In order to understand the characteristics of the wild seed plant system in Nanning and provide a scientific basis for the conservation and rational development and utilization of biodiversity in the region, the author investigated and analyzed its plant resources, compiled a list of wild seed plants in Nanning using statistical methods of literature collection, line survey and sample survey, judged their affinities with 15 neighboring areas using cluster analysis and principal component analysis, and analyzed their systemic characteristics, the results show that: there are 3574 species of wild seed plants in 197 families and 1114 genera in the region, 24 species of 14 genera in 8 families of gymnosperms and 3552 species of 1100 genera in 189 families of angiosperms. The ratio of the number of seed plant families, genera and species in Guangxi is 77.87%, 60.02% and 42.90% respectively, indicating that the wild seed plants in Nanning are rich and diverse. The ratio of large families is 27.41%, and the number of species contained is 78.44%, which is the main component of the system. Monospecific and oligospecific genera accounted for 85.28% of the total number of genera, but the number of species contained in medium and multiple genera accounted for 51.65% of the total number of species, indicating that the family is rich in species but less differentiated. There are 14 genus-level distribution area types in the region, with rich and complex geographical components, among which tropical components account for 69.55% of the total number of genera and temperate components account for 22.16%, showing obvious tropical attributes and some temperate attributes. 223 rare and endangered plants in the region, rich in species, including Orchidaceae, Camellia petelotii and other endemic plant species, the regional characteristics of Guangxi plants are obvious, and the protection value is high. The system belongs to the Beibu Gulf region and the Yunnan-Guizhou-Guangxi region, and its R/T value (3.08) is in the middle compared with the neighboring regions, similar to the R/T value (2.32) of the six counties on the border of Qian-Guizhou, and the largest difference from the R/T value (8.80) of the coastal zone of Beibu Gulf, and the R/T value is negatively correlated with latitude. In terms of genus-level phytogeographic composition, Nanning was the most similar and closely related to Hainan and Xichu, and the most distant from Murray. Overall, the wild seed flora of Nanning is rich in species, ancient in relics, with more rare and endangered plants, showing a tropical and subtropical transitional nature, reflecting the characteristics of the Beibu Gulf and Yunnan-Guizhou-Guizhou flora.

Soil salinization is one of the important factors limiting crop growth. Cultivating new salt-tolerant rice varieties is of great significance to expand rice planting area. In order to explore the change trend of growth and physiology of different varieties of rice seedlings and clarify the salt tolerance of different rice varieties at seedling stage, five rice varieties were used as the experimental materials. The effects of different concentrations of NaCl (0 mmol/L, 70 mmol/L, 140 mmol/L) on the growth and related physiological indexes were studied at rice seedlings using hydroponic method. The principal component analysis and membership function method were used to comprehensively evaluate the salt tolerance of five rice seedlings. The results showed that under salt stress, salt inhibited the root length, root surface area, root volume, root tip number and root mean diameter of all rice varieties in general. The root growth index values of 'HH11' and 'Nipponbare' changed little. The root length, root volume, root surface area and root tip number of '9311' and 'JX99' were significantly inhibited. The average root tip number of 'HD961' was the largest among the five rice varieties. With the increase of NaCl concentration, the plant height and root activity of each variety showed a gradual downward trend, and the total chlorophyll content, relative conductivity, MDA content, proline content and Na⁺/K⁺ of root showed an overall upward trend, and the root Na⁺ and K⁺ contents showed a trend of first increase and then decrease. Among them, the relative electrical conductivity and proline content of '9311' and 'JX99' increased the most, the MDA and root Na⁺/K⁺ of 'Nipponbare' and 'HH11' increased the least, the plant height of Nipponbare decreased the least, and the root activity of 'HH11' decreased the least under salt stress. Principal component analysis showed that three independent comprehensive indexes explained 94.23% of the changes of 16 single indexes under salt stress. Among them, root length, root volume, root tip number, total chlorophyll content, malondialdehyde content and electrical conductivity could be used as the main factors to evaluate salt tolerance at seedling stage, and K⁺, Na⁺/K⁺ and plant height could be used as the secondary factors to evaluate salt tolerance at seedling stage. The results of membership function analysis showed that the salt tolerance of the five rice varieties from strong to weak was 'HH11'>'HD961'>'Nipponbare'>'9311'>'JX99'.

