Aiming at the practical problems existing in individual respiratory protection equipment for firefighters during forest fire extinguishing and rescue operations, such as high breathing resistance, limited service duration and insufficient comfort, this study developed a new type of air-supply respiratory protection equipment for firefighters in forest fire fighting based on the structural principle of powered air-purifying respirators. By analyzing the special respiratory protection requirements for forest fire suppression, combined with relevant studies on the actual carrying mode, air supply system and adaptive functions of respirators, the respiratory protection equipment with dual-canister smoke filtration and dual-hose air supply structure was developed by comprehensively adopting CFD simulation, theoretical calculation and experimental testing, and integrating devices including ambient air bypass and fire-resistant exhalation valve. The results show that the dual-hose air supply structure equipped with dual-canister smoke filtration is superior to the single-hose air supply structure with single-canister smoke filtration in performance indicators such as static pressure, flow velocity, dynamic pressure and breathing resistance. Especially in the air hose section, the average flow velocity and dynamic pressure of the dual-hose structure are reduced by 63.1% and 86.4% respectively compared with the single-hose mode, and the service duration is increased by 46.1%.

The "image complexity" is proposed to measure the difficulty for the algorithm to detect fire in an image. The "human response time" is obtained through the program test method, which could define the true value of the complexity of the image in the data set. Then, convolutional neural network is used to develop an evaluator that can automatically predict the comprehensive complexity of the whole image. Through the consistency analysis, the comprehensive complexity measure of the whole image generated by the Inception ResNet-v2 evaluator is the most effective measure. Furthermore, a performance evaluation method based on image complexity is proposed. This method can evaluate the detection level that the algorithm can achieve under different "image complexity" situations more accurately, providing more valuable reference for the development and optimization of fire detection algorithms.

The cloud model theory is introduced to establish an evaluation index system for emergency rescue communication support capability, optimizing the weights of each indicator and the rating set. An evaluation model for emergency rescue communication support capability is developed, and a case study of a fire and emergency rescue brigade is conducted to assess its communication support capability. This validates the rationality of the proposed cloud model and reduces the fuzziness and uncertainty of traditional evaluation methods. Additionally, based on the assessment results, corresponding strategies are proposed to enhance foundational support capabilities, team-building support capabilities, equipment and system support capabilities, and management mechanism support capabilities.

With the significant expansion of fire service functions and tasks, new occupational hazard factors continue to emerge, leading to a further increase in occupational health risks for fire and rescue personnel. The construction of a systematic standard system for occupational health and safety of fire and rescue personnel serves as the foundation and support for conducting occupational health management and protection work. This paper systematically sorts out the development status of occupational health and safety standards for fire and rescue personnel in different countries, regions and international standardization organizations, summarizes the management characteristics and system structures of these standards across various countries, and conducts a comparative analysis of the domestic and foreign standard frameworks. The advantages and deficiencies of China's current standard construction are concluded, aiming to provide references for further constructing and improving a standard system for occupational health and safety of fire and rescue personnel that integrates Chinese characteristics with advanced international concepts in the future.

Previous studies on the layout of fire stations predominantly focuses on urban areas, with limited attention given to counties primarily composed of rural regions. In response to the need for optimizing the layout of fire stations in counties, a comprehensive evaluation method for the accessibility of urban and rural fire rescue is proposed in this paper. Considering the differences in fire risks between urban and rural areas, different standards for accessibility classification are established. Fire rescue demand points are identified by integrating fire data and point of interest data, with urban fire stations and township full-time fire stations serving as supply points for fire rescue. The accessibility of fire rescue in the county is then weighted and comprehensively calculated based on the average ratio of fire direct property losses in urban and rural areas. Taking SD County as an example, 16 040 demand points were collected, and the existing 2 urban fire stations and 13 township full-time fire stations were used as supply points. The travel time for fire rescue was simulated based on real-time road conditions from online maps. A total of 29 evaluation scenarios were set within a full working day, each containing 16 040 samples, amounting to 465 160 samples in total. The results indicate that the cumulative proportion of demand points with accessibility levels Ⅰ and Ⅱ is 50.30%, with several areas experiencing excessively long response times. Analysis reveals that this is due to the lack of township full-time fire stations in these regions. Therefore, a proposal is made to construct 8 township full-time fire stations in these areas as an optimization plan. Upon re-evaluation, the cumulative proportion of demand points with accessibility levels Ⅰ and Ⅱ increased by 10.76% to 61.06% after the implementation of the optimization plan. The comprehensive evaluation method for urban and rural fire rescue accessibility proposed in this study can also be applied to the optimization of fire station layouts in other counties.

