To explore the correlation and lag effects of environmental factors on pediatric respiratory disease visits at hospital, so as to provide scientific basis for disease prediction and optimizing clinical diagnosis and treatment.

Data from 503 889 pediatric respiratory disease outpatient and emergency visits a central hospital in Minhang District of Shanghai between 2017 and 2019, along with concurrent meteorological data were collected. A distributed lag non-linear models (DLNM) was constructed to explore the specific relationship between pediatric respiratory disease consultations and various environmental factors and to quantify the cumulative lag effects of environmental factors on respiratory disease consultations.

Among the environmental factors, temperature, fine particulate matter (PM_2.5), inhalable particulate matter (PM₁₀), nitrogen dioxide (NO₂), and sulfur dioxide (SO₂) were associated with pediatric respiratory disease visits. After adjusting for temperature, PM_2.5 and PM₁₀ concentrations did not show significant immediate or lag effects. The relative risk (RR) of pediatric respiratory disease visits increased with rising NO₂ concentrations. When NO₂ concentration ≥55 μg/m³, significant immediate and lagged effects (lag 3, 5, and 7 days) were observed. The RR values were 1.05, 1.13, 1.17, and 1.21(P < 0.05). The RR values showed an inverted "U"-shaped relationship with SO₂ concentrations. When SO₂ concentration ≥5 μg/m³, significant lagged effects (lag 3, 5, and 7 days) were observed. The RR values were 1.03, 1.03, and 1.04 (P < 0.05).

High concentrations of NO₂ and SO₂ increase the risk of pediatric respiratory disease visits, with observable lag effects.

To investigate the prevalence and associated factors of spinal curvature abnormalities among primary and secondary school students in the Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, so as to provide a scientific basis for the prevention and control of such abnormalities.

From September to November 2023, adopting a stratified cluster random sampling method, spinal curvature screenings and questionnaire surveys were conducted among 168 931 students from grade 4 of primary school to grade 12 of high school in 111 districts and counties across 14 cities in Guangxi. Chi-square tests and binary Logistic regression analysis were used to analyze influencing factors of spinal curvature abnormalities.

In 2023, the detection rate of poor posture among students above grade 4 in Guangxi was 4.24%, and the detection rate of spinal curvature abnormalities was 2.13%. The detection rate was higher among urban students (2.84%) than rural students (1.66%), boarding students (2.61%) than non-boarding students (1.60%), and high school students (3.16%) than junior high (2.45%) and primary school students (1.15%), and the differences were statistically significant (χ²=269.85, 221.44, 565.10, P < 0.01). A trend of increasing detection rates with higher grade levels was observed (χ_trend²=617.63, P < 0.01). Binary Logistic regression analysis indicated that students without boarding at school (OR=0.82, 95%CI=0.75-0.90), engaging in high-intensity physical activity for over 60 min per day ≥5 days per week (OR=0.90, 95%CI=0.82-0.98), and adequate sleep (OR=0.87, 95%CI=0.81-0.94) had lower risks of detecting spinal curvature abnormalities (P < 0.05).

The prevalence of spinal curvature abnormalities increases with grade level among primary and secondary school students in Guangxi. Regular moderate-to-vigorous physical activity demonstrates protective effects against spinal abnormalities.

To analyze the epidemiological characteristics of mumps in Shanxi Province from 2014 to 2023, so as to provide scientific evidence for targeted prevention strategies.

Mumps case data in Shanxi Province were obtained from the China Information System for Disease Prevention and Control. Descriptive epidemiological analysis and age-period-cohort (APC) analysis were carried out on the reported incidence of mumps from 2014 to 2023.

A total of 44 360 mumps cases were reported in Shanxi Province from 2014 to 2023, with an average annual incidence rate of 11.78/100 000. The incidence rates were high during 2017-2019, which were 21.00/100 000, 16.76/100 000, and 19.51/100 000, respectively. Males had a higher incidence rate (13.50/100 000) than females (9.98/100 000). Children aged 5-9 years were the most affected group, accounting for 47.29% of total cases. In 2017 and 2019, incidence rates among the 5-15-year-old group were particularly high, reaching 155.08/100 000 and 131.78/100 000, respectively. The APC model age effect, period effect and cohort effect of the reported incidence rate in the high-incidence population aged 0-20 years all had statistical significance (P < 0.05). The age-relative risk (RR) decreased from 1.75 in the 0-year-old group to 0.33 in the 20-year-old group, and the birth cohort-RR decreased from 2.58 in 1994 to 0.26 in 2023. The morbidity risk of the population aged 0-20 years showed a trend of first increasing and then decreasing over time, among which it was the highest in 2017 (RR=1.23) and the lowest in 2023 (RR=0.29).