The technology of planting Sesuvium portulacastrum for ecological restoration has been widely used in Fujian and other places with remarkable results. It is worth discussing whether it can be applied in Hangzhou Bay with eutrophication. The rapid growth of S. portulacastrum can absorb large amounts of nitrogen and phosphorus and remove excess nutrients from water. In this paper, the ecological adaptability of S. portulacastrum to different light intensity, salinity and temperature were studied, and the low temperature and high salinity stress and compound stress were studied further, which is to meet the actual restoration necessary of Hangzhou Bay wetland or water area using S. portulacastrum. S. portulacastrum had a wide tolerance to light intensity, with a light saturation point of 300 μmol/(m²·s), and was intolerant to high light irradiation, but the inhibition of high light on relative electron transfer efficiency was low. S. portulacastrum had a wide range of tolerance to salinity, which could grow in low salinity or fresh water, and the species can tolerate high salt stress more than 25. It grew better in salinity 15 than those of all treatment groups (P<0.05). Appropriate salt treatment could promote root growth and development. S. portulacastrum could tolerate a wide range of temperature expect for very low temperature. S. portulacastrum still maintained a high growth rate in high temperature, 25 ℃ was the best status for the species growth, and the growth rate was significantly higher than that of other treatment group (P<0.05) with accumulation of dry matter faster, plant height, root length grew rapidly and leaf number increased. Low temperature stress in 5 ℃ was reversible and the plant could grow when temperature roise. But the plant was completely dead under 0 ℃ in about 24 days. The plants in the fresh water group died at 5 ℃, but the survival rate of salinity 15 was 100% at 25 ℃, the survival rate of salinity 25 was 40% at 0 ℃, and all plants in the fresh water group died, indicating that salt stress may be beneficial to plant resistance to low temperature stress. Outdoor experiments showed that S. portulacastrum could adapt to Hangzhou Bay climate, but the effect of extreme weather needs to be considered. In conclusion, the ecological restoration technology of S. portulacastrum could be applied in Hangzhou Bay basically, and the study would provide a new idea for the ecological restoration of Hangzhou Bay.

To clarify the adaptability of Oligonychus biharensis in different main rubber varieties, the development and reproduction of O. biharensis in six rubber varieties, 'Reyan 73397' 'Reyan 72059' 'Reken 628' 'Dafeng 95' 'PR107' and 'RRIM600' were observed by biological methods, and the experimental population life table was established. Different rubber varieties had significant effects on the development and reproduction of O. biharensis. The whole generation duration of O. biharensis was the shortest in 'RRIM600' and the longest in 'PR107', which was 11.40 d and 12.07 d, respectively. The survival rate of all mite stage was the highest after feeding on 'Reken 628', which was 100%. The value was 75% when feeding on 'PR107'. The longevity of female O. biharensis mites was prolonged and O. biharensis had large number of fecundity per female when feeding on 'Reken 628' and 'RRIM600', which wase 12.23 d and 28.66 eggs, 10.31 d and 29.56 eggs, respectively. There was no significant difference in the sex ratio of F₁ generation of O. biharensis on different rubber varieties. According to the parameters of population life table, the net reproductive rate of O. biharensis was the largest in 'RRIM600' and 'Reken 628', which was 29.570 and 28.640, respectively. The intrinsic rate of increase and finite rate of increase of O. biharensis were the lowest in 'PR107', which was 0.257 and 1.292. The mean generation time and double population time were the longest in 'PR107', which was 9.539 and 2.702, respectively. In a comprehensive view, it showed that O. biharensis had a good adaptability when feeding on 'RRIM600' and 'Reken 628', while it went against the population growth of O. biharensis in 'PR107'.

Passion fruit is an aromatic tropical fruit of the Passiflorat family Passiflora genus. The peel, accounting for 55% of the whole fresh fruit, is rich in dietary fiber, vitamins, anthocyanins, pectin and other active ingredients. The industrial utilization has high environmental value and commercial potential. To make full use of the waste passion fruit peel resources and improve the utilization rate of the active components of passion fruit peel, microwave-assisted, ultrasonic-assisted and microbial fermentation technologies were used to successively extract the effective components such as pectin, anthocyanins and dietary fiber from passion fruit peel, and the process conditions of each stage of co-production were optimized by the response surface methodology. The optimal extraction conditions for pectin from passion fruit peel were liquid to solid ratio of 65∶1 (mL/g), pH 2.5, microwave power of 450 W, and microwave time of 5.0 min. The optimal extraction condition for anthocyanins from the residue after extracted pectin were ethanol concentration 50%, liquid to material ratio 60∶1 (mL/g), pH 3.5, ultrasonic power 550 W, ultrasonic time 35 min. The optimal extraction condition for dietary fiber from the residue after extracted pectin and anthocyanin was liquid to material ratio 12.5∶1 (mL/g), inoculum amount 5.0%, the fermentation temperature was 35 ℃, and the fermentation time was 20 h. Under the process condition, the yield of pectin, anthocyanin and dietary fiber in passion fruit peel was 12.45%±0.06%, 1.21%±0.03% and 55.56%±0.05%, respectively. Compared with single producing, the yield of anthocyanins and dietary fiber from co-produce was reduced by 15.39% and 11.43%, but the material was economized by co-produce, and three products could be obtained through technology process at the same time. Compared with single producing pectin, anthocyanins and dietary fiber, the benefit of co-produce was approximately increased by 2.67, 14.99 and 0.31 times correspondingly. It reduces resources waste, environmental pollution, extractant consumption, and increase the income of farmers.

