The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of pitaya stem polysaccharide (PSP) on the cellular immune function in mice with cyclophosphamide induced immunodeficiency. In this study, the toxicity of pitaya stem polysaccharide was evaluated, and the immune function of mouse cells was evaluated by detecting the proliferation ability of mouse lymphocytes induced by mitogen, calculating the body weight, spleen index, spleen immune count and blood cell count of mice. PSP had no inhibitory effect on the survival rate of lymphocytes. PSP-1 and PSP-2 had the same proliferation effect on T lymphocytes, but had no obvious effect on B lymphocytes. In the immunocompromised mouse model, the splenic index and blood cell count of mice treated with PSP were alleviated, and the effect was better in the high-dose group, but the enhancement of whole splenic immune cells was not obvious. The results showed that PSP-2 may be the active component of PSP-1 to exert immune function, T lymphocytes are the main effector cells, and the immune function of dragon fruit stem polysaccharide is mainly achieved by promoting lymphocyte proliferation.

The proteins on rubber particles of Hevea brasiliensis play key roles in a series of reactions of rubber biosynthesis. They directly determine the number and size of rubber molecules, thus affecting the yield and quality of natural rubber. Small rubber particle protein (SRPP) is the second highest abundance protein in rubber particles following after the rubber elongation factor (REF), which is closely related to rubber particle development and rubber biosynthesis. At present, it is known that there are many SRPP family proteins on rubber particles, but the functions of most SRPP family proteins have not been identified. SRPP may function by interacting with other rubber particle proteins. To screen the interaction protein of HbSRPP7, a normalized H. brasiliensis latex cDNA library was constructed based on the membrane yeast two-hybrid (MYTH) system. The capacity of the cDNA library was 1.5×10⁷ CFU, the average library recombination rate was about 100%, and the average amplification sizes of insert fragments in the cDNA library were above 1500 bp. The pBT3STE-SRPP7 and pBT3SUC-SRPP7 bait vectors were constructed and confirmed that they could be correctly expressed in the NMY32 yeast strain without self-activating activity. The latex MYTH cDNA library was screened using the bait plasmid pBT3STE-SRPP7, and 21 candidate proteins of HbSRPP7 were obtained, including three REF family proteins (HbREF1, HbREF3, and HbREF8), two SRPP family proteins (HbSRPP1 and HbSRPP2), two reactive oxygen species scavenging-related proteins (thioredoxin H-type-like and L-ascorbate peroxidase 2), and five stress-related proteins (high mobility group B protein 2-like, RPM1-interacting protein 4-like, stress-related protein-like, salt stress-induced hydrophobic peptide ESI3-like and F-box/kelch-repeat protein). It is shown that HbSRPP7 may participate in rubber biosynthesis through interaction with the rubber particle proteins related to rubber biosynthesis. In addition, HbSRPP7 may also participate in the regulation of rubber biosynthesis on rubber particles by interacting with biotic and abiotic stress-related proteins and responding to biotic and abiotic stress signals in laticiferous cells of H. brasiliensis. The research results are helpful to understand the function of SRPP family proteins and lay a foundation for revealing the composition of protein complexes involved in rubber biosynthesis on rubber particles and elucidating the molecular mechanism of rubber biosynthesis and its regulation.

Mangifera indica Linn. is a tropical and subtropical evergreen tree fruit, sweet fruit, rich nutrition, meat smooth and juicy, which is rich "tropical fruit king" reputation. In order to speed up the molecular identification of mango cultivars (lines), five mango cultivars (Red Ivory Mango, Jinhuang Mango, Red Mango No. 6, Red Jade Mango, Nan Doc Mai No. 4 Mango) with different phenotypic characteristics were selected from 19 test materials to screen SSR marker primers. The primers with better polymorphism were obtained by PAGE electrophoresis. Then, the primers were labeled with 5'-end modification with HEX and FAM fluorescent labels. The size of the amplified fragments were detected by capillary electrophoresis, and the polymorphic sites of each pair of primers were coded by numbers and letters. Finally, DNA fingerprint and DNA molecular ID card of mango were constructed by capillary electrophoresis. The results show that nine pairs of primers with good polymorphism were screened from the developed SSR primers from 115 pair primers through PCR amplification and PAGE electrophoresis. The primers were named M9, M15, M35, M40, M53, M59, M101, M102, and M103. After capillary electrophoresis detection and data analysis, bar code DNA molecular identification and quick response code DNA molecular identification of the mango cultivars (lines) were obtained combined with "number+letter" processing. For example, the fingerprint code of Jinhuang Mango is 9EE9F8933, the fingerprint code of Qianshan Mango No. 2 is H6F7564IC, and the fingerprint code of Qianshan Mango No. 4 is 3DGE47279. Finally, with the fingerprint code and basic information of 19 materials as the carrier, barcode DNA molecular ID and two-dimensional code DNA molecular ID were generated by online barcode generation program and two-dimensional code generation program. This study laid a foundation for standardizing the construction of molecular identification database of DNA of mango, and could provide data reference for mango genetics and breeding and excellent gene excavating.

