To investigate the salt intake status and its influencing factors among adult residents in rural areas of Hebei province, and to provide a reference for developing salt reduction interventions for residents in this area.

In August 2022, 600 adult residents aged ≥18 years were selected from 11 prefecture-level cities in Hebei province (Shijiazhuang, Handan, Xingtai, Baoding, Zhangjiakou, Chengde, Tangshan, Qinhuangdao, Cangzhou, Hengshui, and Langfang) using a convenience sampling method. Questionnaires, physical examinations, and 24-hour urine collection and testing were conducted. The daily salt intake of the subjects was calculated using the 24-hour urinary sodium method, and a multifactorial unconditional logistic regression model was used to analyze the influencing factors of salt intake among adult residents in rural areas of Hebei province.

The daily salt intake of the 597 rural adult residents finally included in the analysis ranged from 1.05 g to 35.54 g, with a mean daily salt intake of [9.66 (6.67, 13.41) g]. The low-salt group (daily salt intake < 9.66 g) and high-salt group (daily salt intake ≥9.66 g) consisted of 298 and 299 individuals, accounting for 49.92% and 50.08%, respectively. Multifactorial unconditional logistic regression analysis showed that frequent consumption of broad bean paste (OR=1.642, 95%CI: 1.152–2.340) was a risk factor for salt intake among adult residents in rural areas of Hebei province, while age ≥60 years (OR=0.628, 95%CI: 0.430–0.916) and the use of low-sodium salt (OR=0.544, 95%CI: 0.308–0.962) were protective factors.

Salt intake among adult residents in rural areas of Hebei province is high. Age, frequent consumption of broad bean paste, and current use of low-sodium salt are the main influencing factors of salt intake among rural adult residents in the area.

To analyze the current status of body composition, sedentary time, and physical activity levels in overweight and obese pregnant women during early pregnancy, and to explore the influencing factors of visceral fat area (VFA), so as to provide a scientific basis for preventing excessive weight gain and improving health status in this population.

This cross-sectional study recruited 154 overweight and obese women in early pregnancy (gestational age ≤14 weeks) from the nutrition clinic of Haidian Maternal and Child Health Hospital in Beijing city from November 2023 to May 2024. Demographic characteristic, physical activity, and dietary information were collected through a basic health status questionnaire, the International Physical Activity Questionnaire (IPAQ), and a Food Frequency Questionnaire (FFQ). Body composition was measured based on bioelectrical impedance analysis. Spearman correlation analysis was used to analyze the correlation between body composition-related indicators and VFA. Multiple logistic regression and generalized additive models were used to analyze the influencing factors of VFA.

A total of 131 valid questionnaires and 154 body composition reports were collected, with effective rates of 85% and 100%, respectively. 45.04%of the pregnant women had low physical activity levels, and 54.96%had moderate or higher levels. The median (interquartile range) of body composition-related indicators were as follows: VFA, 136 (116–157) cm²; waist-to-hip ratio, 0.93 (0.90–0.96); body weight, 72 (67–76) kg; body fat, 27 (25–31) kg; basal metabolic rate (BMR), 5 522 880 (5 284 392–5 799 024) J; body mass index (BMI), 27 (26–29); muscle mass, 41 (36–41) kg; and body fat percentage, 38 (36–41)%. Sedentary time was 400 (240–480) min/d. Multiple logistic regression analysis showed that after adjusting for confounding factors such as age, dairy, refined grains, and fruit and vegetable intake, excessive BMI was a risk factor for higher VFA (OR=2.7, 95%CI: 1.602–2.951). Generalized additive models showed that sedentary time and physical activity level had statistically significant effects on VFA (P<0.05).

Insufficient physical activity levels and prolonged sedentary time in some overweight and obese pregnant women during early pregnancy should be addressed. Excessive BMI is a major risk factor for visceral fat accumulation. Overweight and obese pregnant women should arrange sedentary and exercise time appropriately according to their own circumstances, regularly monitor their body composition, and effectively prevent excessive weight gain during pregnancy and improve their overall health.

To analyze the influence of primary care physicians′ professional identity and job resilience on the construction of learning organizations, and to provide a reference for the reform of primary healthcare supply-side capacity.

