Ferroptosis， a biologically significant form of regulated cell death， participates in the pathological processes of various metabolic diseases and toxicoses. The occurrence of ferroptosis adversely impacts animal production performance and may even lead to mortality， resulting in substantial economic losses for livestock farmers. Consequently， identifying effective functional additives to mitigate or block ferroptosis is of paramount importance. Plant extracts， defined as secondary metabolites isolated from plant tissues through standardized processes， typically contain bioactive compounds with well-documented pharmacological or regulatory functions， including alkaloids， flavonoids， polyphenols， and polysaccharides. These natural constituents exhibit regulatory effects on iron ion homeostasis， glutathione metabolism， and inhibition of lipid peroxidation， thereby counteracting ferroptosis. This review summarizes the pathogenic mechanisms of ferroptosis and the modulatory roles of plant extracts in its regulation， aiming to provide novel insights for the development of functional additives in animal husbandry.

With global population growth and rising consumption，the large-scale expansion of animal husbandry has become an irreversible trend. However， alongside ensuring food supply， the rapid development of livestock and poultry farming has also brought about severe ecological and environmental problems. Notably， the farming system has become both an important source and sink of emerging pollutants. As an emission source， the farming process continuously releases emerging pollutants such as Antibiotics， persistent organic pollutants， endocrine disruptors， microplastics， pesticides. As a sink， these pollutants accumulate in livestock through the food chain， creating a multi-level amplification effect that poses significant threats to ecosystems and human health. This paper reviewed the main types and sources of emerging pollutants in livestock farming， their occurrence characteristics and environmental behaviors， analyzed their potential impacts on the environment and human health. We further discussed the pollutants management idea of reduction at the source，interception during the process， and purification at the end. We also summarized the current research gaps，and outlined future research directions. This paper aims to provide a scientific basis for China's emerging pollutant control system construction and policy optimization，and to promote the sustainable development of the livestock industry.

Clostridium novyi is an opportunistic pathogen widely distributed in nature，primarily infects cattle and sheep，causing a range of acute diseases such as infectious necrotic hepatitis （black disease）， septicemia， and gas gangrene， which severely hindered the development of global livestock industries. This review systematically summarizes the pathogenic mechanisms and prevention and control techniques of Clostridium novyi type B， and conducts a comparative evaluation of the principles， advantages， and limitations of associated vaccines. The analysis aims to provide both theoretical foundations and methodological insights for advancing mechanistic studies and optimizing prevention practices against Clostridium novyi type B infections.

Salmonella poses a significant threat as a foodborne pathogen impacting global public health and the poultry industry. The escalating challenge of antibiotic resistance has intensified the difficulties in its control and prevention. Bacteriophage （phage） therapy， characterized by its high host specificity and intrinsic self-replication capability， has emerged as a promising novel biocontrol strategy to replace or complement antibiotics. Currently， several phage-based products targeting Salmonella are commercially deployed in livestock farming and poultry product processing. Extensive research and field trials have demonstrated their efficacy in reducing Salmonella loads within live poultry， decreasing mortality rates， enhancing production performance， and significantly reducing Salmonella contamination on poultry meat and eggs. Despite the promising potential， further field trials within commercial farm environments and robust clinical studies are imperative to evaluate clinical efficacy comprehensively， optimize application protocols， and promote standardized implementation.

Porcine epidemic diarrhea virus （PEDV） is a major pathogen causing diarrhea in piglets and has led to significant economic losses in the global swine industry since its emergence. In practice， co-infection with multiple pathogens is commonly observed alongside PEDV， complicating its prevention and control. These co-infecting factors mainly include various viruses， bacteria， parasites， and toxins， which can exacerbate clinical symptoms in infected pigs. This review systematically summarizes the factors commonly co-infecting with PEDV and their impact on its pathogenicity. The results show that porcine kobuvirus （PKV）， porcine Sapelovirus （PSV）， porcine deltacoronavirus （PDCoV）， porcine rotavirus （PRoV） and transmissible gastroenteritis virus （TGEV） are the most common porcine diarrheal viruses co-infecting with PEDV， with PKV and PSV representing emerging trends in recent years. Among bacteria， Escherichia coli， C. perfringens， and C. difficile are frequently detected in co-infections with PEDV. Additionally， parasites such as Entamoeba spp. and various toxins have also been confirmed to co-infect with PEDV. In terms of pathogenicity， PEDV co-infection can exacerbate clinical symptoms， increase PEDV load in the intestine， cause more severe intestinal barrier damage， and trigger a stronger immune response in pigs. These findings lay a foundation for future studies on the mechanisms of PEDV co-infection. Moreover， this review analyzes current prevention and control strategies and identifies existing limitations， aiming to raise awareness of PEDV co-infection among the livestock industries and to promote the implementation of scientific and sustainable control measures， thereby supporting healthier pig production， and improving overall farming efficiency.

