To investigate the effects of Tonglagat-5, a Mongolian drug, on bone microstructure and bone metabolism in osteoporotic mice, and to explore the possible mechanisms of action based on phosphatase and tensin homologue-induced kinase 1 (PINK1)/Parkin-mediated mitophagy.

Osteoporotic mouse model was established by ovariectomy (OVX). Osteoporotic model mice were randomly divided into model group (equal volume 0.9% NaCl by gavage), control group (estradiol valerate 1 mg·kg^-1 by gavage), experimental group (0.05 g·kg^-1 Tonglagat-5 solution by gavage) and combined group (0.05 g·kg^-1 Tonglagat-5 solution by gavage + 50 mg·kg^-1 Mdivi-1 by intraperitoneal injection), with 10 mice per group; ten mice were randomly selected as the sham-operation group. After 10 consecutive weeks of treatment, the bone mineral density (BMD) was measured by Micor-CT assay, the bone metabolism marker assay [C-terminal telopeptide of type Ⅰ collagen (CTx-Ⅰ), alkaline phosphatase (ALP) and bone Gla-protein (BGP)] were detected by kit, and the protein expression levels of translocase of outer mitochondrial membrane 20 (Tomm20), p62, PINK1 and Parkin were performed by Western blot.

The BMD in the sham-operation, model, control, experimental and combined groups were (0.23±0.02), (0.09±0.01), (0.22±0.03), (0.23±0.01) and (0.11±0.02) g·mm^-3; the levels of CTx-Ⅰ were (14.58±1.22), (26.62±2.04), (16.44±2.31), (12.31±1.98) and (22.76±2.52) ng·mL^-1; the levels of ALP were (4.87±1.12), (1.41±1.10), (3.03±1.07), (4.44±1.15) and (2.05±1.41) U·L^-1; the levels of BGP were (9.35±1.06), (5.28±0.84), (7.76±0.35), (8.34±0.87) and (6.12±0.81) ng·mL^-1; the relative expression levels of Tomm20 protein were 0.93±0.08, 0.10±0.01, 0.37±0.03, 0.84±0.06 and 0.28±0.03; the relative expression levels of p62 protein were 0.15±0.02, 0.93±0.09, 0.65±0.06, 0.37±0.04 and 0.86±0.06; the relative expression levels of PINK1 protein were 0.87±0.09, 0.14±0.02, 0.32±0.03, 0.69±0.06 and 0.26±0.03; the relative expression levels of Parkin protein were 0.79±0.08, 0.12±0.02, 0.26±0.04, 0.58±0.05 and 0.23±0.03, respectively. The above indexes in model group were compared those in sham-operation, control and experimental groups, the differences were statistically significant (all P<0.05).

Tonglagat-5 is able to improve bone microstructure and bone metabolism and reduce bone loss in OVX mice, and the mechanism may be related to the activation of PINK1/Parkin pathway-mediated mitophagy to exert osteoprotective effects.

To explore the mechanism of regulating reactive oxygen species (ROS)/Nod-like receptor family pyrin domain-contain-ning protein 3 (NLRP3) by Tilianin liposomes improved macrophage pyroptosis.

Macrophage pyroptosis model using lipopolysaccharide (LPS) combined with adenosine triphosphate (ATP) was established. They were divided into control group, model group, and experimental group (RAW 264.7 macrophages). The experimental group was treated with 5 μg·mL^-1 Tilianin liposomes for 12 hours, while the control group and model group were cultured normally in complete culture medium without medication for 12 hours. Microplate method was used to detect the release of lactate dehydrogenase (LDH). Enzyme linked immunosorbent assay was used to detect the contents of interleukin (IL)-1β and IL-18. Detection of ROS content in cells was done by flow cytometry. Western blotting was used to detect the relative expression levels of NLRP3.

The LDH release levels in the experimental, control and model groups were (568.54±68.04), (556.05±83.31) and (984.41±138.82) U·L^-1; the IL-1β contents were (8.99±2.17), (5.51±0.49) and (38.78±3.33) pg·mL^-1; the IL-18 contents were (35.95±5.24), (20.95±2.36) and (64.14±9.73) pg·mL^-1; the ROS release levels were 4.00±0.48, 0.68±0.50 and 9.58±0.42; the relative expression levels of NLRP3 protein were 2.44±0.46, 1.00±0.10 and 4.76±0.61, respectively. The above indicators in the experimental and control groups were compared with those in the model group, and there were statistically significant differences (all P<0.01).