Shanxi exhibits cyclical mumps epidemics, with school-aged children as the high-risk population. School health management work should be carried out, and the surveillance of mumps in high-risk areas and the routine vaccination of two doses of mumps-containing vaccines for eligible children should be strengthened.

To investigate the association between habitual reading/writing postures and the co-occurrence of common health conditions (overweight/obesity, visual impairment, hypertension, and scoliosis) and comorbidities among children and adolescents, in order to provide data support for the joint prevention of common diseases and comorbidities among children and adolescents.

From September 2021 to June 2022, a multi-stage cluster random sampling method was used to select a total of 4 577 children and adolescents from 16 primary and secondary schools in Ningxia: Jinfeng District of Yinchuan City, Shapotou District of Zhongwei City, Yanchi County of Wuzhong City, and Pingluo County of Shizuishan City. A weighted complex sampling design was used to investigate the association of habitual reading and writing postures with common comorbidities in children and adolescents.

The prevalence rates of common diseases among children and adolescents in Ningxia were as follows: overweight/obesity was 22.87%, visual impairment was 62.52%, scoliosis was 2.30%, and hypertension was 1.30%. The prevalence of multimorbidity (co-occurrence of ≥2 conditions) among Ningxia children and adolescents was 15.95%. Multivariate unconditional Logistic regression analysis showed that frequent/always collapsing waist and sitting forward with head lowered increased the risk of common comorbidities in children and adolescents (OR=1.90, P < 0.05). Compared with the corresponding reference group, male children and adolescents aged 9 to 12 years and boys had relatively lower risks of overweight/obesity (OR=0.71, 0.70); the risk of poor vision among children and adolescents aged 9 to 12 years, male, and urban was relatively low (OR=0.59, 0.60, 0.73)(P < 0.05). Children and adolescents who often/always sat leaning to the left or right were at higher risk of poor vision (OR=1.78); urban children and adolescents had a higher risk of developing scoliosis (OR=3.71); children and adolescents aged 9 to 12 had a relatively low risk of developing hypertension (OR=0.09), and children and adolescents who often/always bent their backs and sat forward on their knees had a higher risk of hypertension (OR=5.03)(P < 0.05).

Ningxia has a high incidence of common diseases and multiple diseases among children and adolescents, frequent or always collapsing waist and sitting forward with head lowered is associated with common comorbidities in children and adolescents in Ningxia. Proper postural measures for reading and writing should be carried out as soon as possible to encourage children and adolescents to develop good reading and writing habits for effectively preventing and controlling the occurrence of common diseases.

To analyze the potential categories and influencing factors of the compliance trajectory of orthokeratology lenses (OK lens) in myopic children and adolescents, so as to provide a basis for dynamic and accurate intervention of OK lens compliance in myopic children and adolescents.

From January to June 2024, 310 myopic children and adolescents wearing OK lens were selected as research subjects from the Ophthalmology Medical Center of Cangzhou Central Hospital using a convenient sampling method. Data were collected at four time points: when the glasses were first fitted (T0), 2 weeks after fitting (T1), 1 month later (T2), 3 months later (T3), and 6 months later (T4). The data collection methods included general information questionnaires, compliance surveys for OK lens wearers, the Behavior Rating Inventory of Executive Function-Self-report Version (BRIEF-SR), family support scales, and a self-made questionnaire on myopia control attitudes. A growth mixed model was used to identify the trajectory categories of compliance with OK lens wearing among myopic children and adolescents, and multiple Logistic regression analysis was employed to examine the influencing factors.