Bovine mastitis is an inflammatory response of the mammary tissue triggered by pathogenic microorganism infections， which severely impairs dairy production performance and compromises milk product safety， leading to substantial economic losses in the livestock industry. Consequently， elucidating its pathogenesis is of critical importance for prevention and treatment strategies. Conventionally， mastitis has been attributed primarily to exogenous bacterial infections or physical trauma； however， recent studies reveal that gastrointestinal microbiota and their metabolites can systemically influence mammary health via the "gut-mammary axis，" offering novel insights into the disease’s mechanistic underpinnings. Building on prior research， this review systematically summarizes the pathogenesis of bovine mastitis and highlights the escalating challenges posed by traditional antibiotic therapies due to rising antimicrobial resistance and disruption of mammary microbiota. In parallel， herbal medicines have emerged as a promising research focus， exhibiting distinctive advantages in mastitis prevention and treatment owing to their multi-component， multi-target synergistic actions and regulatory effects on the gut-mammary axis. Starting from the inflammatory cascade and immune regulation mechanisms initiated by pathogenic infections， this article focuses on the multi-pathway mechanisms through which herbal medicines exert therapeutic effects—by targeting pathogens， modulating inflammatory responses， and regulating immune functions—thereby offering innovative perspectives for the green prevention and control of bovine mastitis.

This study aimed to investigate the regulatory role of 6-phosphofructo-2-kinase/fructose-2，6-bisphosphatase 3 （PFKFB3） in the proliferation and adipogenic differentiation of porcine intramuscular preadipocytes， screen its interacting proteins and provide clues for understanding their regulatory mechanisms. PFKFB3 was overexpressed or interfered in porcine intramuscular preadipocytes. qRT-PCR was used to detect changes in the expression of proliferation marker genes. CCK-8 and EdU assays were employed to measure changes in the number of viable cells and cells in the proliferation phase， respectively. After inducing adipogenic differentiation of porcine intramuscular preadipocytes， qRT-PCR and Oil Red O staining were used to assess its regulatory effect on adipogenic differentiation. Co-immunoprecipitation combined with liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry was utilized to identify and screen proteins interacting with PFKFB3. The results showed that overexpression of PFKFB3 significantly increased the number of EdU-positive cells （P<0.01） and cell viability （P<0.01）， and significantly upregulated the expression of proliferation-related genes CDK1， CCND1， PCNA， and KI67 （P<0.05）. Conversely， interfering with PFKFB3 significantly inhibited cell proliferation （P<0.05）. Regarding adipogenic differentiation， overexpression of PFKFB3 significantly increased the number of lipid droplets （P<0.01） and triglyceride content （P<0.01）， and significantly upregulated the expression of key adipogenic genes PPARγ， CEBPα， CEBPβ， and LPL （P<0.05）. Interfering with PFKFB3 significantly inhibited adipogenic differentiation （P<0.05）. Furthermore， Flag-tag immunoprecipitation combined with mass spectrometry analysis identified 17 specific interacting proteins of PFKFB3. GO analysis indicated that these proteins were primarily involved in processes such as ATP binding and RNA binding. STRING protein-protein interaction network prediction revealed interactions between PFKFB3 and proteins including CHORDC1， ALAS1， ASCC3， and KCNK2. In summary， PFKFB3 positively regulates the proliferation and adipogenic differentiation of porcine intramuscular preadipocytes. Potential interacting proteins of PFKFB3 were preliminarily screened， providing new clues for in-depth analysis of the molecular mechanisms underlying porcine intramuscular fat deposition and improvement of pork quality.

The aim of this study was to develop different methods for screening genetic variants by integrating genomic data， phenotypic information， and functional annotations， and to compare and evaluate the prediction accuracy of 8 genomic selection （GS） methods for complex traits. Genotype-phenotype data from 542 Beijing ducks and 2 548 Duroc pigs were analyzed using three dimensions of variant selection： 1） genomic information， including linkage disequilibrium combined with principal component analysis （LD_PCA）， other principal component variants （LD_outPCA）， and Pearson correlation coefficient analysis （LD_PCC）； 2） phenotypic information， including LD combined with genome-wide association study （LD_GWAS） and EPISNP analysis （LD_EPI）； and 3） functional annotation information， using the weight distribution method （WDM）. In total， 8 different screening methods were applied to construct genotype matrices， and the prediction accuracies of different GS models were compared. The LD_PCC method， when combined with 6 GS models （GBLUP， BayesA， BayesB， BayesC， Bayes LASSO， and RRGBLUP）， achieved the highest mean prediction accuracies for duck fossil length， pig age to 100 kg， backfat thickness， and teat number， improving by approximately 4%-13.9% compared with the initial genotype matrix， with accuracies of 0.709 3， 0.440 0， 0.497 4， and 0.440 1， respectively. The WDM method achieved the highest accuracies for backfat thickness and teat number， with improvements of about 10% compared with unweighted models. In conclusion， this study demonstrates that WDM and LD_PCC can effectively enhance the prediction accuracy of GS， providing valuable insights for further exploration of variant selection methods and their application in breeding practice.

