Normal rats and diabetes model mice were used to explore the effects of Yunnan Yuanjiang noni juice and other noni juice on blood pressure of normal rats and blood sugar of diabetes model mice. The changes of blood pressure in normal rats and blood sugar in diabetes model mice were observed before and after the test. After anesthesia in normal rats, medication or fruit juice was infused into the duodenum, using direct pressure measurement method to measure blood pressure, reading blood pressure values before and after the experiment and conducting data analysis. The model of diabetes mice was established by intraperitoneal injection of alloxan, and the successful mice were given corresponding drugs or juice, continuous administration or juice for nine days. Mouse blood was collected on the 10th day to measure the fasting blood glucose values for comparative analysis. As the analysis of rat blood pressure revealed, there was no significant difference in blood pressure values between the high dose group of Yunnan Yuanjiang noni juice before and after injection; there was a very significant difference in blood pressure values before and after 90 minutes of injection in the medium dose group; there was a significant difference in blood pressure values between the low dose group before and after 240 minutes of injection; the medium dose group had the best blood pressure lowering effect. Analysis of blood sugar in diabetes model mice found that the low, medium and high dose groups of Yunnan Yuanjiang noni juice could reduce blood sugar to varying degrees, and the low-dose group had the best hypoglycemic effect, the hypoglycemic rate of Tahiti noni juice was 0.00%. Yunnan Yuanjiang noni juice has the dual effect of lowering blood sugar and blood pressure, and the low dose group has the best effect of reducing blood sugar. Noni introduced from Hawaii to Xishuangbanna, Yunnan and Yuanjiang, Yunnan has no significant effect on its blood sugar lowering effect.

In order to clarify the application effect of controlled-release urea combined with common urea on rubber trees, a 2-year field experiment was conducted to study the effects of different proportions of controlled-release urea combined with common urea on the yield, leaf and latex mineral nutrients and soil nitrogen content of rubber trees under the condition of nitrogen reduction, and to provide a reference base for reasonable nitrogen application in the cultivation of rubber trees. The results showed that the combined application of controlled-release urea and common urea increased the dry rubber yield and the nitrogen content of leaves. Compared with conventional fertilization, the dry rubber yield increased by 16.28%-39.13% (2021) and 7.94%-9.69% (2022), nitrogen content in leaves increased by 10.54%-19.17% (2021) and 10.24%-21.50% (2022), and the leaf nitrogen content of the combined application of controlled-release urea combined and common urea was above normal value. Combined application of controlled-release urea and common urea also increased the soil alkali-hydrolytic nitrogen content in the fertilization hole of rubber plantation by 11.27%-80.36% compared with conventional fertilization. When the ratio of controlled release urea and common urea was 50:50, the dry rubber yield (2022), leaf nitrogen content (2021—2022) and soil alkali-hydrolyzed nitrogen content (2021—2022) were significantly higher than those of conventional fertilization. Overall, under the conditions of this experiment, the combination of controlled-release urea and common urea at a ratio of 50∶50 could obtain a higher dry rubber yield, improve the nutritional status of leaves, maintain soil nitrogen level, and help to achieve green and efficient fertilizer management of rubber trees.

Powdery mildew (Erysiphe quercicola) can infect a variety of economically important crops, and seriously threatens the rubber industry. In order to explore the molecular mechanism of the pathogenesis, the genome of E. quercicola (HO-73 strain) was sequenced and 133 candidate secreted effector proteins (candiate secreted effector proteins, CSEPs), which have homologous proteins only in other powdery mildew, were identified. An effector protein, CSEP02974, which is conserved in powdery mildew, was identified. The function of the signal peptide in secreted protein was assayed using the yeast secretion system. CSEP02974 was a cytoplasmic effector protein verified by using the Agrobacterium-mediated transient expression system and localization analysis. Further, CSEP02974 expression in Arabidopsis thaliana inhibited chitin- or flg22-induced callose deposition and ROS accumulation. The result suggests that CSEP02974 is a virulence factor in suppressing plant immunity. CSEP02974 was silenced by spraying exogenous double-stranded RNA on E. quercicola. Pathogenicity analysis showed that this gene silencing led to inhibitions of extended growth and infection. In conclusion, this study identified a key E quercicola virulence factor, which would provide an important clue on the mechanism of interaction between rubber tree and E. quercicola.