From August to October 2022, 400 primary care physicians were selected from Yichang in Hubei province, Zhongmu in Henan province, Neijiang in Sichuan province, and Jinan in Shandong province using purposive sampling. Structural equation modeling was constructed using AMOS 28 software to analyze the influencing factors of learning organization construction among primary care physicians.

A total of 387 valid questionnaires were collected from primary care physicians, of which 27.65% (107 individuals) were classified as high-learning primary care physicians. Primary care physicians with senior professional titles (36 individuals), bachelor′s degree or above (212 individuals), monthly income >5 000 yuan (97 individuals), and more than 10 years of working experience (105 individuals) had a higher proportion of high-learning individuals within their respective groups compared to other types, at 36.11%, 29.72%, 31.56%, and 30.48%, respectively, demonstrating stronger active learning awareness and active service behavior. Structural equation analysis showed that primary care physicians′ professional identity and job resilience had direct effects on the construction of learning organizations, with effect values of 0.255 and 0.273, respectively (both P<0.01). Simultaneously, professional identity positively influenced job resilience, with an effect value of 0.637 (P<0.001). Effect decomposition showed that professional identity could partially and positively affect the construction of learning organizations among primary care physicians through the mediating role of job resilience, with an indirect effect value of 0.174 (P<0.001).

Currently, the construction of learning organizations among primary care physicians needs to be further strengthened. Comprehensively cultivating and shaping primary care physicians′ professional identity and job resilience can effectively enhance their active learning awareness and active service behavior, thereby contributing to the overall framework of supply-side structural reform in the primary healthcare system.

To understand the utilization of oral health services and the cost of oral disease treatment among residents in Shenzhen city, Guangdong province, and to provide a reference for monitoring and evaluating oral health care work in Shenzhen city.

From July to November 2018, a multi-stage stratified cluster sampling method was adopted. Based on the per capita gross domestic product (GDP) of each district in Shenzhen city in 2016, 8 880 residents were randomly selected from high-GDP districts (Nanshan district and Luohu district) and low-GDP districts (Longgang district and Longhua district) in Shenzhen city for questionnaire surveys and oral examinations to analyze the utilization of oral health services and the cost of oral disease treatment among local residents.

Among the 8 576 residents finally included in the analysis in Shenzhen city, 2 929 used oral health services, with a utilization rate of 34.2%. The utilization rates of oral health services among preschool children (3–5 years old), adolescents (12–15 years old), and adults (35–74 years old) were 28.3% (519/1 833), 37.6% (2 071/5 510), and 27.5% (339/1 233), respectively. The main reason for preschool children to use oral health services was consultation and examination (41.8%), while the main reason for adolescents and adults to use oral health services was treatment (43.1% and 77.5%, respectively). The costs of oral disease treatment for preschool children and adults were (1 025.00±220.63) and (1 832.32±127.36) yuan, respectively. There were no statistically significant differences in the costs of oral disease treatment among preschool children and adults of different genders, educational levels, and districts (all P>0.05).

The utilization rate of oral health services among residents in Shenzhen city is still low, while the cost of oral disease treatment is high.

To investigate and analyze the current status and problems of infant and young child nutrition services in maternal and child health institutions in China.

In 2022, a purposive sampling method was used to select 56 maternal and child health institutions from 16 provinces (municipalities) in China. An online questionnaire survey was conducted to collect information on the implementation of three types of infant and young child nutrition services (feeding guidance, physical growth assessment, and micronutrient deficiency risk screening), reasons for not providing these services, the number of four types of nutrition service personnel (clinical practitioners, public health practitioners, nurses, and technicians), and the availability of two types of nutrition service tools (dietary assessment and anthropometric measurement).