Fire safety governance is both prioritized and challenged at the grassroots level. Grassroots fire safety governance is a systematic, long-term undertaking and a cornerstone of building a modern fire safety governance system and governance capacity. To further enhance the capacity for resolving fire hazards at their source and foster a collaborative working pattern of mass prevention and co-governance, this paper takes Dongguan city as a practical case study. Centering on three core questions of "who governs, what is governed, and how to govern", it presents how a closed-loop operational workflow for grassroots fire safety, comprising "patrol and detection, tiered response, closed-loop rectification, and enforcement and investigation", can be established under the "Unified Network Management" mechanism. Furthermore, by developing a "Three-in-One" grassroots fire safety informatization support system (namely, one platform for integrated coordination, one code for unified management, and one map for comprehensive oversight), the response speed and operational efficiency of firefighting forces are enhanced, the fire safety governance capabilities of grassroots teams are continuously strengthened, grassroots fire safety work is put on a solid and steady footing, and a comprehensive shift toward a "pre-incident prevention" paradigm is actively explored.

This study employs a qualitative-quantitative mixed-methods design. First, grounded theory is applied to conduct three-level coding of interview transcripts and text data to construct an initial model of emergency rescue capabilities, including five dimensions: political literacy, psychological capital, foundational support, professional execution, and environmental adaptation. Next, a cluster sampling method is utilized to survey fire and rescue personnel nationwide, with exploratory factor analysis (EFA) and confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) to validate the model. Finally, recommendations for enhancing competencies are proposed. The findings reveal that: The results of EFA demonstrate excellent reliability and validity indicators, and CFA results confirm the model fits well. The model aligns with the competency onion model, where political literacy forms the core driving layer, foundational support and psychological capital constitute the intermediate moderating layer, and professional execution and environmental adaptation serve as the visible surface layer. This model reveals the "value internalization-capability accumulation-behavior manifestation" transmission mechanism. The model has a task-oriented dynamic collaboration mechanism, achieving functional embedding and scene adaptation among five dimensions.

Based on the key processes of LNG receiving terminals, this paper focuses on the fire safety analysis during process operation. Firstly, the properties of liquefied natural gas (LNG) and the current situation of the domestic LNG industry are introduced, followed by an emphasis on the important role of LNG receiving terminals in the energy supply chain. Taking an LNG receiving terminal—the first one independently introduced, constructed and managed in China—as a case study, the potential fire hazards in key process flows such as ship unloading, storage and BOG treatment are discussed, with its Class A hazard level and potential risks including pool fires and jet fires identified. Furthermore, starting from facility design, an "intelligent + integrated" fire prevention system is established, and a management closed loop featuring "responsibility + system" is improved. Corresponding preventive measures are proposed to provide references for the safe operation of LNG receiving terminals.

Since the fireline state and input parameters of wildfire spread prediction models inevitably contain errors and uncertainties, there are usually large deviations between wildfire spread predictions and actual spread results. The Kalman filter method based on data assimilation has the advantage of dynamic estimation in reducing model state errors. In this paper, we propose a dual estimation method for fireline position and fuel parameters based on Multi-Layer Perceptron (MLP) neural network, combined with the Ensemble Transform Kalman Filter (ETKF) algorithm. This method utilizes fireline position data from two consecutive observations and employs ETKF and MLP algorithms to estimate fireline position state and fuel parameters respectively under different prediction periods and fuel adjustment factor resolutions, aiming to reduce the uncertainties in both model state and model parameters. We validated the dual estimation method using a 10 000 m² prescribed burning experiment and historical wildfire cases. The results demonstrate that the dual estimation algorithm can effectively reduce errors in both fireline state and model parameters, with the predicted fireline positions being to colser actual observations compared to single estimation methods. The prediction period significantly influences the performance of the dual estimation method in reducing fire spread model errors. The longer the prediction period, the greater the improvement in fireline position prediction accuracy compared to single estimation methods. In historical wildfire cases, the dual estimation algorithm shows good overall performance in fireline position prediction, validating the predictive capability of our algorithm in practical scenarios.

To enhance the efficiency of air-ground coordinated emergency rescue in forest fires and identify the critical links in the rescue process, this study draws on the emergency rescue workflows for unconventional emergencies to design a forest fire air-ground coordination rescue process integrating both "aerial firefighting" and "ground firefighting". Taking the 2018 "4·6" forest fire rescue operation in Yiyuan County, Shandong Province as a case study, a simulation analysis of the efficiency and key links of the air-ground coordination rescue system was conducted based on the Stochastic Petri Net (SPN) model. The key issues constraining rescue efficiency are explored, their underlying causes are analyzed, and the interaction mechanisms among critical links in the rescue process are revealed in the study. The results indicate that fire mop-up, bucket operations for fire suppression, and the approval of rescue aircraft requests have high transition utilization rates, making them the key constraints on rescue efficiency. Bucket operations and fire mop-up exhibit greater sensitivity to overall rescue time, while the aircraft request approval process can further enhance the efficiency of these two links. The findings provide decision-making support for emergency management authorities in formulating air-ground coordinated rescue processes for forest fire response.