Conopomorpha sinensis is a main pest for litchi and longan. Currently, chemical pesticide control is still the primary technique on C. sinensis, which brings negative effects on the environment and increases insect pesticide resistance. Therefore, one imminent task is to develop new control strategies. The insecticidal plant glyceride oil, a new developed agricultural spray oil with no pesticide resistance, has a similar insecticidal effect compared with mineral oil. The contact insecticidal effects on C. sinensis eggs, pupae, adults and oviposition deterrent effect on adults of plant spray oil were evaluated by the spray method, and the evaluation of the field control effect was also conducted. The eggs, pupae, and adults were all susceptible to the oil. With 4.55 g/L of plant spray oil, the mortality rate of adult worms reached 100%, the emergence rate of pupae was less than 20%, the hatching inhibition rate of 1-day-old eggs was over 40%, and the plant spray oil had a certain repelling impact on spawning. Furthermore, the rate of fruit decay in the litchi orchard was greatly decreased by the oil treatment at the concentration of 4.55 g/L. The oil mixed with pesticides could reduce pesticide usage by half, while the rate of fruit decay was reduced to 1%. The results suggested that plant spray oil could be utilized to control C. sinensis in orchards, lessen the application of chemical pesticides, greatly enhance the control effect of C. sinensis, and offer a research foundation for the long-term, healthy growth of the litchi industry.

Meloidogyne enterolobii has developed into the most devastating root-knot nematode species due to its wide host range and strong infection ability, by which pepper production in Hainan province is greatly affected. The usage of inheritance resistance of crops is an economic and environmental friendly approach to control M. enterolobii. In previous studies, we identified one resistant germplasm CF25 from thirty local Capsicum frutescens resources. To better utilize this germplasm for disease resistance breeding, it is necessary to deepen the understanding of its resistance memechanism. Hence, resistant germplasm CF25 and susceptible germplasm CF29 were inoculated with M. enterolobii, and the histological characteristics were detected by the methods of acidic magenta staining and paraffin section. In terms of intrusion amount, the resistant germplasm CF25 was found to have smaller number of M. enterolobii that invaded into the roots. In terms of nematode morphology, the juveniles of M. enterolobii in CF25 developed slower than in CF29, and the female adult in CF25 presented abnormal morphology. In terms of root anatomical structure, the content of giant cells gradually decreased and cavitation phenomenon occurred in the resistant germplasm CF25. The POD and PAL activity of CF25 and CF29 was measured to explore the biochemical bases of M. enterolobii resistance. The POD and PAL activity measured in most time points after inoculation in CF25 was significantly higher than in CF29. In summary, from the perspective of histology, the resistance to M. enterolobii in CF25 was mainly presented as anti-invasion and feeding restriction. The reduction of giant cell cellular content might restrict the feeding of juveniles, which led to the slow and poor development of M. enterolobii. From the perspective of biochemistry, higher POD activity in CF25 might be good for the elimination of the active oxygen accumulated by the invasion of root-knot nematode. Besides that, higher POD and PAL activity might lead to the generation of more phenylpropanoid secondary metabolites, including lignin, which might resulted in higher resistance in CF25. The histological and biochemical bases of M. enterolobii resistance in CF25 were analyzed in our studies. The results would provide certain basis for further exploring the mechanism of M. enterolobii resistance in C. frutescens.

The anther regeneration system is the earliest in vitro tissue culture regeneration plant system of Hevea brasiliensis established in China, and the regenerated plants were named self-rooted juvenile clone, which have the advantages of rapid growth, high resistance as seedlings and genetic homogeneity as grafted seedlings, and yield increase by more than 20% due to rejuvenation. However, the buds collection period is only about 60 d per year, which does not allow for a year-round supply of callus formed by dedifferentiation anther wall cells, resulting in unsustainable research relying on this material. In this study, Reyan73397 stamens were utilized to study the callus induction and somatic embryogenesis of anther callus at different developmental periods (0 d, 7 d, 14 d, 21 d, 28 d, 35 d and 42 d), which were stored at two low temperatures of 15 ℃ and 20 ℃ for 15 d. The results showed that temperature 15 ℃ and 20 ℃ had no significant effect on the stages of callus induction and somatic embryogenesis after preservation, except that the number of embryogenic callus was significantly lower than that of the control the developmental period had significant effect on callus induction and somatic embryogenesis after preservation, and showed the greatest effect on the stage of cotyledonary embryo formation, of which the anther callus at 21 d and 35 d responded strongly, the number of cotyledonary embryos of 21 d anther callus was significantly higher than that of the control, and the number of cotyledonary embryos of 35 d anther callus was significantly lower than that of the control after preservation; the preservation of anther callus with different developmental periods for 15 d at 15 ℃ and 20 ℃ could extend the supply time of anther callus for 15~60 d, and primary cotyledonary embryos for 27-95 d compared to the control; the optimal solution was to keep the anther callus with developmental periods at 21 d at 15 ℃ and 20 ℃ for 15days, which could prolong the supply of anther callus and primary cotyledonary embryo for 60 days and 60-95 days separately. Although the treatment reduced the number of callus by 46.61%, it promoted the formation of cotyledon embryo by 27.18% in number. In this study, the short-term preservation of H. brasiliensis anther callus was realized, which would greatly alleviate the difficulty of insufficient source of genetic transformation receptors due to the short flowering period, the study time could be carried out for the whole year from 60 days to 240 days, which could help to speed up the research on optimization of the genetic transformation system of anther callus in Hevea brasiliensis.

