To analyze the association of mother-child interaction and screen exposure of preschool children with psychological and behavioural problems, so as to provide guidance for promoting the psychological development of preschool children.

From November to December 2024, a convenience cluster sampling method was used to survey 2 977 mothers of preschool children in Daguan and Yingjiang districts of Anqing City. The Chinese Parent-Child Interaction Scale (CPCIS) was applied to evaluate the quality of mother-child interaction, and the Conners' Parent Symptom Questionnaire (PSQ) was used to assess the psychological and behavioral problems of preschool children. Binary Logistic regression was applied to analyze the association of mother-child interaction, screen exposure and their combined effect on psychological and behavioral problems among preschool children.

The detection rate of psychological and behavioral problems among preschool children was 13.9%. Binary Logistic regression results showed that low scores of mother-child interaction (OR=2.31, 95%CI=1.72-3.11) and high screen exposure (OR=1.52, 95%CI=1.23-1.88) were higher risks for psychological and behavioral problems in preschool children; the results of the combined effect showed that preschool children in low scores of mother-child interaction and low screen exposure group (OR=2.18, 95%CI=1.46-3.28), low scores of mother-child interaction and high screen exposure group (OR=3.13, 95%CI=2.10-4.65) had significantly higher risks of abnormal detection in psychological and behavioral problems, compared to those in the high scores of mother-child interaction and low screen exposure group respectively (all P < 0.05).

Both screen exposure and mother-child interaction are associated with psychological and behavioral problems in preschool children. High-quality mother-child interaction can relieve the adverse effects of screen exposure on preschool children's psychological and behavioral development.

To explore the individual and joint effects of outdoor activities and different types of sedentary behavior on adolescent internalizing behaviors, so as to provide a basis for the prevention and intervention of such behaviors.

From July to December 2023, a stratified cluster random sampling method was used to select 1 691 primary and secondary school students in grades 5-12 from four primary and secondary schools in Baise City. Anonymous surveys were conducted by using the Outdoor Activities Questionnaire, Adolescent Sedentary Activity Questionnaire, and Youth Self-Report. The Chi-square test and Logistic regression analyses were used for statistical analysis.

The detection rate of internalizing behavior among adolescents was 13.13%, and the detection rate of internalizing behaviors in girls (15.53%) was significantly higher than that in boys (10.77%) (χ²=8.39, P < 0.01). Logistic regression analysis showed that outdoor activities ≥1 h/d (OR=0.56), screen-based entertainment sedentary behavior < 2 h/d (OR=0.58), and cultural sedentary behavior < 2 h/d (OR=0.55) significantly reduced the risk of internalizing behaviors (all P < 0.05). Logistic regression analysis of interaction effects revealed that the risks of internalizing behaviors were lower in the groups with "outdoor activities ≥1 h/d + screen-based entertainment sedentary behavior < 2 h/d" (OR=0.27) and "outdoor activities ≥1 h/d + cultural sedentary behavior < 2 h/d" (OR=0.30)(both P < 0.01).

Outdoor activities can mitigate the adverse effects of sedentary behaviors on adolescents' internalizing behaviors. Reducing screen time and leveraging the synergistic effects of "outdoor + cultural" activities may help reduce the risk of internalizing behaviors among primary and secondary school students.

To analyze the association of sedentary types with symptom of depressive and anxiety among college freshmen, so as to provide a reference for improving the mental health of college students.

From October to November 2022, all college freshmen at three colleges and universities in Anhui Province were selected by a cluster sampling method. The Generalized Anxiety Disorder-7 (GAD-7), the Patient Health Questionnaire-9 (PHQ-9), and the Youth Leisure-Time Sedentary Behavior Questionnaire (YLSBQ) were used for the investigation. A binary Logistic regression analysis was conducted to investigate the relationship of different types of sedentary behavior with anxiety and depressive symptom.

The detection rates of anxiety and depressive symptom among college freshmen were 32.8% and 49.9%, respectively. The results of the binary Logistic regression model analysis showed that after controlling for gender, family location, parental education level, self-rated family economic status and number of intimate partners, high-level overall, video based, and social based sedentary time were associated with an increased risk of anxiety (OR=1.26, 1.56, 1.27) and depressive symptom (OR=1.42, 1.94, 1.29) among college freshmen; the association between moderate level sedentary time and depressive symptom was statistically significant (OR=0.83) (all P < 0.05). The overall trends of the association between sedentary behavior with symptom of anxiety and depressive were similar in both boys and girls.

