To investigate the associations of the energy-adjusted dietary inflammatory index (E-DII) with hyperglycemia risk and fasting plasma glucose (FPG) level among adults in China.

A total of 9 363 adults aged ≥ 18 years who participated in at least two rounds of the China Health and Nutrition Survey (CHNS) in 2009, 2015, and 2018, with complete dietary data and blood glucose measurements, were included. The E-DII was calculated based on a quantitative food frequency questionnaire (FFQ). Participants were assigned into quintiles (Q1–Q5) according to the E-DII distribution in each survey year. The associations of E-DII with hyperglycemia risk and FPG level were analyzed via a three-level logistic mixed-effects model and a three-level linear mixed-effects model, respectively, with inverse probability of treatment weighting (IPTW) for confounding adjustment.

The baseline mean age of the 9 363 participants was (51.4 ± 13.1) years, with an average follow-up of 5.6 years. The E-DII scores ranged from −4.5 to 5.2, with a mean of 0.6. The prevalence of hyperglycemia was 24.2%. After adjusting for confounders, compared with the Q5 group (highest pro-inflammatory diet), the Q2 group in the overall population had a decreased risk of hyperglycemia (OR = 0.616, 95%CI: 0.470 to 0.807). Similar trends were observed in males, individuals aged 45–59 years at baseline, both rural and urban residents, and the overall population. In the overall population, the Q4 group exhibited a 0.046 mmol/L decrease in FPG (95%CI: −0.091 to −0.001). In females, the Q1 group showed a 0.120 mmol/L reduction in FPG (95%CI: −0.216 to −0.024). Among participants aged 18–44 years at baseline, the Q1 and Q4 groups had FPG reductions of 0.160 mmol/L (95%CI: −0.281 to −0.039) and 0.128 mmol/L (95%CI: −0.238 to −0.018), respectively. Urban residents in the Q3 and Q4 groups demonstrated FPG decreases of 0.195 mmol/L (95%CI: −0.349 to −0.041) and 0.180 mmol/L (95%CI: −0.330 to −0.029), respectively.

Reducing dietary inflammatory potential may aid in FBG control and hyperglycemia prevention among Chinese adults.

To analyze the mortality trend of chronic respiratory diseases (CRD) among residents aged ≤70 years old in Qinghai province from 2015 to 2022, thus providing a basis for improving the prevention and control strategies of CRD.

The mortality data were collected from the Death Information Registration and Reporting System of Qinghai Province for the individuals aged ≤ 70 years old, with the underlying cause of death attributed to CRD from January 1, 2015 to December 31, 2022. Descriptive analysis was conducted via the number of deaths, crude mortality, and standardized mortality. The Joinpoint model was adopted to calculate the average annual percentage change (AAPC) to analyze the mortality trend of CRD among residents aged ≤ 70 years old in Qinghai province.

The crude mortality of CRD among residents aged ≤ 70 years old in Qinghai province increased from 20.46/10⁵ in 2015 to 24.27/10⁵ in 2022, while the standardized mortality decreased from 32.38/10⁵ in 2015 to 31.59/10⁵ in 2022. However, both the trends showed no statistically significant differences (all P > 0.05). The crude mortality of CRD varied among residents aged ≤70 years in different gender, age, and region groups across different years (all P < 0.05). Among the residents with different characteristics aged ≤ 70 years old, the crude mortality of CRD in rural areas increased from 21.45/10⁵ in 2015 to 31.59/10⁵ in 2022. The crude mortality of CRD showed an upward trend from 2015 to 2022 (AAPC = 4.44%, t = 2.76, P = 0.03).

From 2015 to 2022, the mortality of CRD among rural residents aged ≤ 70 years old in Qinghai province showed an upward trend. Rural areas, pastoral areas, and elderly male residents are the key areas and population for the prevention and control of CRD.

To compare the premature death probability and disease burden of major chronic diseases along with their changing trends among residents in chronic disease comprehensive control and prevention demonstration areas (demonstration areas) and non-demonstration areas in Jinan city, thus providing a basis for improving the residents′ health.

Using mortality data from three demonstration areas and three non-demonstration areas in Jinan, 2013 – 2023, we compared and analyzed age-standardized mortality rates (ASMR), premature mortality probability, and standardized years of life lost (YLL) rates of cardiovascular diseases (CVD), malignant tumors, chronic respiratory diseases (CRD), and diabetes mellitus (DM). The changing trends were assessed based on the average annual percentage change (AAPC).

