Cyperus esculentus is a special oil crop, with its underground tuber accumulating a large amount of oil, and also having the advantages of wide adaptability and strong stress resistance. This crop is a superior germplasm material for studying plant stress resistance and oil enrichment in the underground vegetative organs. Transport inhibitor response protein 1 (TIR1) can regulate plant growth and development and abiotic stress response as an auxin receptor. However, few reports on CeTIR1 have been reported. In this study, four TIR1 genes, namely CeTIR1-1, CeTIR1-2, CeTIR1-3 and CeTIR1-4, were identified from C. esculentus transcriptome data and the ORFs were further cloned by RT-PCR. All the four CeTIR1 proteins contained a typical F-box protein domain, AMN1 superdomain and Transp_inhibit domain, revealed by bioinformatics analysis. No significant difference was detected among the four CeTIR1 proteins in regarding sequence length, relative molecular weight, isoelectric point and other physicochemical properties. The four CeTIR1s were closely related to TIR1s derived from plants of Cyperaceae, Oleaceae and Cruciferae in the evolution. Gene expression profiling showed that the expression levels of CeTIR1 family genes were significantly different in different tissues of C. esculentus, with the highest expression in tuber tissues and lower expression in root and leaf tissues. The antioxidant enzyme activity and MDA content of C. esculentus seedlings increased under salt stress. After adding exogenous IBA treatment, the antioxidant enzyme activity of C. esculentus seedlings under salt stress further increased whereas the MDA content decreased. This indicated that IBA could alleviate the adverse effects of salt stress on the growth of C. esculentus seedlings. qRT-PCR results showed that expression levels of the four CeTIR1 genes increased in C. esculentus seedlings treated with salt stress, and exogenous addition of IBA could significantly up-regulate the expression of CeTIR1-2 gene. Comprehensive analysis demonstrates that CeTIR1-2 may be an important gene involved in regulating the response of C. esculentus seedlings to salt stress. Together, the results would provide the scientific basis and important reference for exploring the related function genes involved in auxin regulating the growth and development and stress resistance of C. esculentus, as well as the C. esculentus cultivation in the saline-alkali land.

Trachoma Garay, originally described from northern India, was recently collected from Motuo, Tibet Autonomous Region, China. The flowers are similar to those of Tuberolabium Yamamoto, but in that genus the flowers open simultaneously along an elongate rachis and with deeply cleft separated by a hyaline flange poliionia, whereas in Trachoma they open in successive clusters on an abbreviated rachis and with entire or obscurely sulcate pollinia.

The southern ecological type of Chinese yam variety Guihuai5 was used to investigate the mutagenic effect of ⁶⁰Co-γ radiation. In a certain dose range, ⁶⁰Co-γ radiation had highly significant inhibitory effect on the germination and seedling growth of Chinese yam bulbils. The linear regression equation between the radiation dose and germination rate was y =-0.8776x+103.37. According to this, the half-lethal-dose and 40%-lethal-dose was 60.8 Gy and 72.2 Gy respectively. 40 Gy radiation treatment had no inhibitory effect on the germination, growth and development of the M₁ generation population of the bulbils. On the contrary, it showed a promoting effect in some extent. Radiation treatment induced increased tuber length, diameter and weight in the off spring plants of M₁ generation. The radiation treatment induced fascicular branching in some individual tubers in the M₁ generation, which resulted in the tuber change from long-column-shaped shape to irregular-block-shaped shape, and the weight of single tuber increased greatly. This occurred particularly in 90% of the plants harvested in the 100 Gy treatment. ⁶⁰Co- γ treatment induced mutations with twin tubers in the M₁ generation of the treated bulbils. The occurrence probability of the twin mutation was the highest in the 60 Gy treatment, accounting for 8% of the plants harvested. From the M₁ generation, 18 mutants with twin tubers, 11 mutants with large tubers and 1 mutant with female flowers were obtained. The results of this experiment indicate a bright prospect for radiation induction breeding of Chinese yam, and would provide basic materials for the further breeding of new Chinese yam varieties and lines.