Sedentary behavior is associated with an increased risk of anxiety and depressive symptom in college students. Reducing video-based and social-based sedentary behaviors is beneficial for mental health promotion in college students.

To explore the dynamic relationship between depressive symptom and non-suicidal self-injury(NSSI) behavior among rural left-behind junior high school students, as well as the mediating role of social support, so as to provide a reference for preventing the occurrence of behaviors that endanger the physical and mental health of rural adolescents.

In October 2023, 828 rural left-behind junior high school students from four counties and cities in Xiangxi Autonomous Prefecture, namely Luxi County, Huayuan County, Baojing County and Longshan County, were selected by cluster random sampling for a one-year follow-up investigation (T1:October 2023, T2:April 2024, T3:October 2024). Depressive symptom, NSSI behavior and social support of junior high school students were evaluated by using the Patient Health Questionnaire-9(PHQ-9), Adolescent Non-suicidal Self-injury Assessment Questionnaire (ANSAQ), and Social Support Scale for University Students(SSSUS). A cross-lag panel model was constructed to analyze the dynamic relationship between depression symptom and NSSI behavior, as well as the longitudinal mediating role of social support.

The levels of depressive symptoms(T1-T3:150.00±5.88, 14.29±7.52, 13.97±6.70) and NSSI behavior (T1-T3:6.91±4.65, 6.10±3.92, 4.79±3.51) of rural left-behind junior high school students both showed downward trends (F=13.41, η²=0.02; F=50.49, η²=0.06), the level of social support (59.17±14.68, 62.27±15.36, 61.82±15.90) showed an upward trend (F=20.94, η²=0.03), and the depressive symptom and NSSI behavior of girls were higher than those of boys (F=19.91, η²=0.02; F=4.57, η²=0.01)(all P < 0.05). The positive predictive relationships between depressive symptom and NSSI behavior among rural left-behind junior high school students [depressive symptom of T1 positively predicted NSSI behavior of T2 and T3 (β=0.10, 0.16); depressive symptom of T2 positively predicted NSSI behavior of T3 (β=0.14), all P < 0.01]. Social support during the T2 period played a partial mediating role between depressive symptom in T1 and NSSI in T3, with a mediating effect of 0.02 (95%CI=0.01-0.17, P < 0.05).

Depressive symptom positively predict the occurrence of NSSI behavior among rural left-behind junior high school students. Social support is an important mediating factor in alleviating the influence of depressive symptoms on the occurrence of NSSI behavior. It should prevent and reduce the occurrence of depression symptoms and NSSI behavior by improving the social support level of rural left behind junior high school students.

To analyze the factors associated with high-level fear of negative evaluation (FNE) among junior high school students and to construct a nomogram risk prediction model, so as to provide scientific tools for psychological health intervention for junior high school students.

A convenience sampling combined with cluster random sampling method was used to select 5 485 junior high school students from 4 cities (Wuhan, Huanggang, Xianning and Xiaogan) for an online questionnaire survey in March 2025. The total sample was randomly split into a training set (n=3 839) and a validation set (n=1 646). Univariate analysis was performed in the training set using Chi-square test and t-test. Variables with statistical significance were subsequently included in multivariate Logistic regression to identify independent predictors and to construct a nomogram-based risk prediction model. The discriminative ability and clinical utility of the model were evaluated in the validation set using the area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (AUC), calibration curve, and decision curve analysis (DCA).

There were 1 649 junior high school students with low-level FNE and 2 190 with high-level FNE in the training set. The self-control ability of junior high school students with low-level and high-level FNE showed a statistically significant difference (23.96±3.96, 21.48±3.37, t=25.15, P < 0.01). Statistically significant differences in the detection rate of high-level FNE were observed among junior high school students with different genders, family types, parenting styles, academic rankings, psychological flexibility, mobile phone addiction tendencies, emotional management training, exercise frequency, left-behind experiences, and places of origin (χ²=82.01-1 126.68, all P < 0.01). The results of Logistic regression analysis revealed that, the following factors were identified as significant factors influencing high-level FNE among junior high school students: exercise frequency (OR=0.21, 95%CI=0.17-0.26); parenting style (OR=0.48, 95%CI=0.40-0.58); left-behind experience (OR=3.88, 95%CI=3.27-4.61); smartphone addiction proneness (OR=2.19, 95%CI=0.89-0.93); self-control ability (OR=0.91, 95%CI=0.89-0.93); and psychological flexibility (OR=0.16, 95%CI=0.10-0.28) (all P < 0.05). The AUC for the training and validation set were 0.88 (95%CI=0.87-0.89) and 0.87 (95%CI=0.85-0.89), respectively. The Hosmer-Lemeshow goodness-of-fit test yielded χ²=8.57, 15.20 (both P>0.05).