Among the surveyed institutions, provincial, city, and county (district) level institutions accounted for 14.29% (8/56), 39.29% (22/56), and 46.42% (26/56), respectively. The overall implementation rates of feeding guidance and physical growth assessment were both 100.00%, while the overall implementation rate of micronutrient deficiency risk screening was 69.64% (39/56). The implementation rates of each service item for feeding guidance (breastfeeding, complementary feeding, healthy diet, nutrient supplementation, and responsive feeding) and physical growth assessment (age-specific weight, age-specific length/height, age-specific head circumference, length/height-specific weight, and age-specific BMI) were all above 90.00%. The implementation rates of risk screening for iron, vitamin D, and vitamin A deficiency were 69.64% (39/56), 66.07% (37/56), and 55.36% (31/56), respectively. The main reasons for not implementing these services were insufficient technical skills of service personnel (9 institutions), lack of charging standards (8 institutions), and lack of equipment (8 institutions). Nutrition service personnel were mainly clinical practitioners (pediatrics) and nurses, accounting for 45.76% (329/719) and 27.54% (198/719), respectively. The availability rate of dietary assessment tools ranged from 57.14% to 83.93%, and the availability rates of anthropometric measurement tools were all above 90.00%.

Currently, the content of infant and young child nutrition services in maternal and child health institutions in China is not yet comprehensive, the capacity for micronutrient deficiency risk screening is weak, and professional training of nutrition service personnel and the provision of service tools need to be strengthened.

To analyze the influence of Internet use on the physical and mental health of older empty nesters and to provide a reference for improving their health status.

Data on 3 970 empty nesters (living alone or only with spouse/cohabitant for at least 180 days in the past year) aged 60 years and older were extracted from a survey of the China Health and Retirement Longitudinal Study (CHARLS) in 2020. Physical and mental health were assessed in the 2020 survey using the Basic Activities of Daily Living Scale (BADL) and the Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale (CESD-10), respectively. From all participants, 638 Internet users (observation group) were matched with the same number of non-Internet users (control group) using 1:1 propensity score matching (PSM). Univariate and multiple linear regression analyses were used to examine the influence of Internet use on the physical and mental health of the older empty nesters.

Of the 3 970 participants, 19.75% reported Internet use. Before the PSM, there were statistically significant differences in the covariates between the observation and control groups (P<0.05 for all), but after the PSM, the between-group differences in the covariates were not statistically significant (all P>0.05). Multivariate linear regression analysis showed that Internet use was positively associated with the physical health (β=0.289, P<0.05) and mental health (β=1.024, P<0.05) of older empty nesters. In addition, physical health was also influenced by gender, age, social participation, and nighttime sleep duration (all P<0.05), while mental health was also influenced by gender, household registration type, education, alcohol consumption, and nighttime sleep duration (P<0.05). Among these factors, social participation and nighttime sleep duration had the greatest influence on physical health (β= –0.411, P<0.05) and mental health (β=2.235, P<0.05).

The Internet usage rate among China's elderly empty nesters is relatively low. Internet use can effectively improve the physical and mental health of this population. Social participation and nighttime sleep duration are important factors influencing the physical and mental health of elderly empty nesters.

To analyze the impact of the urban and rural resident basic medical insurance on catastrophic health expenditure in Chinese residents.

Data from the 2020 China Family Panel Studies (CFPS) were used. Probit regression analysis was conducted with urban and rural resident basic medical insurance as the core variable. Propensity score matching (PSM) was taken to test for endogeneity.

At a threshold of 40%, the incidence of catastrophic health expenditure among Chinese residents was 13.88%. Probit model analysis showed that urban and rural resident basic medical insurance reduced the incidence of catastrophic health expenditure, with insured individuals having a 5.70% lower probability of experiencing catastrophic health expenditure compared to uninsured individuals. After addressing endogeneity, PSM results showed that urban and rural resident basic medical insurance still had a suppressive effect on the occurrence of catastrophic health expenditure. The impact of urban and rural resident basic medical insurance on reducing the incidence of catastrophic health expenditure differed significantly between western (β= –0.089) and eastern (β= –0.050) regions (both P<0.01). Age (β=0.035), education level (β= –0.011), urban-rural classification (β= –0.035), and regional classification (β=0.015) were also important factors influencing catastrophic health expenditure (all P<0.01).

urban and rural resident basic medical insurance can effectively reduce the probability of catastrophic health expenditure among Chinese residents. Relevant departments can reduce the probability of catastrophic health expenditure by further refining urban and rural resident medical insurance policy design, improving the multi-level medical security system, and flexibly formulating regional medical insurance policies.

To investigate the prevalence of malnutrition among syphilis-exposed uninfected (SEU) infants and young children in Hunan province and explore its related factors.