The demonstration areas had higher average ASMR and standardized YLL rates of CVD, malignant tumors, and the four major chronic diseases and lower average ASMR and standardized YLL rates of CRD and DM than the non-demonstration areas. Significant declining trends were observed for the ASMR of CVD (AAPC = –1.33%, 95%CI: –2.21% to –0.46%), malignant tumors (AAPC = –3.33%, 95%CI: –4.47% to –2.18%), CRD (AAPC = –6.69%, 95%CI: –8.29% to –5.07%), and the four major chronic diseases (AAPC = –2.22%, 95%CI: –2.94% to –1.50%) as well as the standardized YLL rates of CVD (AAPC = –1.66%, 95%CI: –2.50% to –0.81%), malignant tumors (AAPC = –3.96%, 95%CI: –5.23% to –2.68%), CRD (AAPC = –7.41%, 95%CI: –9.12% to –5.67%), and the four major chronic diseases (AAPC = –2.73%, 95%CI: –3.42% to –2.04%), with greater declines in the demonstration areas. The demonstration areas had higher average annual premature death probabilities of malignant tumors and the four major chronic diseases and lower average annual premature death probabilities of CVD, CRD, and DM than the non-demonstration areas. Reductions in premature death probability were observed for CVD (AAPC = –1.70%, 95%CI: –2.57% to –0.82%), malignant tumors (AAPC = –3.60%, 95%CI: –4.80% to –2.39%), CRD (AAPC = –5.81%, 95%CI: –7.90% to –3.68%), and the four major chronic diseases (AAPC = –2.56%, 95%CI: –3.36% to –1.75%), with greater declines in the demonstration areas.

The establishment of demonstration areas in Jinan has significantly reduced premature death burden from CVD, malignant tumors, and CRD. These interventions have shown pronounced benefits for the people aged 30–69. Nevertheless, the prevention and control of DM still need to be strengthened.

To investigate the detection rate and influencing factors of carotid plaque and plaque burden in a population with the age ≥ 40 years and high stroke risk in Nanjing city, thereby providing evidence for stroke prevention and control.

As a part of the China National Stroke Screen Survey, the data were collected at 12 screening sites, which were selected from 4 districts (Pukou, Gaochun, Jiangning, and Liuhe) in Nanjing by Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital and Nanjing Brain Hospital from 2017 to 2020. A total of 5 636 residents aged 40 and above who were at high-risk for stroke and underwent ultrasound examination of carotid arteries were included in this study. The detection rates of carotid plaque and plaque burden were analyzed. Multivariate unconditional logistic regression was employed to analyze the influencing factors of carotid plaque and plaque burden.

Among the 5 636 residents included, 1 801 (32.0%) and 966 (17.1%) were detected with carotid plaque and plaque burden, respectively. The results of multivariate unconditional logistic regression showed that age ≥ 50 years, educational background of college degree or above, smoking, hypertension, and diabetes increased the risk of carotid plaque, while living in rural areas, drinking alcohol, sufficient fruit intake, and obesity reduced the risk of carotid plaque. Moreover, age ≥ 50 years, hypertension and diabetes increased the risk of carotid plaque burden, while female, living in rural areas, drinking alcohol, sufficient fruit intake, and obesity reduced the risk of carotid plaque burden.

Although the detection rates of carotid plaque and plaque burden in population aged 40 and above and with high stroke risk in Nanjing were lower than that in other cities, the burden was still heavy. Age, residence, alcohol intake, fruit intake, hypertension, diabetes, and body mass index were the common influencing factors for carotid plaque and plaque burden in this population.

To predict the 10-year risk of cardiovascular diseases (CVD) and its risk factors among residents aged 35–75 years old in Xuzhou City, so as to provide a scientific basis for formulating prevention and control measures for CVD.

The data of residents aged 35–75 years old in Gulou district, Yunlong district, and Quanshan district of Xuzhou city collected during the baseline survey of the Jiangsu Province Comprehensive Prevention and Control Project for Cardiovascular Diseases in 2022–2023 were used. Information such as general data, body height, body weight, waist circumference, blood pressure, total cholesterol (TC), triglycerides (TG), low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C), and high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) was gathered through questionnaires, physical examinations, and laboratory tests. The prediction for ASCVD risk in China (China-PAR) model was used to assess the 10-year risk of CVD among the surveyed subjects.

The 12 256 residents aged 35–75 years old in Xuzhou consisted of 3 956 (32.28%) males and 8 300 (67.72%) females. Males showed higher age, waist circumference, body mass index (BMI), systolic/diastolic blood pressure, TG, smoking rate, hypertension prevalence, diabetes prevalence, and antihypertensive medication use than females (all P < 0.05). Females exhibited higher levels of TC, LDL-C, HDL-C, and CVD family history than males (all P < 0.05). The 10-year CVD risk among participants was 7.67%, and it was higher among males (10.85%) than among females (6.31%) (P < 0.01). The proportion of high-risk populations reached 37.73%, being higher in males (54.60%) than in females (29.69%) (P < 0.01). This proportion increased with age, and males in all age groups had higher proportions of high-risk populations than females. Aggregated risk factors of 1, 2, or ≥ 3 accounted for 28.24%, 28.11%, and 26.07%, respectively. The aggregation of risk factors in females increased with age (χ²_trend = 908.35, P < 0.001), while no such trend was observed in males (P > 0.05).