The compliance with OK lens among myopic children and adolescents were roughly divided into four developmental trajectories: C1 exemplary adherent (58 cases, 18.71%), C2 gradual progressor (130 cases, 41.94%), C3 fluctuating (85 cases, 27.42%), and C4 stubborn low follower (37 cases, 11.94%). Multivariate Logistic regression analysis showed that, with C1 group as the reference, age (C3, OR=0.74), parental education level (C4, OR=0.67), executive function (C2, OR=0.69; C4, OR=0.44), family support (C3, OR=0.75) and myopia control attitude (C2, OR=0.39) were all influencing factors for the compliance trajectory of OK lens; with C2 group as the reference, age (C3, OR=0.55), parental education level (C3, OR=0.34; C4, OR=0.64), executive function (C3, OR=0.77), and family support (C4, OR=0.58) were all influencing factors for the compliance trajectory of OK lens; with C3 group as the reference, age (C4, OR=0.68), and myopia control attitude (C4, OR=0.44) were both influencing factors for the compliance trajectory of OK lens (P < 0.05).

The compliance of wearing OK lens in children and adolescents with myopia can be roughly divided into four trajectories, and there is group heterogeneity. Dynamic and precise compliance intervention strategies should be given based on different trajectories and influencing factors.

To analyze the epidemilogical and seasonal characteristics of foodborne Salmonella-associated diarrhea among children aged 0-6 years in Guizhou Province from 2016 to 2023, so as to provide a basis for the prevention and control of foodborne diseases.

Data were extracted from the Foodborne Disease Survellance System for cases reported between January 1, 2016, and December 31, 2023. The incidence, seasonal characteristics, and peak periods were analyzed by the method of concentration and circular distribution.

A total of 6 434 cases of diarrhea in children aged 0-6 years were collected, and 455 cases of Salmonella were detected, with a positive detection rate of 7.07%. Salmonella typhimurium was the main serotype causing diarrhea (59.34%). The peak of the disease was from May 3 to September 30, with certain seasonal characteristics. The highest detection rate was found in children aged 1-3 years (8.66%). Among food types, the positive detection rates of Salmonella were relatively high in other foods (17.39%), fruits and their products (10.22%), infant and toddler foods (10.09%), and aquatic animals and their products (9.80%). The processing and packaging methods of food were mainly home-made (9.38%) and bulk food (7.54%).

The detection rate of Salmonella in children aged 0-6 years is high in Guizhou Province, with strong seasonal characteristics. The detection rates of other foods, fruits and their products, infant and toddler foods, and aquatic animals and their products are high. Enhanced pathogen surveillance for susceptible populations and high-risk foods, coupled with public health education during summer/autumn, is recommended.

To analyze epidemiological trends and changing characteristics of syphilis among students in Yunnan Province from 2005 to 2023, so as to provide evidence for the comprehensive prevention and control of syphilis in schools.

The case data of syphilis among students in Yunnan Province from 2005 to 2023 were obtained from the China Information System for Disease Control and Prevention. The Joinpoint regression model was used to conduct a time trend analysis of the reported incidence rate of syphilis.

From 2005 to 2023, a cumulative total of 3 191 cases of syphilis were reported in schools in Yunnan Province(1 248 male cases and 1 943 female cases). The reported incidence rate rose continuously from 0.17/100 000 in 2005 to 8.26/100 000 in 2023, with an average annual percent change (AAPC) of 24.89%(Z=13.18, P < 0.01). The reported incidence rate was higher in female students than in male students (χ²=229.48, P < 0.05). The incidence rates in the primary school, junior high school, senior high school and higher education were 0.21/100 000, 2.42/100 000, 4.45/100 000 and 6.29/100 000 respectively, and the difference was statistically significant(χ²=3 432.84, P < 0.05). The average annual growth rate was the highest in the junior high school stage(AAPC=30.68%, Z=7.57, P < 0.05), followed by the senior high school stage (AAPC=24.28%, Z=5.70, P < 0.05).The reported incidence rate of primary and secondary syphilis increased from 0.12/100 000 in 2005 to 2.06/100 000 in 2023, with an AAPC of 16.86% (Z=4.57, P < 0.05).

The overall reported incidence rate of syphilis among students in schools in Yunnan Province shows a sustained upward trend, with the most rapid annual increase observed in junior high schools. Schools should prioritize syphilis education and expand awareness campaigns to curb transmission.

To analyze the institutional and regional differences in influenza vaccination for teachers and students, so as to provide a basis for influenza prevention and control in campus.