The risk prediction model with high-level FNE demonstrates good accuracy and can assist educators and parents in timely screening of junior high school students with high-level FNE, thereby providing a basis for implementing targeted interventions.

To investigate the association between the physical fitness index (PFI) and symptoms of depressive, anxiety and stress symptoms among college students, providing a reference for mental health interventions.

From June to September 2025, combined convenience and cluster random sampling approach was used to administer questionnaire surveys and perform physical fitness tests on 2 712 college students from Zhejiang Chinese Medical University. The Depression Anxiety Stress Scales-21 Items (DASS-21) was used to assess mental health status. Chi-square test and multivariate Logistic regression analysis were used to determine the associations between the PFI and the PFI component indicators with depressive, anxiety and stress symptoms.

The prevalence of depressive, anxiety and stress among college students were 24.26%, 33.22% and 13.68%, respectively. Statistically significant differences in the prevalence of these symptoms were detected across groups differing in sleep quality, physical activity, weekly breakfast frequency, and history of low back or neck pain (χ²=9.33-151.83, all P < 0.05). After adjusting for confounding factors, Logistic regression revealed that the moderate and high PFI groups had significantly reduced risks of depressive and anxiety compared to the low PFI group (OR=0.73, 0.63; 0.61, 0.72, all P < 0.05). Poor speed (50 m run) and lower body strength (standing long jump) emerged as common risk factors affecting anxiety and depressive symptoms in both male and female college students (all P < 0.05). Increased muscle strength (sit-up for 1 min) in female students reduced the risk of depressive (OR=0.81), anxiety (OR=0.85), and stress symptoms (OR=0.79) (all P < 0.05). Enhanced lung capacity in male students decreased the risk of depressive (OR=0.84) and anxiety symptoms (OR=0.85) (both P < 0.05).

The PFI is negatively correlated with depressive and anxiety symptoms among college students with notable gender differences. Insufficient speed and lower body explosive power represent common risk factors for mental health among male and female college students.

To investigate the association between the parent-child relationship with depression among junior high school students, as well as the dual moderating effect of teacher support and gender, so as to provide a reference for depression interventions at family, school, and individual levels.

In November 2024, a cluster-sampling design was used to recruit 1 229 students from two junior high schools in Chengdu, Sichuan Province as participants. The survey employed the Interpersonal Relations Scale, the Patient Health Questionnaire-9 for depression, and the Students' Perceived Teacher Support Behavior Questionnaire. Spearman's rank correlation analyses were used to examine the associations among the parent-child relationship, teacher support, gender, and depression. Through linear regression analysis, the dual moderating effects of teacher support and gender on the association between parent-child relationship and depression in middle school students were evaluated.

Scores for the parent-child relationship and for teacher support among middle school students were (4.03±1.00) and (4.23±0.86), respectively, and the depression score was 1.13 (1.00, 1.63). Parent-child relationships and teacher support showed positive correlations, while both the parent-child relationship and teacher support were negatively correlated with depression among junior high school students (r=0.25, -0.55, -0.29, all P < 0.01). Linear regression analyses showed that teacher support and gender jointly moderated the association between the parent-child relationship and depression. Further simple-slopes analyses revealed that the negative impact of the parent-child relationship on depression was stronger in girls, peaking under low teacher-support conditions (β=-0.61); among boys, a negative effect was also present but weaker (β=-0.48) (both P < 0.05).

Teacher support and gender jointly moderated the association between the parent-child relationship and depression among junior high school students; girls' depression are more closely linked to the quality of the parent-child relationship, while boys are more sensitive to changes in teacher support.

To explore the potential subgroups of emotion regulation strategies among junior high school students and their moderating role in the relationship between parental psychological control and depressive symptom, so as to provide basis for improving mental health among junior high school students.

In October 2024, a cluster sampling method was used to select 3 389 junior high school students from 4 secondary schools across 2 districts in Chongqing. Surveys were conducted by using Center for Epidemiological Survey-Depression Scale (CES-D), Chinese Parental Psychological Control Scale (CPPCS), and Emotion Regulation Questionnaire (ERQ). Latent profile analysis was applied to identify subgroups based on emotion regulation strategies, and multiple linear regression model was used to test the moderating effect of emotion regulation strategies on the association between parental psychological control and depressive symptom among junior high school students.