Streptomyces catenulae XG40 is a biocontrol strain with antagonism to pathogens of pomelo black spot. In this study, the whole-genome sequence of S. catenulae XG40 was completed by the third generation sequencing platform PacBio Sequel. Three contigs were obtained, including one chromosomal DNA and two plasmid DNA. The total length of the genome sequencing was 9 772 324 bp with 70.58% GC content, and 8074 protein-coding genes were predicted which were accounted for 96.41% of all genes. Forty-six putative secondary metabolite biosynthetic gene clusters were found in the genome using the online antiSMASH software, among twenty-four PKS and NRPS, which were accounted for 52.17% of all gene clusters. Seven putative gene clusters showed 100% similarities to known gene clusters: desferrioxamin B, pristinol, neoantimyci, 2-methylisoborneol, nigericin, ectoine, geosmin gene clusters. Four putative gene clusters showed more than 80% similarities to known gene clusters: miharamycin A/B, SW-163C/E/F/G/UK-63598, gilvocarcin V, coelibactin. Clusters analysis showed that S.catenulae XG40 had certain ability of the biosynthesis of nigericin and gilvocarcin V with antibacterial activity. The analysis of synteny indicated that genome insertion, deletion, rearrangement and translocation happened among the genomes of S. catenulae XG40, S. rhizosphaericus DSM 41760, S. malaysiensis DSM 14702, melanosporofaciens DSM 40318 and S. himastatinicus ATCC 53653. This research would provide a theoretical basis for further discovering biocontrol potential of XG40 and the secondary metabolites for agricultural biological control.

The purpose of the study is to ascertain the molecular mechanism of the albino mutation of Aristaloe aristata, screen related functional genes, and provide basis for the breeding. The Illumina HiSeq sequencing platform was used to carry out transcriptome high-throughput sequencing for normal leaf color seedlings WT, albino mutant ls and qj. The sequencing results were annotated and analyzed. A total of 67.72 Gb clean data was obtained. A total of 122 665 unigene annotation results were obtained from functional annotation. For the analysis of Unigenes expression, a total of 914 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) in ls were screened out, among them, 453 genes were up-regulated and 461 down-regulated. There were 1851 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) screened in qj, of which up- and down-regulated genes were 868 and 983, respectively. According to a comparative analysis of GO functional enrichment and KEGG metabolic pathway, it was found that in the two mutant strains, there were many DEGs enriched in pigment accumulation, cell wall organization or biogenesis, cell wall, cell periphery, hydrolase activity of hydrolyzing o-glycosyl compounds, hydrolase activity acting on glycosyl bonds, and biosynthesis pathway of secondary metabolism, while the DEGs related to photosynthesis were not significantly enriched. In the pathway related to photosynthesis, the expression of porA and cab13 were significantly down-regulated in mutant ls, and porA and moda were significantly down-regulated in mutant qj. The results of real-time reverse transcriptase PCR (qRT-PCR) confirmed the consistency of the relative expression trend and the transcriptome data of these genes. The expression of the key gene, porA, which was down-regulated in both mutants, was assumed to be a key factor in the formation of albino seedlings of A. aristate since it was found to affect the enzymatic reaction of protochlorophyllin ester to chlorophyllin ester and thereby affecting the chlorophyll synthesis of the two mutants. Our study explored the transcriptome information of albinism mutation of A. aristate, screened the key genes with significant expression differences, and would provide an important theoretical basis for further exploring the molecular mechanism of albinism mutation of A. aristate.