The supply and demand of feed resources in China appear the phenomenon of lack of concentrate feed, protein feed, green feed and insufficient total resources, especially the serious shortage of protein feed. Cnidoscolus aconitifolius and hybrid Broussonetia papyrifera, as two new and high quality woody protein feed resources, have high potential for feed production. In this study, C. aconitifolius and hybrid B. papyrifera were taken as the experimental objects to determine the conventional nutrutional components, mineral elements and amino acid components. The comparison results were performed by t test and the feeding values of the two woody fodder plants were evaluated combined with relative feed value (RFV). The results of analysis showed that the crude protein (CP) content of C. aconitifolius and hybrid B. papyrifera was more than 20%, the crude fiber (CF) content was less than 15%, the mineral element content such as Ca, P, K, Mg, Fe and Zn was high. Among them, the Ca/P ratio of C. aconitifolius was 1.82∶1, which met the requirement of Ca/P ratio in general feed, while the Ca/P ratio of hybrid B. papyrifera was 8∶1, which was far greater than that in general feed. The essential amino acids (EAA)/non-essential amino acids (NEAA) and essential amino acids (EAA)/total amino acids (TAA) in both C. aconitifolius and hybrid B. papyrifera was above 60% and 40%, respectively. The variety of limiting amino acid (LAA) and sulfur-containing amino acids was comprehensive and rich in content. The evaluation results of C. aconitifolius and hybrid B. papyrifera combined with the relative feed value (RFV) showed that C. aconitifolius was super grade forage material and hybrid B. papyrifera was senior grade forage material, both had good overall effect and high feeding value. The results of comparative analysis on nutritional value of C. aconitifolius and hybrid B. papyrifera showed that both belonged to high-quality woody feed raw materials rich in protein, minerals and amino acids, had high feeding value and development potential in livestock diets. In particular, C. aconitifolius had higher CP content, lower CF content, lower NDF content and more reasonable proportion of calcium-phosphorus ratio, which had better feeding value compared with hybrid B. papyrifera.

Laticifer cells present in aging calli of Hevea brasiliensis. Methyl jasmonate (MeJA) and jasmonic acid (JA) belong to jasmonates (JAs). However, the effect of MeJA on laticifer cell differentiation of the rubber tree anther calli is unclear. In the present paper, the effect of MeJA on laticifer cell differentiation of anther calli was systematically studied. MeJA added to media in the range of 0-1 mg/L did not influence the growth of anther calli, while higher concentration of MeJA in media in the range of 2-3 mg/L severely inhibited callus growth. MeJA concentration in media was negatively correlated with callus growth. Histochemical sections showed that low concentration of MeJA in media greatly promoted the differentiation of callus laticifer cells and remarkably increased the occurring frequency, while high concentration of MeJA in media gravely impeded callus laticifer cell differentiation and strikingly decreased the occurring frequency. Among them, 1 mg/L MeJA in media was the optimal concentration to improve the differentiation of laticifer cells in calli. qPCR results showed that when the media were supplemented with MeJA, the change trend of the expression level of genes that was essential in latex biosynthesis, such as small rubber particle protein (SRPP), rubber elongation factor (REF), and cis-prenyl transferase (CPT), was basically consistent with that of the occurring frequency of callus laticifer cells, which further confirmed that MeJA promoted the differentiation of callus laticifer cells. Transmission electron microscopy observation showed that callus laticifer cells contained some specific organelles, such as rubber particles and lutoids. The results of this paper are of great significance for promoting the application of rubber tree callus in the study of laticifer differentiation, and for developing rubber tree novel yield-increasing reagents.