According to the two dimensions of emotion regulation strategies-cognitive reappraisal and expressive suppression, three distinct subgroups were identified: the moderate cognitive reappraisal-moderate expressive suppression subgroup (moderate-moderate subgroup, 64.2%), the low cognitive reappraisal-moderate expressive suppression subgroup (low-moderate subgroup, 9.6%), and the high cognitive reappraisal-low expressive suppression subgroup (high-low subgroup, 26.1%). Hierarchical regression results indicated that both parental psychological control (β=0.70) and deficits in cognitive reappraisal (low-moderate subgroup, β=5.38) were associated with an increased risk of depressive symptoms, whereas the high-low subgroup appeared to mitigate depressive symptom (β=-3.47) (all P < 0.01). Compared to the moderate-moderate subgroup, the low-moderate subgroup showed a statistically significant positive moderating effect on the relationship between parental psychological control and depressive symptom (β=0.14, P < 0.05), while the negative moderating effect of the high-low subgroup was not statistically significant (β=-0.07, P>0.05).

The negative impact of parental psychological control on depressive symptom in junior high school students varies depending on the use of different emotion regulation strategies. For a majority of students, enhancing cognitive reappraisal training may help alleviate the adverse effects of parental psychological control and promote better mental health.

To analyze the distribution and related factors of spherical equivalent(SE) anisometropia in school-aged children in ethnic minority areas of Yunnan Province, so as to provide a scientific basis for the intervention and control of SE anisometropia.

In October 2021, a total of 1 852 school-aged children in three counties/cities(Lijiang City, Dali City, Xishuangbanna) in Yunnan Province were examined by multi-stage cluster random sampling method for computer optometry visual acuity examination for non-ciliary paralysis and questionnaire survey.Demographic characteristics, ocular biological parameters and SE data were obtained for SE anisometropia. Group comparisons were conducted using Mann-Whitney U test or Kruskal-Wallis H test, and Logistic regression was used to explore the related factors of anisometropia in SE.

The prevalence of SE anisometropia among school-age children was 23.0%, and the prevalence was higher in girls (24.2%) than that in boys (21.6%). Compared with non-anisometropic children, school-aged children with SE anisometropia had longer axial length (AL) [24.03 (23.41, 24.76), 23.93 (23.26, 24.61) mm] and corneal curvature radius (CR) [43.42 (42.43, 44.42), 43.14 (42.23, 44.04)mm], SE[-1.75(-2.75, -1.00), -0.94(-2.63, -0.25)D], smaller spherical scope [-1.38(-2.38, -0.75), -0.75(-2.38, 0)D], deeper anterior chamber depth(ACD)[3.77(3.62, 3.93), 3.72(3.55, 3.89)mm], and grater differences in AL[0.58(0.32, 0.82), 0.13(0.06, 0.22)mm], ACD[0.05(0.02, 0.08), 0.03(0.01, 0.06)mm] and AL/CR[0.01(0.01, 0.02), 0.01(0.00, 0.01)](Z=-22.47 to -2.41, all P < 0.05). The results of Logistic regression showed that mild myopia(OR=2.74), moderate myopia(OR=3.52), and high myopia(OR=8.92) had a relatively high risk of anisometropia SE in school-aged children(all P < 0.05).

The prevalence of SE anisometropia in school-aged children in ethnic minority areas of Yunnan Province is relatively high, and the prevalence and degree of anisometropia were closely related to myopia degree and related refractive parameters.

To apply network analysis for exploring the relationship of maltreatment experiences and peer relationships with school bullying among middle school students, so as to provide empirical evidences for the development of targeted intervention programs.

From March to April 2024, a total of 2 119 middle school students aged 12-18 in Shantou City were selected through stratified cluster random sampling. Self-administered questionnaire was used to collect data on bullying experiences, maltreatment, and peer relationships. The Glasso network model was employed to estimate network structure.

The strongest edge in the network of maltreatment experiences, peer relationships and school bullying was the connecting line connecting peer acceptance and peer terrorized low self-esteem (edge weight=0.59) among middle school students. The network faked fraudulent victimization was the most central node in the whole network (strength=7.98). The bridge symptoms of the network were sexual abuse, property bullying of others, relational bullying victimization, and verbal bullying of others, with the strongest bridge node being sexual abuse (bridge strength=1.07). In the accuracy estimation of centrality indices, closeness centrality demonstrated the highest accuracy, followed by strength and betweenness, with coefficient of stability of 0.60, 0.44 and 0.21, respectively. The stability of the network was good.

Peer acceptance has the strongest correlation with peer fear and inferiority, and is closely related to emotional abuse and emotional neglect.