Influenza vaccination data for teachers and students in Shandong Province from 2015 to 2024 were collected from Immunization Information Systems. Joinpoint regression models were used to calculate the annual percent change (APC) and average annual percent change (AAPC) in first-dose vaccination rates.

The vaccination coverages for the first dose of influenza vaccine among teachers in Shandong Province from 2015 to 2024 were 0.01%, 0.02%, 0.15%, 0.29%, 0.60%, 2.06%, 1.64%, 2.27%, 3.00%, and 2.43%, with a turning point in 2020. For preschools, primary/secondary schools, and higher education institutions, APCs during 2015-2020 were 163.36%, 162.09%, and 174.94%, respectively(P < 0.01), declining to 9.53%, 9.92%, and 8.14% during 2020-2024(P>0.05). Corresponding AAPCs were 78.32%, 78.13%, and 81.61%(P < 0.01). High, middle, and low GDP regions exhibited APCs of 173.84%, 162.75%, and 136.67% during 2015-2020(P < 0.01) and 5.77%, 13.92%, and 11.86% during 2020-2024(P>0.05), with AAPCs of 79.42%, 81.23%, and 69.63%(P < 0.01), respectively. Among students, vaccination coverage ranged from 1.59% to 7.20%. Preschool students showed no turning points, with an AAPC of 18.73%(P < 0.01). Primary/secondary students had turning points in 2018 and 2022, APCs were -32.59% during 2015-2018(P < 0.01), 48.45% during 2018-2022(P < 0.01), and -26.25% during 2022-2024(P=0.04), yielding an AAPC of -2.32%(P=0.45). Higher education students had a turning point in 2020, with APCs of 63.27% during 2015-2020(P < 0.01) and 4.31% during 2020-2024 (P=0.77), and the AAPC was 33.79% during 2015-2024 (P < 0.01). High, middle, and low GDP regions for students showed no turning points, with AAPCs of 10.46%(P=0.18), 13.67%(P=0.01), and 10.42%(P=0.05), respectively.

The influenza vaccination rate among teachers and students in Shandong Province has shown an upward trend from 2015 to 2024, but the overall level is still relatively low. However, continued efforts are needed to enhance health education on influenza and vaccination, to further improve the vaccination rate of teachers and students.

To analyze the prevalence trends and associated factors of overweight and obesity among children and adolescents in Macao from 2005 to 2020, so as to provide evidence for developing health promotion strategies.

Data were obtained from the Macao Citizen Physical Fitness Monitoring Database for the years 2005, 2010, 2015, and 2020 for participants aged 6-22 years. The χ² test was employed to analyze trends in detection rates, while univariate and multivariate Logistic regression analyses were conducted to identify influencing factors.

The overweight rate among Macao's children and adolescents increased from 10.4% in 2005 to 14.8% in 2020. The obesity rate rose from 6.8% to 12.1%, with the total detection rate increasing from 17.2% to 26.9%, and the differences were statistically significant (χ_trend²=46.7, 87.5, 145.9, P < 0.01). Notably, the overweight/obesity rate among boys showed rapid growth (χ_trend²=118.6, P < 0.01), while girls exhibited a declining inflection point in 2020. Multivariate Logistic regression analysis revealed that children and adolescents with the following characteristics faced higher risks of overweight/obesity: a physical education performance score of 3 points (overweight: OR=2.34, 95%CI=1.10-4.96; obesity: OR=2.39, 95%CI=1.19-4.81), paternal obesity (overweight: OR=2.07, 95%CI=1.38-3.11; obesity: OR=1.51, 95%CI=1.01-2.27), and maternal obesity (overweight: OR=1.69, 95%CI=1.08-2.63; obesity: OR=1.77, 95%CI=1.16-2.71) (P < 0.05). Conversely, lower risks were observed in those who performed appropriate warm-up activities before exercise (obesity: OR=0.37, 95%CI=0.15-0.95), participated in two academic/non-sports extracurricular classes (obesity: OR=0.46, 95%CI=0.24-0.88), and reported moderate physical exertion during extracurricular exercise (obesity: OR=0.60, 95%CI=0.36-0.98) (P < 0.05).

Overweight and obesity among Macao's children and adolescents remain severe, particularly among boys, while girls show early signs of improvement. It is recommended to establish a multi-sectoral collaborative prevention and control system to reduce childhood and adolescent obesity.