Exocarpium Citrus Grandis (ECG) is a medicinal plant of Citrus in Rutaceae. It is a medicine that has great effects. To distinguish the 'Zhengmao' and 'Non-zhengmao' germlplasms, 13ECG germplasms were selected, including 'Zhengmao' germplasms ('Dahe huangrong', 'Dahe miye', 'Pingding huangrong', 'Pingding miye', 'Pingding hongrou', 'Shanche zhengmao' and 'Shiwan zhengmao') and 'Non Zhengmao' germplasms ('Shanche fengwei', 'Shanche fumao', 'Shanche jiaxiyang', 'Shanche guangqing', 'Pingding jinqiandu', 'Pingding shishengli'). The botanical morphological traits were measured, active substances were analyzed, and molecular markers were carried by the ISSR and SRAP for distinguishing analysis. There were significant differences in length of leaf, leaf shape index, L^*, a^* and b^*. The leaves of 'Zhengmao' germplasms were slenderer than those of 'Non-zhengmao', the whole leaf was whiter, greener and yellower. There were significant differences in fruit shape and the fruit shape index between 'Zhengmao' germplasms and 'Non-Zhengmao' germplasms. The content of rhubarb glycoside in most 'Zhengmao' germplasms was higher than that of 'Non-zhengmao' samples, except the 'Shanche fumao'. The content of alcohol soluble extract was also significantly different between the germplasms. The clustering results of ISSR and SRAP showed that when the genetic distance of the two molecular markers was 15 cM, the 13 germplasms could be divided into one 'Zhengmao' and three 'Non Zhengmao' groups. The correlation analysis between germplasm botany and medicinal components showed that, when P<0.05, only the fruit shape and fruit shape index were significantly correlated with the content of wild rhubarb glycoside and naringin, the water-soluble extract was significantly positively correlated with L^*. To conclude, when combined with the three identification results, the molecular marker is the most reliable to distinguish the germplasm of ECG, the plant morphology (petal length, fruit shape and fruit shape index) or medicinal components (content of wild rhubarb glycoside and alcohol extract) can also distinguish these germplasm to a certain extent.

Rice blast is the major disease that threatens rice production in Fujian. Investigation of the variation of avrirulence genes (AVRs) in the field population of rice blast fungus could facilitate the release and rotation of the resistance varieties, and subsequently prevent the burst of rice blast disease caused by the loss of rice blast resistance. We firstly investigated the pathogenicity and genetic variation of a field population consisting of 113 Magnaporthe oryzae monoconidial strains isolated from three different major rice planting regions in Fujian province. For pathogenicity and virulence assays of the strains, spray inoculation was performed using 24 monogenic lines carrying 24 different major blast resistance genes. The results showed that the pathogenicity frequency of strains isolated from Jianyang, Ninghua and Shanghang were ranged from 12.50% to 95.83%, 29.17% to 100% and 4.55% to 86.36%, respectively. All strains showed strong pathogenicity toward the monogenic lines carrying Pik^s、Pib、Pi3 and Pi12, while strains isolated from Jianyang and Ninghua also showed strong pathogenicigy toward the monogenic lines carrying other 12 resistance genes, including Pia, Pii, Piz, Pita, Pit, Pis^h, Pi5, Pi7, Pi19, Pi20, Pita² and Pi11. To investigate the genetic variation of AVR genes in the above strains, we performed genotyping of 8 AVR genes: Avr-Pia, Avr-Pib, Avr-Pik, Avr-Piz-t, Avr-Pii, Avr-Pi9, Avr-Pi54, and Avr-Co39. As expected, Avr-Co39 was absent in all the strains, indicating that all the strains collected in the three regions of Fujian province did not carry the AVR gene. The frequency of Avr-Pib in the 113 strains was also very low (37.17%). However, the ratio was much higher than that of the functional Avr-Pib (4.32%), indicating some loss-of-function mutations of Avr-Pib in the Fujian field population. We compared the sequence of selected AVR genes amplified from some field isolates to the reference sequences, and found variation in the promoter region of Avr-Pib, as well as Avr-Pik and Avr-Piz-t. Besides, we also found mutations in the coding region of Avr-Pik and Avr-Pita amplified from some of the Fujian field isolates. Our results suggested that rice cultivars carrying Pi1, Piz⁵, Pi9, Pik, Pik^h and Pik^m still could be used in Fujian Province.

In order to improve the technological process of industrial tissue culture speed propagation of Curcuma alismatifolia 'Majeo Impress Red', and provide a reference for the large-scale production, we used different organs as the explants to study the bud multiplication, proliferation, rooting culture and transplanting. Six different explants including corm, storage root, corm shoot, lateral bud, flower bud and tender leaves were employed in this study. Based on the MS medium with different concentration of 6-BA and NAA, the process of tissue culture speed propagation was optimized. The best explants were corm shoot and lateral bud. The best medium for induction culture was MS + 6-BA 3 mg/L +NAA 0.1 mg/L + sucrose 30 g/L + carrageenans 7 g/L. The best medium for proliferation was MS + 6-BA 3 mg/L +NAA 0.1 mg/L + sucrose 30 g/L + carrageenans 7 g/L. The best medium for rooting was 1/2 MS + NAA 0.1 mg/L +sucrose 20 g/L + carrageenans 7 g/L. When the seedlings were pluged in tray and transplanted in flowerpot, the optimum medium was tiny peat∶tiny coco coir = 1∶1 and the survival rate was over 95%. Eight EST-SSR markers were employed to amplified the maternal parent and 20 randomly selected tissue culture seedlings, which supported the obsence of DNA-level variations. We screened the most appropriate explants and culture medium for C. alismatifolia 'Majeo Impress Red', optimized the technological process and set up a technical system of industrial tissue culture speed propagation.