The 10-year CVD risk is high in the residents aged 35–75 years old in Xuzhou city. Males show higher risk, proportion of high-risk populations in different age groups, and aggregation of risk factors than females.

To investigate the detection status and its influencing factors of high-risk populations of cardiovascular disease (CVD) among residents aged 35–75 years in Jinan for the prevention and control of CVD among residents in this region.

A multi-stage random cluster sampling method was employed to select a total of 30 217 residents aged 35–75 years from 129 communities/villages from Licheng and Zhangqiu districts of Jinan for the survey between September 2016 and June 2022. Data were collected via questionnaires, physical examinations, and laboratory tests. Multivariate unconditional logistic regression analysis was performed to identity the influencing factors of the detection status of high-risk CVD populations among residents in this region.

Among the 30 214 participants aged 35–75 years in Jinan, 7 633 (25.26%) participants were identified with a high risk for CVD. The results of multivariate unconditional logistic regression analysis showed that age of 60 to 75 years, administrative/professional technical personnel, being retired/unemployed/homemakers, central obesity, hypertension, diabetes, and dyslipidemia were risk factors for the detection of high-risk CVD populations among residents aged 35–75 years in Jinan. Conversely, female, workers, employed in commercial/service industries, and agricultural household registration were protective factors.

The detection rate of high-risk CVD populations among residents aged 35–75 years was high in Jinan. Gender, age, occupation, registered permanent residence type, central obesity, hypertension, diabetes mellitus, and dyslipidemia were the main influencing factors for the detection of high-risk CVD populations among residents aged 35–75 years in this region.

To analyze multimorbidity networks in community-dwelling elderly adults in Yuexiu district, Guangzhou and provide evidence to inform chronic disease management in community settings.

A total of 54 829 individuals aged ≥ 65 years who participated in the National Free Health Examination Program in Yuexiu district, Guangzhou from January to December 2020 were included. Python 3.14.0 was used for hierarchical cluster analysis of the multimorbidity patterns, and Gephi 0.9.2 was employed to visually analyze the multimorbidity networks. Subsequently, subgroup analyses were conducted based on gender and clustering results.

The overall prevalence of multimorbidity in community-dwelling elderly adults in Yuexiu district, Guangzhou was 45.5% (24 922/54 829). The prevalence among males [44.2% (10 594/23 957)] was lower than that among females [46.4% (14 328/30 872)] (χ² = 28.00, P < 0.001). Hierarchical cluster analysis identified 105 binary and 455 ternary disease combinations. The top three binary combinations were coronary heart disease (CHD) + hypertension (36.9%), hyperlipidemia + hypertension (18.6%), and gout + osteoarthritis (5.7%), while the top three ternary combinations were CHD + hypertension + heart failure (8.8%), bronchial diseases + chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) + asthma (2.3%), and arrhythmia + hyperlipidemia + osteoporosis (1.5%). Network analysis of 15 chronic diseases revealed a network consisting of 15 nodes and 87 edges, with a network density of 0.83. The core diseases were osteoarthritis, gout, and CHD, with weighted degrees of 2.9, 2.6, and 2.1, respectively. Gender-specific subgroup analyses showed that the network density for males was 0.78, with CHD, heart failure, and stroke as key hubs (betweenness centrality: 3.7, 3.7, and 3.1, respectively). For females, the network density was 0.83, with gout, hyperlipidemia, and osteoarthritis as key hubs (betweenness centrality: 2.3, 2.1, and 1.8, respectively). Clustering-based subgroup analysis showed that in the CHD + hypertension + heart failure group, hypertension was closely associated with CHD (weight: 0.39) and acted as the core disease (weighted degree: 0.73). For bronchial diseases + COPD + asthma, COPD was strongly connected to bronchial diseases (weight: 0.50) and served as the core disease (weighted degree: 0.77). In the arrhythmia + hyperlipidemia + osteoporosis combination, hyperlipidemia was associated with osteoporosis (weight: 0.07), with osteoporosis identified as the core disease (weighted degree: 0.11).

Multimorbidity is highly prevalent among community-dwelling elderly adults in Yuexiu district, Guangzhou, with complex interrelationships among chronic diseases. The multimorbidity network in females is more intricate than that in males. These findings highlight the need for community health institutions to implement targeted interventions tailored to gender differences.

To analyze the epidemiological trend and spatiotemporal distribution characteristics of hepatitis C incidence in the mainland of China from 2004 to 2020, thereby providing a scientific basis for precise prevention and control.