An early-maturing, high-yield, high-starch, wide-adaptability cassava cultivar was bred in Guangxi for fresh consumption or further processing. A newly bred F₁ progeny of crossing between the high-yield, XX048 as the female parent and the high-starch NZ199 as the male parent was generated by artificial pollination and induction through prediction of graft breeding. After seedling selection, single row and a series of primary, intermediate, and advanced tests as well as regional and production trials, Guire No. 13 (GR13) was selected. As showed in the several years trial, GR13 delivered an average tuber yield of 47.06 t/hm², starch content was 32.0%, which was 22.93% and 21.48, 3.74 and 5.30 percentage point higher than that of NZ199 and SC205; Dry matters content of 45.2%, which was 4.7 and 7.5 percentage point higher than that of NZ199 and SC205, and HCN content was 25.7 mg/kg, lower than that of NZ199 and SC205; a rich content of nutrients (based on FW), such as 0.73% on crude fiber, 42.87 mg/hg on vitamin C, 0.75 g/hg on protein, 3% on total sugar, 1.1% on soluble sugar. The early-maturing (over 27.0% on starch content after planted 180 days), high and stable yield GR13 with wide-adaptability was resistent to drought, cold and mites, and its leaves did not fall off easily. It could be adequately cultivated in current cassava-producing areas in Guangxi, Jiangxi, and Yunnan provinces for either fresh consumption, further processing, or as a raw material for manufacturing starch products.

The heterozygosity, population structure and genetic diversity of Moringa oleifera and its progeny were analyzed using the SNP markers. The characteristics of genetic variation of M. oleifera and its progeny were studied. Simplified genome sequencing of 96 M. oleifera materials was performed by AFSM technology. The obtained sequencing filtering data were compared to the reference genome. SNP and Indel loci were detected and counted by using VCFtools and BCFtools. In order to analyze the reproduction types of M. oleifera, AWK language was used to analyze heterozygous loci, and compare the different loci of the progeny with the parents. The mutation sites were filtered by Plink software, and the high-quality mutation sites were reserved. The population structure was analyzed by ADMIXTURE software, and the optimal K value was determined according to the cross validation error rate. At the same time, GCTA software was used for principal component analysis, and the phylogenetic tree was constructed to analyze the population structure of the materials. VCFtools was used to calculate the genetic diversity index and population differentiation index for analyzing the genetic polymorphism of the population. LDBlockShow software was used for linkage imbalance analysis, and the linkage imbalance degree between loci was obtained. The result showed that a total of 1 187 831 SNP sites and 150 861 Indel sites were detected in this paper. We compared M. oleifera progeny genes with parents, which found that among the heterozygous genes in Moringa progeny, about 4.89% of the genes are self-heterozygous genes, and 19.96% of the heterozygous genes caused by foreign genetic materia. It indicates that M. oleifera produce offspring by the ways of self-pollination and cross-flowering. M. oleifera samples were divided into 3 subgroups by population structure and principal component analysis. The cluster analysis is roughly consistent with the above results. The subgroups can be clustered together, and there is a little crossover between the samples. The low genetic differentiation index (0.0049-0.0110) and genetic diversity index (0.001) among different populations of M. oleifera indicated that the level of genetic diversity was low and genetic differentiation was weak. The SNPS of 136 scaffolds which detected were counted and linkage imbalance analysis was performed, we found that scaffold 1 had the most SNPS (62 225), there was strong linkage imbalance between 6 748 044 and 6 748 185 loci. This study analyzed the genetic diversity of M. oleifera and its progeny. It would provide genetic basis for the cross breeding of M. oleifera.

Quickly obtain embryogenic callus is the key step to successfully establish the regeneration system in the somatic embryogenesis regeneration system of rubber tree. Rubber tree anthers were used as explants in the study. The effects of different concentrations of picloram, KT, 6-BA, and IAA on the induction of rubber tree anther embryogenic callus were studied through an orthogonal experimental design. The results showed that the optimal combination medium for rubber tree anther callus induction was MS basic medium, 0.4 mg/L thiamine, asparagine 300 mg/L, hydrolyzed casein 100 mg/L, proline 100 mg/L, arginine 100 mg/L, glutathione amino amide 100 mg/L, L-cysteine-hydrochloride 50 mg/L, sucrose 70 g/L, coconut water 50 mL/L, vegetable gel 2.2 g/L, picloram 20 mg/L, KT 2 mg/L and KT 2 mg/L and 6-BA 1 mg/L, and the callus induction rate reached 73.3%-100%. In all treatments, the callus was induced for about 25-28 days, and the callus reached the stage of rapid proliferation. The main effect of the induction of embryogenic callus was the concentration of picloram. It could promote the induction of embryogenic callus. Although low concentrations of picloram could also induce callus production, the callus were basically non-embryogenic potential-ie non-embryogenic callus. At the same time, 11 somatic embryos were used for plant regeneration. Among them, two plants emerged, seven only had roots without sprouting, and two had neither buds nor roots. The plant regeneration rate was 18%. By observing the leaf morphology and plant height of the plants, there was no significant difference with the rubber tree tissue culture seedlings and seedlings in production. In the future, on the basis of the research, the formulation of the callus induction medium would be further optimized, so that it could induce embryogenic callus from anthers more quickly, shorten the induction time of embryogenic callus, and reduce variation. Probability, it could provide callus with better conditions for RITA bioreactors as starting material.

