLC method, and the cumulative release and release rate were calculated. The particle size morphology and particle size distribution of mupirocin ointment from different manufacturers were determined by particle size analyzer. The viscosity of preparations from different manufacturers was determined by rheometer. RESULTS The determination method for the release of mupirocin ointment in vitro was established, and the precision, durability and discrimination of this method were good, and the consistency evaluation was made for preparations from different manufacturers. There were great differences in particle size distribution and viscosity between different manufacturers. CONCLUSION The differences in particle size distribution between different manufacturers reflect the differences in preparation production process, and the differences in viscosity reflect the differences in preparation prescription, both of them can affect the release rate of mupirocin ointment in vitro.

OBJECTIVE To provide reference and suggestions for the quality control of this variety, evaluate the quality of xiaojianzhong preparations and preparations analyze the existing problems based on the national drug sampling. METHODS A total of 160 batches of samples were tested according to the statutory standard. In the exploratory study, ochratoxin A and zearalenone residues were detected by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry; paeoniflorin sulfite in xiaojianzhong preparation was detected by ultra performance liquid chromatography-tandem high resolution mass spectrometry; cinnamaldehyde was determined by high performance liquid chromatography; the overall quality of Xiaojianzhong preparation was evaluated by fingerprint analysis. The pH value of the mixture was investigated. RESULTS The qualified rate of 160 batches of samples was 100% according to statutory standard. Exploratory studies showed that ochratoxin A or zearalenone was detected in 33.1% of the samples, and paeoniflorin sulfite was detected in 83.5% of the samples.The pH value of 9% mixture was beyond the range of benzoic acid inhibitory effect. Cinnamaldehyde in 95.4% of the samples was below the proposed limit. Fingerprint analysis showed that the similarity of 14.6% of samples was lower than the proposed limit. CONCLUSION It is suggested to unify the quality control items of the four dosage forms, increase the pH limit, monitor the quality of the raw materials of licorice and dextrin, standardize the use of cerealose, and strengthen the system specification for the development of ancient classic prescriptions.

OBJECTIVE To establish a method for determining the transformation of pesticide residues in honeysuckle and the development of limit standards in accordance with the requirements of GB 2763-2021 Food Safety Standards for Maximum Residue Limits of Pesticides in Food and the Chinese Pharmacopoeia. METHODS According to “the Principle of Conversion of Limit Standards of Traditional Chinese Medicine in <GB 2763-2021 National food safety standard-Maximum residue limits for pesticides in food>”, using a risk assessment model that is in line with the characteristics of traditional Chinese medicine, the maximum residual limit value of the pesticide to be transformed from honeysuckle was evaluated. Using acetonitrile as the extraction solvent and direct extraction as the pre-treatment method. LC-MS/MS methods were used to screen three commonly used pesticides in 57 batches of honeysuckle. RESULTS Combined with the relevant requirements of GB 2763-2021 and the Chinese Pharmacopoeia,the maximum residue limit regulations for three pesticides in honeysuckle were proposed to be formulated through sample determination,namely imidacloprid (1 mg·kg^-1), avermectin benzoate (0.1 mg·kg^-1),and imidacloprid (15 mg·kg^-1). CONCLUSION This study screened three commonly used pesticides in 57 batches of honeysuckle and establishes a method and limit standard for the determination of conversion pesticide residues in combination with GB 2763-2021, which has guiding and important significance for further research on the standardization, quality standards, and market circulation supervision of pesticide use during the planting process.

OBJECTIVE To establish a method for preparing total saponins from Schizocapsa plantaginea Hance and establish a corresponding quality control method. METHODS The total saponins were extracted from the Schizocapsa plantaginea Hance tubers using a water bath reflux method, followed by purification of the crude extract through solvent extraction and macroporous resin. Subsequently, the purified product of total saponins of Schizocapsa plantaginea Hance(SSPHs) was prepared, and its quality was assessed using thin-layer chromatography, UV-visible spectrophotometry, and ultra-high performance liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry(UHPLC-MS) combined method. RESULTS The developed preparation method resulted in a yield of total saponin products from the Schizocapsa plantaginea Hance tuber ranging from 0.29% to 2.81%, with a purity from 57.30% to 77.02%. After detection, saponin substances such as Schizocapsa Plantaginea Hance Ⅰ(SSPH Ⅰ) and Schizocapsa plantaginea Hance Ⅱ(SSPH Ⅱ) were found in the total saponin products. The content of SSPH Ⅰ was 10.77-85.60 mg·g^-1 and the content of SSPH Ⅱ was 0.19-4.75 mg·g^-1. CONCLUSION The established preparation method is simple, efficient, and environmentally friendly, with high product quality. The established qualitative and quantitative detection method can effectively reflect the quality of SSPHs and provide method reference for the quality control of SSPHs.

OBJECTIVE To evaluate the testing capability of the vaccine quality control laboratories and vaccine manufacturer laboratories which participated in the proficiency testing of pH, osmotic pressure molar concentration and aluminum content of inactivated COVID-19 vaccine. METHODS Samples of inactivated COVID-19 vaccine were tested for uniformity and stability by F-test and t-test, and then distributed to participating laboratories by cold chain transportation. The abilities of the participating laboratories for determination of pH, osmotic pressure molar concentration, and aluminum content were evaluated by Z ratio. RESULTS A total of 30 laboratories across the country participated in this proficiency testing, and the pH and aluminum content assessment results were all satisfactory, while the osmotic pressure molar concentration results of two laboratories were unsatisfactory. After participating in measurement audits, satisfactory results were obtained. CONCLUSION The provincial vaccine quality control laboratories, and vaccine production enterprises participating in this proficiency testing have good testing capabilities and quality control levels.

OBJECTIVE To summarize the research progress and beneficiary population of immune re challenge in the treatment of non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC), and provide reference for the treatment of NSCLC in clinical practice. METHODS Using keywords such as “non- small cell lung cancer”, “immune checkpoint inhibitor”, “rechallenge”, etc., a combination of topic words and free words was used to search relevant literature from PubMed、Cochrane Library、embase、self-built databases such as China National Knowledge Infrastructure until February 1, 2024. RESULTS A total of 526 relevant literature were retrieved, with over 40 valid articles. Among them, there are 6 systematic reviews/Meta analyses on NSCLC rechallenge, 5 clinical studies, and most of the rest are retrospective real-world studies. CONCLUSION The effectiveness and controllable irAEs of immune rechallenge therapy for NSCLC were analyzed, and it was preliminarily believed that patients with high programmed cell death ligand 1 (PD-L1) expression (TPS ≥ 50%), good performance status (PS) score in the Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group (ECOG) in the United States (ECOG-PS≤1) and longer initial immunotherapy time were more likely to benefit from ICIs rechallenge.