Data were obtained from the China Public Health Science Data Center, covering reported hepatitis C cases and incidence rates across 31 provinces (autonomous regions and municipalities) from January 1, 2004 to December 31, 2020. The Joinpoint regression model was adopted to analyze the temporal trends by calculating the average annual percent change (AAPC) and annual percent change (APC), and the Bayesian spatiotemporal model proposed by Bernardinelli was employed to assess the spatiotemporal evolutionary characteristics of hepatitis C.

From 2004 to 2020, the average annual incidence of hepatitis C in the mainland of China was 11.67 per 100 000, with yearly rates of 3.03, 4.07, 5.41, 7.03, 8.21, 9.93, 11.47, 12.97, 14.96, 15.00, 14.97, 15.26, 15.09, 15.51, 15.79, 16.02, and 13.82 per 100 000, respectively, showing an overall increasing trend (AAPC = 10.15%, 95%CI: 9.73%–10.64%). Significant upward trends were observed during 2004–2007 (APC = 33.17%, 95%CI: 29.75%–39.81%), 2008–2012 (APC = 15.79%, 95%CI: 14.03%–17.99%), and 2013–2018 (APC = 0.89%, 95%CI: 0.06%–5.08%), whereas a decline occurred during 2019–2020 (APC = –4.82%, 95%CI: –7.47% to –0.83%). Regional disparities were evident, with Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region (551.51/100 000), Qinghai province (453.22/100 000), and Gansu province (430.73/100 000) exhibiting the highest average annual incidences, Xizang Autonomous Region showing the largest increase (AAPC = 26.40%, 95%CI: 21.32%–32.29%), and Beijing demonstrating a declining trend (APC = –3.93%, 95%CI: –5.91% to –0.74%). The Bayesian spatiotemporal model proposed by Bernardinelli indicated that the relative risk (RR) of hepatitis C across the mainland of China from 2004 to 2020 ranged from 0.012 to 4.248. Higher and more fluctuating RR values were observed in northwestern regions (including Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region, Qinghai province, and Gansu province), whereas southeastern coastal provinces (e.g., Zhejiang, Jiangsu), parts of northern China (e.g., Tianjin and Beijing), and southwestern regions (e.g., Xizang Autonomous Region) showed lower and more stable RR values. The RR values of most provincial-level administrative regions, such as Gansu province, Henan province, and Jilin province, displayed a rise–fall pattern, steadily increasing after 2004, peaking between 2013 and 2016, and then decreasing, while Yunnan province, Hunan province, and Sichuan province exhibited a continuous upward trend throughout the study period.

Between 2004 and 2020, the overall incidence of hepatitis C in the mainland of China exhibited an upward trend, with significant temporal and spatial variations. High-risk areas were concentrated in northwestern China, while certain provincial-level administrative regions in southwestern China showed marked increases in the incidence.

To understand the trends in tuberculosis (TB) incidence and mortality and the main risk factors for TB deaths in Belt and Road Initiative (BRI) partner countries from 1990 to 2021, thus providing a reference for the rational allocation of health resources and the development of more scientific and reasonable prevention and control strategies for TB.

Data on TB incidence, mortality, and deaths attributable to TB risk factors in 155 BRI partner countries from 1990 to 2021 were extracted from the Global Burden of Disease Study 2021 (GBD 2021) database. Descriptive analysis and Joinpoint regression model were employed to analyze the trends of TB incidence and mortality and the attribution of risk factors for TB death in the BRI partner countries.

The incidence and mortality of TB in the BRI partner countries showed an overall downward trend from 1990 to 2021. From 1990 to 2021, the incidence and mortality of TB decreased from 294.607 per 100 000 and 71.189 per 100 000 to 164.704 per 100 000 and 27.482 per 100 000 in Africa (52 countries), from 216.976 per 100 000 and 45.161 per 100 000 to 123.890 per 100 000 and 17.706 per 100 000 in Asia (41 countries), from 68.702 per 100 000 and 5.301 per 100 000 to 39.278 per 100 000 and 2.655 per 100 000 in Europe (27 countries), from 45.607 per 100 000 and 8.652 per 100 000 to 25.072 per 100 000 and 3.471 per 100 000 in North America (13 countries), from 79.327 per 100 000 and 22.496 per 100 000 to 72.417 per 100 000 and 15.767 per 100 000 in Oceania (12 countries), and from 61.993 per 100 000 and 10.340 per 100 000 to 33.563 per 100 000 and 3.172 per 100 000 in South America (10 countries). The average annual percentage changes (AAPCs) in TB incidence and mortality from 1990 to 2021 were –1.87% and –3.05%, –1.78% and –2.98%, –1.97% and –2.25%, –1.95% and –2.92%, –0.21% and –1.04%, –1.95% and –3.69%, respectively (all P < 0.05). The number of TB deaths attributable to smoking, alcohol consumption, and diabetes in the BRI partner countries in 1990 and 2021 were 126 861 and 87 786, 71 705 and 76 814, and 53 808 and 78 468, respectively. Among the risk factors, smoking had consistently been identified as the leading risk factor for TB death. The number of TB deaths attributable to diabetes increased in Africa, Asia, North America, Oceania, and South America in 2021 compared with that in 1990.