Tilianin liposomes can reduce endogenous ROS production and improve LPS/ATP induced RAW 264.7 macrophage pyroptosis, which may be related to the regulation of ROS/NLRP3 inflammasome signaling pathway.

To observe the clinical efficacy and safety of ropivacaine for erector spinae plane block (ESPB) combined with total intravenous anesthesia (TIVA) in patients undergoing colorectal cancer surgery.

Patients with colorectal cancer were randomly divided into treatment and control groups. Before the general anesthesia induction, treatment group received deep injection of 0.375% ropivacaine solution (25 mL) for local anesthesia in the erector spinae plane. Two groups received anesthesia induction with 0.05 mg·kg^-1 midazolam + 0.4 μg·kg^-1 sufentanil + 1.5 mg·kg^-1 propofol + 0.15 mg·kg^-1 cisatracurium, and anesthesia maintenance with 3-4 mg·L^-1 propofol + 0.5-1.0 μg·kg^-1 sufentanil + 0.05-0.10 mg·kg^-1 cisatracurium. The sufentanil dosage, hemodynamics, visual analogue scale (VAS) and Ramsay sedation scores, interleukin (IL)-6 and cortisol levels and safety were compared between two groups.

Treatment group were enrolled 57 cases, 5 cases dropped out, and 52 cases were finally included in the statistical analysis. Control group were enrolled 55 cases, 3 cases dropped out, and 52 cases were finally included in the statistical analysis. At extubation, heart rates of treatment and control groups were (89.54±5.41) and (101.98±8.58) beat·min^-1, mean arterial pressures were (83.60±7.48) and (93.12±7.35) mmHg, and the differences were statistically significant (all P<0.05). Intraoperative sufentanil dosages of treatment and control groups were (16.35±2.54) and (23.77±3.02) μg, VAS scores at 24 h after operation were (2.98±0.42) and (3.67±0.58) points, IL-6 levels at 24 h after operation were (17.92±2.41) and (28.12±3.81) ng·L^-1, cortisol levels at 24 h after operation were (154.88±24.06) and (187.46±27.51) ng·mL^-1, respectively; the differences were statistically significant (all P<0.05). Ramsay scores at 1 and 24 h postoperatively showed no statistically significant differences between and within groups (all P>0.05). The adverse drug reactions of treatment group were block site hematoma, nausea and vomiting, while those in control group were nausea and vomiting, hypotension and delirium. The incidences of total adverse drug reactions in the treatment and control groups were 11.54% and 21.15%, without significant difference (P>0.05).

Ropivacaine ESPB combined with TIVA can help the patients undergoing colorectal cancer surgery to maintain stable intraoperative hemodynamics, reduce sufentanil consumption and pain, decrease postoperative inflammatory and stress responses, without increasing the incidence of adverse drug reactions.

To explore the effects of essential oil of Ligusticum chuanxiong (LCEO) on primary dysmenorrhea (PD) and preliminarily its mechanism of action.

Forty-eight female non-pregnant KM mice were randomly divided into blank group, model group, positive control group and experimental -L, -M, -H groups. Except for the blank group, the remaining groups were gavaged with estradiol valerate to establish the PD mouse model. Starting from the 7th day, the blank group and the model group were gavaged with equal volumes of distilled water in the morning, the positive control group was administered 120 mg·kg^-1 of ibuprofen solution by gastric lavage, while the low, medium, and high dose experimental groups were gavaged with 22, 44 and 88 mg·kg^-1 of LCEO, respectively, for 5 consecutive days. Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) was used to measure the levels of oxytocin (OT) and prostaglandin F_2α (PGF_2α) in mice uterine. Using the oxytocin-induced rat isolated uterine contraction model, the study explored the mechanism of LCEO in relaxing uterine smooth muscle through preincubation with different blocking agents (Indomethacin, phentolamine mesylate, propranolol hydrochloride, atropine sulfate, diphenhydramine hydrochloride, ranitidine hydrochloride and nifedipine).