Three tapping time during the daytime of six rubber cultivars was set to explore the rubber yield, latex quality and raw rubber properties of different rubber varieties. The two-way analysis of variance showed that rubber production was significantly affected by the interaction between tapping time and rubber variety, and the response of each physiological parameter to the variety was significantly different, but there was no significant difference to the tapping time. The most suitable time for daytime rubber tapping is 6:00 am in the three daytime rubber tapping time treatment. Reken 524 and Reken 525 were the most suitable daytime rubber tapping variety judged by latex volume, dry rubber yield and physiological parameters. 7-33-97 and Reken 501 were the most suitable daytime rubber tapping variety judged by common raw latex properties. Considering the purpose of improving labor efficiency and increasing the income of rubber workers, Reken 524 and Reken 525 could be used for daytime rubber tapping at 6:00 am during the peak rubber production period in Maoming Reclamation Area, Guangdong, China.

Centromea pubescens is an important tropical leguminous forage. It is of great significance to study the salt tolerance mechanism of the plant for breeding excellent varieties and improving forage yield. In order to study the difference of salt tolerance of different seeds of C. pubescens in the germination period, the salt tolerance of 75 germplasms was identified in the germination period. NaCl with 150 mmol/L, and 14 indexes such as germination rate, germination potential, root length, bud length and fresh weight were measured, and membership function, principal component analysis, correlation analysis and cluster analysis were carried out to comprehensively evaluate the salt tolerance of germplasm resources of pteromea and to screening salt tolerant germplasm. Under salt stress concentration of 150 mmol/L, the coefficient of variation of relative root shoot ratio was the highest (67.75%), which could be used as one of the evaluation indicators of salt tolerance. The correlation analysis showed that there was a very significant (P<0.01) relationship between any two germination indicators of the germination rate and germination potential, and the other indicators were related to each other to a certain extent. Four principal component as the main component analysis of the direction of the cumulative contribution rate of 83.17% could replace most of the information of all indicators, comprehensively reflecting the germination characteristics during germination under salt stress, and determine the germination index, relative root shoot ratio, relative germination rate and root shoot ratio as the evaluation indicators of salt tolerance through the load matrix. The average membership function and comprehensive score were comprehensively evaluated for salt tolerance, and the 75 germplasm resources were divided into four categories by clustering based on the comprehensive score value of salt tolerance (Z), including 1 highly salt tolerant germplasm (Centrosema 050321057), 17 salt tolerant germplasm, 7 low salt tolerant germplasm and 50 salt sensitive germplasm. In this study, the salt tolerance evaluation system and material evaluation and screening methods were established, which could provide a basis for the study of salt tolerance and salt tolerance gene screening of the genus.

In the agroforestry system, the spatial distribution of the root system of each component determines its competitive ability to the resources in the system, which is an important basis for the design of an agroforestry system. In this paper, the root density and spatial distribution of Areca catechu and elephant grass in the compound system were studied by the zonal layered mining method, and the underground competition index of A. catechu and elephant grass was calculated by the niche overlap formula proposed by Levins. The biomass density of betel nut root (1343.88 g/m³) was 2.41 times that of elephant grass (558.53 g/m³). In the horizontal direction, the biomass density, root length density and competition index of fine roots (0-2 mm), middle roots (2-5 mm) and thick roots (> 5mm) of A. catechu decreased with the increase of the distance between roots and the base of A. catechu trunk. The root biomass density, root length density and competition index of elephant grass increased with the increase of distance, and the distribution was relatively uniform. In the horizontal direction, the root biomass density of A. catechu in 80cm from the trunk of A. catechu was significantly higher than that of elephant grass, and the root biomass density of elephant grass in 120-140 cm was significantly higher than that of A. catechu, but there was no significant difference between them in other distances. The root length density of A. catechu in 20-40 cm was higher than that of elephant grass, but the difference is not significant. The root length density of elephant grass in other horizontal distances was significantly higher than that of A. catechu. Except 20-60 cm from the trunk, the competition index of elephant grass in other areas was higher than that of betel nut. In the vertical direction, the biomass density, root length density and competition index of fine root, middle root, thick root and elephant grass root in 0-20 cm soil layer were significantly higher than those in 20-40 cm soil layer. In the two soil layers, the root length density of A. catechu root system was smaller than that of elephant grass, while the biomass density and competition index of A. catechu root system were larger than that of elephant grass. The results show that although the root distribution of A. catechu and elephant grass overlaps in space, they have their own advantages in a certain area, and neither can form an absolute competitive advantage over the other, thus both can grow healthily in the competition. Therefore, in order to effectively reduce the competition between betel nut and elephant grass, give full play to their respective advantages, and maximize their yield and benefit, we should appropriately increase the planting distance between elephant grass and betel nut trees, and appropriately strengthen the water and fertilizer input in the upper soil in the intercropping area.