The incidence and mortality of TB in the 155 BRI partner countries showed an overall downward trend from 1990 to 2021. Smoking remained the key risk factor for TB death, while the number of deaths attributable to diabetes increased.

To estimate the socio-economic burden caused by various types of hand-foot-mouth disease (HFMD) cases in Guangdong province from 2015 to 2023.

On the basis of the previous studies of disease economic burden and the data of HFMD reported in Guangdong from 2015 to 2023, the economic burdens of common cases (including outpatients and inpatients), severe cases, and death cases of HFMD were estimated. The per capita productivity loss caused by premature death of HFMD in different age groups was calculated by the human capital method.

From 2015 to 2023, a total of 2 727 381 cases of HFMD were reported in Guangdong province, with 99.96% classified as common cases, 932 severe cases, and 33 death cases. The annual economic loss attributable to HFMD in Guangdong province during this period remained stable at 357 million–523 million CNY, except for a notable decrease between 2020 and 2022, when it was estimated at 76 million–370 million CNY. The economic burden of common cases accounted for 99.38%. The economic burden of severe cases accounted for 0.59%, showing a fluctuating downward trend from 5 million CNY in 2015 to 0.756 3 million CNY in 2023. The economic burden associated with death cases accounted for 1.03%, exhibiting a declining trend from 6 million CNY in 2015 to no death in 2022–2023, with premature death losses constituting 98.41%–98.66% of total death losses.

The socio-economic burden caused by HFMD in Guangdong province has been generally stable from 2015 to 2023, apart from a decline in 2020–2022. The burden was mainly attributable to common cases, and the disease burden of severe and death cases decreased with fluctuations. It is recommended that we should closely monitor changes in the composition of the economic burden of HFMD and adjust prevention and control strategies accordingly.

To investigate the vaccination rate and willingness for herpes zoster (HZ) among the elderly in Ningbo city, as well as the influencing factors.

From March to June 2024 A multi-stage stratified cluster random sampling method was employed to select older adults aged ≥ 60 years from 10 districts/counties in Ningbo between March and June 2024 for a questionnaire survey. The awareness rates of HZ and its vaccine, vaccination rate, vaccination willingness, and influencing factors were analyzed.

A total of 4 619 older adults were included in the study. The HZ vaccination rate among the surveyed population was 1.04% (48/4619). The primary reason for non-vaccination was lack of awareness about the HZ vaccine (61.63%), followed by perceived lack of necessity (25.89%). Of the elderly, 33.54% (1 533/4 571) expressed willingness to consider HZ vaccination in the future. Multivariate logistic regression analysis revealed that higher HZ vaccination rates were associated with the male gender (OR = 7.063, 95%CI: 3.172–15.727), age ≥ 75 years (OR = 13.289, 95%CI: 5.371–32.878), education background of senior high school or above (OR = 4.022, 95%CI: 1.726–9.374), absence of underlying diseases (OR = 7.299, 95%CI: 3.175–16.949), self-rated health as "relatively good" (compared to "good", OR = 8.667, 95%CI: 2.690–27.924), knowledge score ≥ average (OR = 13.564, 95%CI: 3.120–58.958), and prior introduction of the vaccine by healthcare providers (OR = 3.892, 95%CI: 1.860–8.144). Among unvaccinated respondents, higher willingness for HZ vaccination was observed among residents aged ≥ 75 years (OR = 1.531, 95%CI: 1.323–1.773), with education background of junior high school or below (OR = 1.515, 95%CI: 1.206–1.901), no history of immune-related diseases (OR = 2.725, 95%CI: 1.517–4.902), knowledge score ≥ average (OR = 2.236, 95%CI: 1.943–2.572), and prior introduction of the vaccine by healthcare providers (OR = 3.476, 95%CI: 3.022–3.998).

The vaccination rate and willingness for HZ among the elderly in Ningbo are generally low. It is recommended that efforts should be made to enhance health education to improve vaccine awareness and strengthen healthcare professionals' advocacy for vaccination. Additionally, proactive efforts should be made to promote vaccination for HZ among elderly individuals with underlying diseases.

To understand the current salt reduction environment and the sodium content of popular dishes in restaurants and canteens in Beijing, thereby providing a scientific basis for the salt reduction intervention in the future.

A questionnaire survey was conducted among 3 083 random diners from 47 restaurants of different scales and 20 canteens in 12 districts of Beijing from May to August 2022 to understand the salt reduction environment and salt reduction services. Two hundred popular dish samples were collected, and inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) was employed to measure the sodium content in the dish samples. The chi-square test was performed for inter-group comparisons of the salt reduction environment, while the Wilcoxon rank sum test and the Kruskal-Wallis H rank sum test were conducted for inter-group comparisons of sodium content in dishes.