The OT contents in the blank group, model group, positive control group and experimental -L, -M, -H groups were (3.57±0.81), (5.54±0.60), (4.63±0.75), (4.15±0.76), (4.04±1.19) and (3.67±0.66) pg·mg^-1; the PGF_2α contents were (1.22±0.38), (2.53±0.45), (1.84±0.52), (1.30±0.31), (1.21±0.35) and (0.48±0.15) pg·mg^-1, respectively. The above indexes in the model group were compared with the experimental -L, -M, -H and blank, positive control groups, there were statistically significant differences in all comparisons (P<0.01, P<0.05). After preincubation with indomethacin, phentolamine mesylate, and atropine sulfate, the relaxant effect on uterine smooth muscle of LCEO was significantly weakened. After preincubation with propranolol hydrochloride, diphenhydramine hydrochloride, ranitidine hydrochloride and nifedipine, the relaxant effect on uterine smooth muscle of LCEO did not show any significant changes.

LCEO has a significant effect on primary dysmenorrhea, and its mechanism may be related to inhibiting cyclooxygenase and blocking receptors α and M.

To observe the clinical efficacy and safety of omalizumab injection combined with salmeterol ticasone inhalation powder in the treatment of patients with chest tightness variant asthma (CTVA).

Patients with CTVA were randomly divided into treatment group and control group. Patients in the control group were given salmeterol ticasone inhalation powder one puff each time, twice a day. Treatment group was given subcutaneous injection of omalizumab injection on the basis of control group, 150-600 mg per time according to symptoms, once every 4 weeks, continuous treatment for 12 weeks. Clinical efficacy, improvement of symptoms, airway resistance and lung function and safety were compared between the two groups.

A total of 10 cases dropped out during the trial, and 49 cases and 48 cases were included in the final control group and treatment group, respectively. After treatment, the total effective rates of the control group and treatment group were 79.59% (39 cases/49 cases) and 93.75% (45 cases/48 cases), respectively, with statistical significance (P<0.05). After treatment, the daytime cough scores of the control group and the treatment group were (0.51±0.17) and (0.42±0.13) score, the nighttime cough scores were (0.72±0.20) and (0.54±0.18) score, and the chest tightness scores were (0.44±0.12) and (0.37±0.09) score, forced expiratory volume in one second was (2.44±0.33) and (2.60±0.37) L, peak expiratory flow rates were (4.72±0.45) and (4.95±0.39) L·s^-1, total airway resistance measured value/predicted values were 126.34±10.77 and 121.94±9.28, central airway resistance measured value/predicted values were 86.47±6.20 and 82.16±7.33, and the differences were statistically significant (all P<0.05). The adverse drug reactions in the treatment group mainly included mild oropharyngeal edema, headache, swelling at the injection site, and epigastric pain, while those in the control group mainly included mild oropharyngeal edema, subjective palpitation, and headache. The total incidences of adverse drug reactions in the treatment group and the control group were 10.42% (5 cases/48 cases) and 8.16% (4 cases/49 cases), respectively. There was no statistically significant difference (P>0.05).

Omalizumab injection combined with salmeterol ticasone inhalation powder is more effective than monotherapy in the treatment of patients with CTVA, without increasing the incidences of adverse drug reactions.

To develop a liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) method for quantifying 16 bioactive constituents of Gardenia jasminoides Eills in various murine tissues.

The ileum, colon, stomach, liver, kidney and brain tissues of mice were collected following intragastric administration of Gardenia jasminoides Ellis. Subsequently, the samples were processed by precipitating protein. The analysis was performed using the Waters CORTECS C₁₈ column (4.6 mm×150.0 mm, 2.7 μm) with mobile phase gradient elution consisting of a methanol-water solution, and specnuezhenide was used as the internal standard; the flow rate was set at 0.4 mL·min^-1 while maintaining a column temperature of 40 ℃; detection was performed in negative ion mode utilizing an electrospray ion source. Furthermore, the method was evaluated for its specificity, standard curve and lower limit of quantification, precision and recovery, stability and reproducibility. Additionally, the tissue distribution characteristics of the active components of Gardenia jasminoides Ellis in mice were investigated.

This study established a method for the analysis of 16 bioactive constituents in Gardenia jasminoides Ellis within complex matrices. The linear range spanned from 0.98 to 6.00×10⁴ ng·mL^-1, with a limit of quantitation ranging from 0.92 to 11.72 ng·mL^-1, and the RSD values for intra-day and inter-day precision as well as recovery were all below 15%. Amongst the examined tissues, ileum tissue exhibited the highest levels of these active components, followed by gastric tissue. Iridoid components demonstrated extensive distribution across various tissues. The diterpenoid constituent crocetin was predominantly found in the liver and brain, while crocin Ⅱ showed higher distribution in the colon.