In order to understand the C, N and P eco-chemometric characteristics of different tree age groups, the coffee from the Manxieba Xiaoaozi Nanpingzhen a Coffee Estate in Pu'er Simao District was studied in four tree age groups: 1 a, 7 a, 10 a and 20 a, the C, N, and P levels in coffee leaves and soil were determined, as well as the chemometric ratio between them. The N and P content of coffee leaves was proportional to the age of the tree, gradually increasing with the age of the tree, inversely proportional to the C content, gradually decreasing with the age of the tree. The differences in N and P content of coffee reached significant levels (P<0.05), and the chemometric ratios C∶N and C∶P decreased with tree age, among which C∶P was significantly different in different tree ages (P<0.01). Leaf N∶P threshold analysis found that the leaf N∶P ratio was less than 14 in all four tree age segments, indicating that the growth of coffee was mainly limited by N elements. There was significant variability (P<0.05) in SOC content between tree age groups, with 7 a coffee having the highest C, N and P content. The mean values of C, N and P content were slightly higher for 0-10 cm soils than for 10-30 cm soils and 9.79 for 0-10 cm soils than 6.87 for 10-30 cm soils. The range of C∶P variation for coffee was 11.51-46.80 for 0-10 cm soils and 4.53-20.82 for 10-30 cm soils, with large inter-soil variations. The range of N∶P variation was 1.00-5.12 and 0.81-2.08 for different soil layers, respectively. The correlation showed that N∶P and P elements were significantly correlated and P element was the main cause of C∶N variation. From the correlation analysis, coffee leaf C was significantly negatively correlated with N, P (P<0.05), leaf N was extremely significantly positively correlated with C∶N, C∶P (P<0.01) and leaf P was extremely significantly negatively correlated with C∶P (P<0.01). The SOC and TN of different soil layers were positively correlated (P<0.05), and the C, N, and P of the blade were not correlated with the TOC, TN, and TP of the soil, and the ratio of measurements was rarely correlated. It can be seen from the above that the SOC, TN and TP of coffee soil were relatively low, the soil was mainly limited by N nutrients. In addition, the absorption of N and P by coffee leaves had a synergistic effect, and there was a broad quantitative coupling relationship between coffee leaves and soil elements.

The object of this study was to investigate the growth, photosynthesis and carbohydrate of 'Shatangju' mandarin grafted on various rootstocks. The tree vigor, net photosynthesis (P_n), transpiration rate (T_r), stomatal conductance (G_s), intercellular CO₂ concentration (C_i), leaf chlorophyll, carbohydrates of 'Shatangju' mandarin budded on Ichang papeda (Citrus ichangensis Swingle), Trifoliate orange [P. trifoliate (L.) Raf.], 'Shatangju' mandarin (C. reticulata Blanco cv. Shatangju), Fragrant orange (C. junos Sieb.ex Tanaka), Rough lemon (C. jambhiri Lush) were evaluated. The scion height, trunk cross-section area (TCSA), leaf area and shoot length of 'Shatangju' on Fragrant orange and Rough lemon were significantly bigger than that on the Ichang papeda. The lowest affinity was found with Ichang papeda, which showed the highest rootstock/scion ratio (2.08). Total leaf chlorophyll content range from 0.85 mg/g FW to 1.40 mg/g FW, significantly higher leaf chlorophyll content was found in trees grafted on Rough lemon and Trifoliate orange than other grafting combinations. Trees on Fragrant orange had the highest net photosynthesis (P_n), transpiration rate (T_r), stomatal conductance (G_s), while Ichang papeda induced the lowest photosynthesis rates. As the production of CO₂ photosynthesis, high photosynthesis efficiency led to higher carbohydrate (total soluble sugar, sucrose, reduced sugar content) in 'Shangtangju' leaves budded onto Fragrant orange and Rough lemon rootstocks compared to trees on the Ichang papeda. The data confirmed that the low affinity of Ichang papeda rootstock and 'Shatangju' mandarin scion combination caused the lower photosynthesis efficiency and tree vegetative growth. The Fragrant orange rootstock could be a suitable candidate for the 'Shangtangju' mandarin production in citriculture.