The proportions of restaurants and canteens with signs related to low salt diet were 53.19% (25/47) and 65.00% (13/20), respectively. The proportions of restaurants and canteens with reading materials for salt reduction were 51.06% (24/47) and 65.00% (13/20), respectively. The proportions of restaurants and canteens offering low-salt dishes were 55.32% (26/47) and 50.00% (10/20), respectively. In the case of food ordering, 16.67% (2/12) of waiters in small restaurants actively asked about less salt, which was lower than that (62.07%, 18/29) in large restaurants (χ² = 7.003, P = 0.015). The sodium content of 200 popular dishes ranged from 5.69 mg/100 g to 1 139.05 mg/100 g, with a median of 378.46 mg/100 g. The sodium content of restaurant dishes was higher than that of canteen dishes (Z = –2.032, P = 0.042). The sodium content of meat dishes was higher than that of meat and vegetable dishes and vegetable dishes (P < 0.001). The sodium content of dishes cooked by stir frying, deep frying, and stewing was higher than that of steamed and boiled dishes (all P < 0.05). Among the dishes, 22.50% (45/200) had the total sodium content ≥ 2 000 mg (equivalent to 5 g salt). The proportion of total sodium content ≥ 2 000 mg was higher in large restaurants (34.48%, 30/87), medium-sized restaurants (33.33%, 6/18), meat dishes (28.81%, 17/59), stir-fried dishes (27.88%, 29/104), and cold dishes (25.00%, 5/20).

Some restaurants and canteens in Beijing lack a supportive environment for salt reduction, and the sodium content of some dishes is still high, especially in restaurants. It is suggested that efforts should be made to strengthen salt reduction intervention in the catering industry and bolster the publicity and education of salt reduction.

To reveal the detection status and molecular characteristics of Clostridium perfringens in food in Pudong New Area, providing a scientific basis for the risk assessment and prevention of this pathogen.

In 2023, 111 samples of raw and cooked food were randomly collected monthly from traditional markets and supermarkets at six monitoring sites (Dongming, Tangqiao, etc.) in Pudong New Area, totaling 1 332 samples across the year. C. perfringens was isolated via sulfite-polymyxin-sulfadiazine (SPS) agar and Columbia blood agar. Next-generation sequencing was employed to obtain the whole genome sequences of the strains. Virulence genes, multi-locus sequence typing (MLST), and drug resistance genes were analyzed based on VFDB, PubMLST, and CGE ResFinder. A phylogenetic tree was established based on single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs).

In 2023, the detection rate of C. perfringens in food in Pudong New Area was 5.78% (77/1 332). All positive samples were meat and meat products, and the detection rate in poultry meat was the highest (28.57%, 29/144). Nine antibiotic resistance genes were detected and the carriage rate of tetA(P) was the highest (89.61%, 69/77). All the isolates carried plc, while 74.03% (57/77) carried cpb2. The 77 isolates were classified into 63 sequence types (STs), with multiple strains clustering closely with human-derived isolates from Shenzhen and Wuhan.

Isolates of Clostridium perfringens from meat and meat products in Pudong New Area carry diverse virulence factors and antibiotic resistance genes, indicating potential food safety risks.

To analyze the dissemination patterns and textual features of health science popularization rumors, establishing a foundation for the development of rumor mitigation and control mechanisms.

A content analysis was conducted on a sample of 348 health-related rumors published in August 2024 by People's Daily Online, China Science Communication, and the China Internet Joint Rumor Debunking Platform. Rumor themes, emotional valence, involved stakeholders, and linguistic tone were systematically coded and statistically evaluated by chi-square tests to assess distributional differences across platforms.

Predominant themes included healthy lifestyles (35.34%), disease prevention and control (34.49%), and food safety issues (30.17%), with no significant variation in theme distribution among platforms (P > 0.05). Negative emotional contents accounted for 55.75%, exhibiting significant inter-platform differences (P < 0.05). The primary stakeholders involved were the general public (62.64%) and patients (22.99%), with no significant inter-platform differences (P > 0.05). The dominant linguistic structures were declarative sentences (41.95%) and interrogative sentences (33.33%), with notable differences in distribution across platforms (P < 0.05).

Health science popularization rumors demonstrate strong links to public health concerns, notable emotional valence, targeted dissemination strategies, and diverse linguistic approaches. Strengthening surveillance, early warning systems, and cross-platform collaboration is essential for enhancing public health literacy and preventing rumor proliferation at the source.

To understand the prevalence of Streptococcus pneumoniae (SP) serotypes among children in Zaozhuang, Shandong from 2022 to 2023 and study the antibiotic resistance mechanism, pathogenic mechanis, and MLST typing characteristics of SP serotype 15B strains by whole genome sequencing, thus providing data support for vaccine development and clinical antibiotic treatment.