Hippeastrum is a new kind of flower introduced in large scale from abroad in recent years, but its seedlings are expensive, regular scale cuttage propagation speed is slow and needs a large number of mother bulbs. Cross breeding, a common method for its new varieties, however, has poor orientation. This aim of this study was to establish an efficient callus regeneration system for rapid propagation and factory production of seedlings, which can also be used for the orientation breeding of Hippeastrum. The effects about different plant growth regulators on callus induction and plantlet regeneration were studied with the leaves of Hippeastrum 'Bankkok Rose' plantlet in vitro. The highest induction rate of callus (39.67%) was observed when the basal leaves of the buds in vitro were cultured on MS+2,4-D 2.00 mg/L+TDZ 0.50 mg/L medium for 45 days. The optimal medium for callus proliferation was MS+6-BA 2.00 mg/L, and the average proliferation was 4.01 times every 20 days. The optimal medium for callus differentiation was MS+ KT 0.50 mg/L. After 60 days, the adventitious bud differentiation coefficient reached 10.59, and the seedling formation coefficient was 5.67. The rooting rate reached 100% after 30 days in MS+IBA 0.50 mg/L. After 30 days of root culture, the small plants were transplanted to the coir: peat soil: vermiculite =1 : 1 : 1 substrate, and the survival rate reached 93.33% after 30 days. This study could provide technical support for industrial propagation of Hippeastrum seedlings, and also provide excellent receptor materials for subsequent molecular breeding.

In this paper, the bibliometrics approach in conjunction with the Research Leadership Index (RLI) was used to compare and assess the scientific research performance and innovation level of the major producing nations of natural rubber on 12 Research Fronts. The Research Fronts of each nation were revealed to enter the innovation excellence position, innovation forefront position, and innovation rank position, as well as the status of innovation catching up position and innovation gap, from three major research areas of agriculture and plant science, ecology and environmental science, chemistry and material science. China has grown to be a significant player in global natural rubber research, with the highest RLI score globally. The United States comes in second with a score roughly 65% of that of China. France, Germany, Thailand, India, and Malaysia are ranked third through seventh, respectively, with France, Germany, and Thailand being in the same active cascade as India and Malaysia. The United States and France are currently in the innovation excellence position in the majority of the Research Fronts (more than 50.00%), while China has entered the position in 100% of the Research Fronts. There is a large Research Front gap between the countries of Germany, Thailand, India, Malaysia and the countries of China, the United States, and France. 16.67% of the Research Front in Germany, Thailand, India, and Malaysia is still in the innovation catching up stage. In all three of these lucrative industries, where China excels at invention, the country has taken the lead. The performance of the other six nations varies in several areas. In the fields of agriculture and plant science, Germany, Thailand and Malaysia, have taken the innovation leadership and ranked positions, respectively, while India is in the innovation catching up position. The United States and France have entered the innovation excellence position. While India lags behind, the United States and France fare better than Germany, Thailand, and Malaysia. The United States and Germany have taken the top spots for innovation and excellence in the field of ecological and environmental science. France, Thailand, India, and Malaysia are still lagging behind in terms of innovation. The performance of the United States and Germany is superior, whereas that of France, Thailand, India, and Malaysia is subpar. In the fields of chemistry and materials science, the innovative excellence position has been attained by 50.00% of the Research Front in the United States and France, 30.00% in Thailand and India, 20.00% in Germany, and 10.00% in Malaysia. In the United States and France, 50.00% of the Research Front has joined the innovation forefront position and the innovation rank position, while India is at 70.00%. At 60.00%, 50.00%, and 80.00%, respectively, Germany, Thailand, and Malaysia are in the innovation forefront position and innovation rank position, but 20.00%, 20.00%, and 10.00% of the Research Front are still in the innovation catching up position. The six nations perform fairly evenly in this regard, but the United States, France, and India outperform Germany, Thailand, and Malaysia by a small margin.