A total of 5 404 infants and young children born to mothers infected with syphilis, registered in the Hunan Provincial Management Information System for Prevention of Mother-to-Child Transmission of HIV, Syphilis, and Hepatitis B from January 2018 to December 2020, were included in this study. These children were followed up regularly until 18 months of age. Data collected included maternal demographic characteristics, gestational and delivery information, syphilis infection and treatment status, infant birth information, infant prophylactic medication use, syphilis testing results, and length and weight measurements at different follow-up time points (3, 6, 9, 12, and 18 months of age). Malnutrition among SEU infants and young children was assessed based on the WHO 2006 Child Growth Standards. Generalized estimating equations were used to fit logistic regression models to analyze the related factors.

The prevalence of malnutrition among SEU infants and young children at 3, 6, 9, 12, and 18 months of age was 7.5% (403/5 404), 6.1% (309/5 092), 4.2%(193/4 554), 3.8% (148/3 928), and 3.7% (125/3 348), respectively. The prevalence of stunting was 5.2% (280/5 404), 4.7% (241/5 092), 3.3% (149/4 554), 3.0% (116/3 928), and 2.8% (95/3 348), respectively. The prevalence of underweight was 2.5% (135/5 404), 1.2% (62/5 092), 0.9%(40/4 554), 0.4% (15/3 928), and 0.4% (12/3 348), respectively. The prevalence of wasting was 2.0% (107/5 404), 1.2% (62/5 092), 0.9% (42/4 554), 0.8% (32/3 928), and 0.9% (30/3 348), respectively. The prevalence of malnutrition was higher in younger SEU infants and children. Maternal first antenatal care visit at ≥28 weeks of gestation (adjusted odds ratio [OR_adj]=1.63, 95%CI: 1.27–2.09), low birth weight (OR_adj=2.35, 95%CI: 1.77–3.13), and preterm birth (OR_adj=1.83, 95%CI: 1.45–2.31) were risk factors for malnutrition in SEU infants and young children. Maternal standard syphilis treatment during pregnancy (OR_adj0.78, 95%CI: 0.62–0.97) and female sex of the child (OR_adj=0.62, 95%CI: 0.53–0.71) were protective factors against malnutrition.

The prevalence of malnutrition among SEU infants and young children was relatively low. Late first antenatal care visit (≥28 weeks), standard syphilis treatment during pregnancy, low birth weight, preterm birth, and female sex were factors influencing malnutrition in SEU infants and young children.

To analyze the leftover food situation among students in key monitored counties under the Rural Compulsory Education Student Nutrition Improvement Program in Henan province in 2021, and to provide scientific evidence for improving the current situation of food waste and strengthening nutrition and health education.

In 2021, a stratified random cluster sampling method was used to select 4 832 primary and secondary school students from four key monitored counties implementing the Rural Compulsory Education Student Nutrition Improvement Program in Henan province. Their height and weight were measured, and a questionnaire survey was conducted to analyze their usual leftover food situation and the satisfaction of students who ate at school with the school meals.

Among the 4 832 surveyed students, 33.35% reported leftovers during their usual meals. Among those who had leftovers, the frequency of leftovers was mainly 1–4 days per week (46.64%), the amount of leftovers was mainly "only a little left" (74.52%), the types of leftovers were mainly staple foods (54.23%) and vegetables (42.69%), and the main reasons for leftovers were “too much food provided, couldn’t finish it” (38.56%) and “dislike this kind of food” (27.64%). Among the students who ate at school, 12.28% felt that the school meals were too salty, 22.98% felt that the school meals were too greasy, and only 32.49% liked the food provided by the school. Logistic regression analysis showed that township schools (OR=2.055, 95%CI: 1.645–2.567), middle school (OR=1.171, 95%CI: 1.015–1.352), and snacking frequency of 3–4 times/week (OR=1.934, 95%CI: 1.601–2.336) were risk factors for student leftovers, while non–boarding students (OR=0.567, 95%CI;0.477–0.672) and overweight/obesity (OR=0.830, 95%CI:0.717–0.961) were protective factors.

There is a certain degree of leftover food among students in key monitored counties under the Rural Compulsory Education Student Nutrition Improvement Program in Henan province, and student satisfaction with the food provided by schools is low. School location, school level, boarding status, nutritional status, and snacking frequency are influencing factors for leftovers.