A total of 87 SP isolates from children (≤ 14 years old) infected with pneumonia in Zaozhuang from 2022 to 2023 were collected. PCR was used for serotype testing. Antimicrobial sensitivity tests, whole genome sequencing, and bioinformatics analysis were conducted for SP serotype 15B strains.

The SP serotypes prevalent in this region were mainly 19F (41.4%), 6B (18.4%), 15B (13.8%), and 23F (11.5%). The serotype coverage rate of the 13-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine (PCV13) was 77%, and that of 23-valent pneumococcal polysaccharide vaccine (PPSV23) was 92%. SP serotype 15B had a resistance rate of 100% to clindamycin, erythromycin, tetracycline, and compound sulfamethoxazole, with the multi-drug resistance rate of 100%. SP serotype 15B carried resistance genes ermB, rlmA(Ⅱ), tetM, patA, patB, and pmrA. The resistance genes (ermB, rlmA(Ⅱ), and tetM) and resistance phenotypes were consistent. All the SP serotype 15B strains carried virulence genes cbpG, pce/cbpE, pavA, pfbA, lmb, slrA, plr/gapA, cbpD, lytA, lytB, lytC, hysA, nanA, nanB, eno, cps4A, cps4B, cps4C, cps4D, zmpB, iga, cppA, htrA/degP, tig/ropA, piaA, psaA, piuA, and ply. Most (83.3%) of them carried pspA, and a small portion (16.7%) carried pspC/cbpA, srtB, srtC, srtD, rrgA, rrgB, and rrgC. ST9785 was the main sequence type of SP serotype 15B in this region.

The serotype 15B is the predominant PPSV23 serotype among the strains not covered by PCV13, and ST9785 is the main sequence type. SP serotype 15B in this region is fully resistant to clindamycin, erythromycin, tetracycline, and methoxybenzylamine/sulfamethoxazole and shows severe multi-drug resistance.

To investigate the transmission dynamics parameters of coxsackievirus A16 (CVA16)-caused hand, foot, and mouth disease (HFMD) in primary schools in Shenzhen, Guangdong and elucidate its transmission characteristics and trends.

A field epidemiological cross-sectional survey was conducted following the outbreak of CVA16-caused HFMD in a primary school in Shenzhen on September 14, 2024. Detailed investigations were performed on confirmed cases and close contacts. Additionally, symptom monitoring accompanied by nucleic acid testing was carried out over a two-week period. Sampling was discontinued upon obtaining two consecutive negative nucleic acid test results. The incubation period distribution was modeled via three parametric approaches: log-normal distribution, gamma distribution, and weibull distribution. The basic reproduction number (R0) was estimated from the cumulative number of reported cases during the initial growth phase of the outbreak. The serial interval was estimated by a Bayesian approach, and the posterior distribution of the model parameters was estimated by the Markov Chain Monte Carlo (MCMC) method.

Among 96 susceptible individuals under investigation during the outbreak of CVA16-caused HFMD at a primary school in Shenzhen, 43 cases, encompassing both confirmed cases and close contacts, were identified. Fourteen cases were laboratory-confirmed as CVA16 positive in HFMD, indicating an attack rate of 14.58% (14/96). Goodness-of-fit analysis of the three parametric distribution models revealed that the weibull distribution provided the optimal characterization of the incubation period for CVA16-caused HFMD in primary schools in Shenzhen. The weibull distribution showed the Watanabe-Akaike Information Criterion (WAIC) and Leave-One-Out Cross-Validation Information Criterion (LOOIC) values of 52.7 and 52.8, respectively, outperforming both the gamma distribution (WAIC = 53.3, LOOIC = 53.4) and log-normal distribution (WAIC = 53.3, LOOIC = 53.3). The weibull distribution revealed a mean incubation period of 3.0 days (95%CrI: 2.2 d–4.0 d) for CVA16-caused HFMD, estimating an incubation period shorter than 0.5 day in 2.5% of the cases and an incubation period shorter than 6.3 days in 97.5% of the cases. The outbreak persisted for 9 days, and the estimated R0 was 1.94. It meant a single infected individual can transmit the infection to approximately 2 secondary cases on average, without any intervention measures. Six infection sources and eleven transmission chains with variable estimated serial intervals and credible intervals were identified. The combined average serial interval was calculated to be 4.2 days (95%CrI: 1.9 d–6.4 d).

CVA16-casued HFMD in the primary schools in Shenzhen is characterized by a short incubation period, a high R0, and complex transmission chains, necessitating a comprehensive prevention and control strategy.

To analyze the epidemiological and etiological characteristics of a case of epidemic cerebrospinal meningitis caused by Neisseria meningitidis (Nm) serogroup B infection in a maternity center in Zhangjiakou city, Hebei province in 2024.