Morinda officinalis How is a plant of the Rubiaceae, whose dried roots are used as medicine It can strengthen bones and muscles, nourish kidney-yang and remove wind and moisture. It is mainly distributed in Guangdong, Guangxi, Fujian and Hainan provinces. It is one of the four major southern medicines in China. In the main production areas of China, it is mainly propagated by cuttings. In the process of variety breeding, it is often disturbed by plant viruses. The viruses are transmitted and accumulated in plants through asexual propagation of plants, resulting in the inhibition of plant growth and the decline of yield and quality. Therefore, for the purpose of tissue culture detoxification of M. officinalis, the tissue culture detoxification research of M. officinalis was carried out. Thereby improving the yield and quality of M. officinalis, which is beneficial to the protection of M. officinalis species. It is of great practical significance to provide technical support for quality resources and the factory-based seedlings of M. officinalis. Using the stem segments as the explants, an efficient and stable M. officinalis tissue rapid propagation system was established, and suitable plant regeneration methods were screened out. Using 1/2MS as the basic medium, M. officinalis stem axillary buds were used to induce clustered buds to obtain the virus-free seedlings and successfully domesticated and transplanted, the virus detection of M. officinalis tissue culture seedlings and transplanted seedlings were carried out by PCR technology. The semi-lignified stem segments as the explants were suitable to induce axillary buds, the most suitable medium was 1/2MS+6-BA 0.2 mg/L, and the axillary bud induction rate was 70%. Taking the axillary buds to induce fascicled bud, the most suitable medium was 1/2MS+6-BA 0.2 mg/L, and the fascicled bud induction rate was 86.36%. The suitable medium for rooting was 1/2MS+IBA 0.5 mg/L, with a root rate of 100%. The tissue culture seedlings were transplanted in the 1∶1 peat soil-perlite matrix for 8 days with the highest survival rate, reaching 93.3%. The reverse transcript PCR was used to determine the Cucumber mosaic virus isolate M. officinalis How (CMVMO) in the tissue cultured seedlings and transplanted seedlings, the plantlets of M. officinalis How detoxified was obtained. In this study, virus-free seedlings of M. officinalis were successfully cultivated through direct organogenesis, and an in vitro rapid propagation and regeneration system of M. officinalis was established, which would not only improve the yield and quality of M. officinalis, but also provide a reference for virus-free rapid propagation and commercial production and seedling raising of M. officinalis.

At present, the difficulty and pain point that sugarcane mechanical harvesting cannot be widely promoted is that mechanical rolling has a negative effect on sugarcane growth. In order to explore the effects of mechanical harvesting on the main agronomic traits and important physiological indexes of GT47 and GT31 at seedling stage, and provide theoretical reference for the evaluation of physiological adaptability of sugarcane mechanical harvesting and selection of suitable mechanical harvesting varieties, a randomized block design was used to compare and analyze the differences of plant growth rate, tiller rate, main components of leaves, root activity and related enzymes between mechanical and artificial harvesting treatments. The results showed that mechanical harvesting had a great effect on the rate of plant initiation and tillering of GT31, but not on the rate of plant initiation of GT47. There was a significant difference in nitrogen content between the two varieties during artificial harvesting, and the two harvesting methods had no obvious effect on the nitrogen content of GT47. The difference of total P content between GT47 and GT31 was extremely significant in artificial harvest, while there was no significant difference in total P content between the two varieties in mechanical harvest. Potassium content was greatly affected by different fertilization methods and different sugarcane varieties, and there was a significant difference in total potassium content between GT47 and GT31 regardless of mechanical or artificial harvesting. The root activity of GT47 and GT31 was 0.53 mg/(g·h) and 0.82 mg/(g·h) respectively in mechanical harvesting, but there was no significant difference in the root activity of the two varieties in artificial harvesting. After mechanical milling, the MDA content of GT31 root was significantly higher than that of artificial harvesting, while the MDA content of GT47 root showed no significant difference between the two harvesting methods. The CAT activity in root system of GT47 was 688.07 nmol/(min·g), which was significantly higher than that of GT31. There was no significant difference in Pro content and POD activity in roots among different varieties and different harvesting methods of the same variety. The adaptability of different sugarcane varieties in different harvest way differed. GT47 responded more quickly in tillering and other agronomic traits, and leaf nutrition, root activity, root art related enzymes after mechanical compaction. GT47 is more suitable for mechanical harvest.