This study aimed to explore the effect of glucose on the proliferation， migratory capacity， and programmed cell apoptosis of in vitro-cultured secondary dermal papilla cells （DPCs） derived from Yanshan cashmere goats. Skin samples were collected from healthy male Yanshan cashmere goats aged about 6 months old. Secondary hair follicles were then harvested from this tissue， and the derived DPCs were subjected to a process of extraction and purification. A growth curve was established after cell counting. The purified DPCs population was then subjected to a random distribution across 5 groups， each containing 6 replicate cultures. Glucose solutions of 0 （control group）， 25， 50， 100 and 200 μg·mL^-1 were added to the culture medium， respectively. The proliferation ability of DPCs was evaluated by the CCK-8 method at 2， 12， 24 and 48 h of culture. A cell scratch assay was conducted to evaluate the migratory capacity of DPCs， while the extent of apoptosis was quantified via flow cytometry following Annexin V-FITC/PI dual staining. The transcriptional responses to glucose exposure were assessed by real-time qPCR， measuring the mRNA abundance of key proliferation markers （PCNA， CCND1） and apoptosis regulators （Bcl-2， Bax， Caspase-3， FGF21， FGF5， P53）. Furthermore， Western blot analysis was performed to determine the effect of glucose on the expression of corresponding functional proteins， including the proliferation- and anti-apoptosis-related factors （PCNA， CCND1， Bcl-2）， as well as the pro-apoptotic executors （Bax， Caspase-3）. The results demonstrated that at the 12-hour time point， both 100 and 200 μg·mL^-1 glucose treatments significantly enhanced the proliferation and migration rates of DPCs （P<0.05）， while concurrently suppressing apoptosis （P<0.05）. Further investigation revealed these concentrations markedly upregulated the mRNA expression of proliferation- and anti-apoptosis-related genes （PCNA， CCND1， Bcl-2） （P<0.05）， and downregulated transcripts of key apoptosis-associated genes （Bax， Caspase-3， FGF21， FGF5， P53） （P<0.05）. At the protein level， the 100 μg·mL^-1 treatment significantly elevated the expression of proliferation and anti-apoptotic markers （PCNA， CCND1， Bcl-2） and reduced pro-apoptotic Bax protein （P<0.05）. Conversely， the 200 μg·mL^-1 glucose group specifically induced a pronounced downregulation of the critical apoptosis executor Caspase-3 （P<0.05）. In conclusion， the pro-proliferative and anti-apoptotic effects observed in cashmere goat DPCs following treatment with 100 and 200 μg·mL^-1 glucose are mediated through a dual regulatory mechanism. This involves the coordinated transcriptional and translational upregulation of key proliferative markers （PCNA， CCND1） and the anti-apoptotic protein Bcl-2， concurrent with the suppression of specific apoptosis-related transcripts （FGF21， FGF5， P53） and both the gene and protein expression of pro-apoptotic mediators Bax and Caspase-3.

This study aimed to explore the effects of gender， age， and altitude on the hematological and blood rheology parameters of Bamei cattle， providing a basis for further understanding of the physiological adaptation mechanisms of Bamei cattle in different environments. A total of 166 healthy Bamei cattle from different altitudes in Nyingchi were selected， and 21 hematological and 13 blood rheological parameters were measured. Descriptive statistics， correlation analysis between parameters， and variance analysis based on factors such as gender， age， and altitude were performed. The results indicated that all hematological parameters of Bamei cattle were within the reference range， showing that their blood physiological indicators were in a normal state. The further variance analysis showed that gender， age， and altitude significantly affected the blood physiological indicators. Female cattle had significantly higher red blood cell volume and platelet activity indicators than male cattle （P<0.05）. Juvenile cattle showed significantly higher lymphocyte counts and platelet numbers， as well as other immune and hematopoietic activity indicators， compared to adult cattle （P<0.05）， indicating that gender and age influence blood composition and rheological performance. The effect of altitude was particularly significant. As altitude increased， oxygen-carrying indicators such as red blood cell count （RBC）， hemoglobin （HGB）， and hematocrit （HCT） significantly increased （P<0.05）， demonstrating a typical high-altitude hematopoietic adaptation trend. At the same time， plasma viscosity， aggregation indices， and whole blood flow resistance all significantly increased （P<0.05）， suggesting that blood became more viscous and less fluid in the high-altitude environment. Further correlation analysis revealed significant positive correlations between various internal indicators of the hematological and blood rheology systems. For example， in the red blood cell system， HGB was highly correlated with HCT， and mean corpuscular volume （MCV） with mean corpuscular hemoglobin （MCH）， with correlation coefficients reaching 0.98. In blood rheology， plasma viscosity and fibrinogen were strongly correlated with erythrocyte viscosity， with a correlation coefficient of 1.00. These correlation results revealed the intrinsic interconnection and mutual influence between the blood physiological indicators of Bamei cattle. The results of this study indicate that Bamei cattle possess the ability to adapt to the hypoxic environment of the plateau through enhanced erythropoiesis and the regulation of blood rheological properties. This provides important physiological evidence for a deeper understanding of the hypoxic adaptation mechanisms in plateau livestock.