An epidemiological investigation was carried out for the case, and samples of the case and close contacts were collected for isolation and culture. The isolates were subjected to strain identification, serogroup identification, and antimicrobial susceptibility testing. Molecular typing, average nucleotide consistency (ANI) analysis, and single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) analysis were performed with 13 Nm serogroup B strains (including cases, close contacts, and healthy people) collected in Hebei province, 2024.

Both the isolates from the case in Zhangjiakou and the isolates from close contacts were Nm strains of the B serogroup. The results of antimicrobial susceptibility testing showed that the isolate from the case (HE2024ZJK001) and one close contact (HE2024ZJK002) were sensitive to cefotaxime, ceftriaxone, meropenem, azithromycin, minocycline, chloramphenicol, and rifampin, while they were not sensitive to ciprofloxacin, levofloxacin, compound sulfamethoxazole, ampicillin, or penicillin. Both HE2024ZJK001 and HE2024ZJK002 belonged to a new sequence type (ST) ST-18512 and the same clonal complex (CC) CC4821. In addition, the two strains showed the ProA typing results of P1.20, 23, H factor-binding protein of variant 2 (v2), the sub-variant of v2.16, and the NHBA amino acid type of Peptide 669, and neither carried the NadA gene. The results of phylogenetic analyses based on ANI and SNP showed that the Zhangjiakou isolates (HE2024ZJK001 and HE2024ZJK002) had the same source and were most closely related to the Shijiazhuang isolate in Hebei province (HE12NME031) and the Guangdong isolate (Nm441107).

This case has been the first epidemic cerebrospinal meningitis case in Zhangjiakou since 2011, and it occurs in a place where mothers and infants are crowded. The results suggest that in the future, the health monitoring, especially epidemic cerebrospinal meningitis monitoring, should be strengthened for special groups of infants and young children to prevent local outbreaks.

To investigate and analyze a measles outbreak in an elementary school in Henan province, thereby providing a basis for the prevention and control of measles outbreaks.

On-site epidemiological investigation and outbreak disposition were carried out for the suspected cases related to this outbreak reported by the China Disease Control and Prevention Information System. Blood and pharyngeal swab specimens were collected from suspected cases and close contacts. Laboratory tests included serological testing, nucleic acid testing, and genotyping for measles virus, and data were analyzed in Excel 2019 software.

An outbreak of measles in an elementary school was reported in May 2024 in Henan province, with three confirmed cases, two of which were sequenced to be of the B3 genotype. The cases showed typical symptoms such as fever and rash. Among the students in the grades where the cases were located, 75.41% (276/366) had a history of immunization with ≥2 doses of measles component-containing vaccine (MCV) and 8.47% (31/366) had no history of immunization with MCV. The outbreak was effectively controlled after taking emergency vaccination, catch-up vaccination after checking for missed cases, and other measures.

The outbreak is caused by a measles virus strain of B3 genotype, and the dense school population and weak immunization barriers are main factors for this outbreak. In the future, efforts should be made to improve the system of school enrollment vaccination certificate verification and catch-up vaccination, increase the coverage of MCV, and build a strong immunization barrier.

To develop a solution absorption-high performance liquid chromatography method for the determination of dimethyl oxalate and diethyl oxalate in workplace air.

Air samples were collected by porous glass plate absorption tubes filled with the absorption liquid, separated by a C18 chromatographic column, and detected at the wavelength of 210 nm. The retention time was employed for qualitative analysis, while the peak area was utilized for quantitative analysis.

The concentration-signal response of dimethyl oxalate and diethyl oxalate demonstrated satisfactory linearity within the concentration range of 2 to 100 μg/mL. The results for dimethyl oxalate indicate a regression equation of y = 1 964.2x + 2 383.8 (r > 0.999). The limits of detection and quantitation were 0.28 μg/mL and 0.94 μg/mL, respectively. The intra-assay precision ranged from 0.50% to 5.77%, and the inter-assay precision ranged from 0.83% to 5.83%. The recovery rate of standard additions varied between 98.44% and 99.86%. For diethyl oxalate, the regression equation was y = 2 214.5x + 2 633.9 (r > 0.999). The limits of detection and quantitation were 0.53 μg/mL and 1.76 μg/mL, respectively. The intra-assay precision ranged from 0.68% to 6.40%, while the inter-assay precision ranged from 1.02% to 6.59%. The recovery rate of standard additions varied between 98.93% and 100.63%. Sampling efficiencies for both dimethyl oxalate and diethyl oxalate were 100%. The absorption capacity of dimethyl oxalate was measured at 37.97 mg per 5.0 mL of absorption solution, while that of diethyl oxalate was 24.97 mg per 5.0 mL of absorption solution. The samples can be stored at 4 °C for at least three days.

This method is accurate, reliable, fast, and convenient, and the analytical performance meets the relevant requirements, which indicate that it has good potential for application in safeguarding the health of people occupationally exposed to dimethyl oxalate and diethyl oxalate.