The method exhibits high specificity, excellent sensitivity, reproducibility, and stability. Moreover, the matrix effect can be controlled effectively, rendering it suitable for analyzing Gardenia jasminoides Ellis in complex matrices. The intestine is the major tissue for the distribution of Gardenia jasminoides Ellis, which may be an important part for its efficacy. Furthermore, the extensive pharmacological effects of Gardenia jasminoides Ellis may be related to the component tendency to different tissues.

To observe the clinical efficacy and safety of evolocumab injection combined with rosuvastatin tablets in the treatment of patients with acute myocardial infarction (AMI) after percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI).

The AMI patients were randomly divided into control group and treatment group. The control group was given oral rosuvastatin at an initial dose of 10 mg daily, if the level of low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) >1.4 mmol·L^-1, the dose was increased to 20 mg daily. On the basis of control group, the treatment group received evolocumab 140 mg, subcutaneous injection of the abdomen, once every 2 weeks. Two groups were treated for 6 months. The clinical efficacy, myocardial injury markers, lipid metabolism parameters, overall incidence of cardiovascular events and safety were compared between two groups.

Treatment group were enrolled 55 cases, 2 cases dropped out, and 53 cases were finally included in the statistical analysis. Control group were enrolled 53 cases, 1 case dropped out, and 52 cases were finally included in the statistical analysis. After treatment, the total effective rates of treatment and control groups were 92.45% (49 cases/53 cases) and 78.85% (41 cases / 52 cases), with statistically significant difference (P<0.05). After treatment, the levels of high-sensitivity cardiac troponin were (2.02±0.61) and (2.78±0.73) ng·L^-1, the levels of creatine kinase-MB were (38.90±6.47) and (50.05±6.15) U·L^-1, the levels of total cholesterol were (2.27±0.15) and (3.15±0.19) mmol·L^-1, the levels of triglycerides were (1.61±0.12) and (1.77±0.17) mmol·L^-1, the levels of LDL-C were (1.25±0.15) and (2.08±0.13) mmol·L^-1, the overall incidences of cardiovascular events were 5.77% and 16.98%, respectively. The differences of above indexes were statistically significant (all P<0.05). The adverse drug reactions of treatment group were skin rash, elevated creatine kinase and liver injury, while those in the control group were nausea and vomiting, skin rash and liver injury. The total incidences of adverse drug reactions in treatment and control groups were 9.43% and 5.77%, without statistically significant difference (P>0.05).

Evolocumab injection combined with rosuvastatin tablets has a definitive clinical efficacy in the treatment of patients with AMI after PCI, which can significantly improve cardiac function, reduce the risk of myocardial injury and cardiovascular events, with good safety.

To explore the therapeutic effect of hydroxysafflor yellow A (HSYA) on acute exacerbation of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (AECOPD) mice and its mechanism of action.

Mice were randomly divided into control group, model group and experimental -L, -M, -H groups, with 20 mice per group. The control group was raised normally, and the other groups were exposed to cigarette smoke (CS) and non-typeable Haemophilus influenzae (NTHi) infection to establish an AECOPD mouse model. Starting from the 12th week of CS exposure, experimental -L, -M, -H groups were administered 25, 50 and 100 mg·kg^-1·d^-1 HSYA by gavage, and control and model groups were given 0.9% NaCl by gavage. Five groups were administered once a day for 2 weeks. The functional residual capacity (FRC) of the mice was measured using the Buxco lung function test system. The percentage of neutrophils in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) was measured using flow cytometry. The expression levels of phosphatidylinositol-3-kinase (PI3K) and protein kinase B (Akt) in lung tissues were detected by Western blot.

The FRC of experimental -M, -H groups, model group and control group were (0.31±0.01), (0.27±0.01), (0.37±0.02) and (0.25±0.01) L; the neutrophil percentages were (37.96±2.88)%, (28.41±1.64)%, (60.27±2.12)% and (11.33±0.31)%; the phosphorylated PI3K/PI3K ratios were 1.59±0.08, 1.30±0.06, 2.28±0.08 and 1.00±0.06; the phosphorylated Akt/Akt ratios were 1.33±0.11, 1.15±0.03, 1.76±0.11 and 1.00±0.06, respectively. Compared with model group, the differences of above indexes in experimental -M, -H groups were statistically significant (all P<0.05).

HSYA may reduce neutrophil activity by inhibiting the PI3K/Akt pathway, thereby inhibiting inflammatory responses and alleviating lung injury.