SWEET (sugars will eventually be exported transporter) plays an important role in pant flowering. However, the mechanism of flower was unclear in pineapple. In this study, the interacting proteins of AcSWEET11 were identified, in order to lay a foundation for analysis of the flowering mechanism of pineapple. In this study, the interacting proteins of AcSWEET11 were screened from the pineapple flowering cDNA membrane library by co-transformed, and then the expression levels of the candidate proteins during flowering were analyzed. pBT3-STE-AcSWEET11+pPR3-N was nontoxicity for NMY51 yeast cells but had autonomous activation. Further study showed that autonomous activation was restrained after adding 3ʹAT in TDO and QDO. A total of 81 positive clones were screened by yeast two-hybrid, and 48 proteins were identified by sequencing which were probably interactive with AcSWEET11. The proteins were contained E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase RING1-like, Trehalose-phosphate synthase 7, Cytochrome P450 90A1-like and Transcription factor LUX. GO and KEGG revealed that 48 proteins may participate in lipid metabolism, amino acid metabolism, carbohydrate metabolism, signal transduction and transport and catabolism. And the expression of Trehalose-phosphate synthase 7 (XP_020105459.1), Protein TIFY 3-like (XP_020082835.1), 40S ribosomal protein S27 (XP_020092770.1) and Heterogeneous nuclear ribonucleoprotein 1-like (XP_020112516.1) were down regulated during flowering induction that consistent with AcSWEET1 while the expression of Dihydrolipoyl dehydrogenase 2 (XP_020113798.1), Putative lipid-transfer protein DIR1 (XP_020086640.1), Clathrin assembly protein At4g32285 (XP_020108161.1) were up regulated. AcSWEET11 might interact with the proteins such as Trehalose-phosphate synthase 7 to participate in pineapple flowering. The protein interaction network of AcSWEET11 was plentiful to provide a foundation for analysis the regulatory mechanism of AcSWEET11 in pineapple flowering.

To evaluate the functional germplasm resources of Cymbopogon citratus, the differences in betaine, alkaloid and flavone contents were analyzed. 45 C. citratus from Hainan, Fujian, Guizhou and Yunnan were evaluated by analyzing the content of betaine, alkaloids and flavonoids. The water extract of C. citratus mainly contained flavonoids (24.30%), alkaloids (13.53%) and betaine monomers (10.52%). The betaine content of HK-2 was the highest, reaching 5.65 mg/g. The alkaloid content of HK-1-1 was the highest, reaching 8.66 mg/g. The flavonoid content of YX-1 was the highest, reaching 43.15 mg/g. There were significant differences in the content of betaine, alkaloid and flavonoid in different storage locations, regions and altitudes of the resources. The mouse model of constipation induced by loperamide demonstrated that betaine had the effect of moistening the intestines and promoting bowel movements. Finally, based on the established functional resource evaluation method for C. citratus, first-class C. citratus resources YX-1, WN-2, GM-1, ZZ-1, RL-1 and YJ-4 were selected. The results of this study are helpful for the screening, evaluation and breeding utilization of functional resources of C. citratus, and could also provide scientific basis for the study of functional mechanisms and the development and utilization of functional products.

As global temperature rises and international trade becomes more frequent, the world is facing increasing pressure from invasive species. Therefore, it is crucial to have a deep understanding of the types of invasive species and the possible distribution ranges to take effective prevention and control measures. This paper reported a new record invasive plant species in Hainan, Acmella uliginosa, and MaxEnt maximum entropy ecological niche modeling combined with Geographic Information Systems (GIS) was used to predict the primary potential suitable areas for A. uliginosa under current and future climatic conditions in China, ROC curve analysis method was used to validate, knife-edge method to was used to analyze the major environmental variables influencing the distribution of the A. uliginosa. A. uliginosa had a large distribution space and invasion potential in China, with the main distribution areas concentrated in southern, central and southwestern regions such as Guangxi, Guangdong, Fujian, Hainan and Taiwan. The low suitable area was mainly concentrated in Jiangxi, Hunan, Chongqing, Guizhou, Hunan and Zhejiang. By 2070, the overall suitable area of A. uliginosa in China is expected to decrease from 20.64% to 11.98%, with a decrease of 5.38% in low suitable areas and 3.28% in medium and high suitable areas. The area of low suitable areas in Sichuan, Yunnan, Guizhou, Hunan and Zhejiang has significantly reduced. The ROC curve analysis method showed that the average area under the curve (AUC) value is 0.968 with a standard deviation of 0.004, indicating that the prediction results are reliable. The knife-cutting method analysis showed that the four key environmental variables that have the greatest impact on the potential geographical distribution of A. uliginosa in China are Bio13 (precipitation of the wettest month), Bio16 (precipitation of the wettest season), Bio2 (mean diurnal temperature range), and Bio11 (mean temperature of the coldest season) are 27.6%, 22.5%, 11.1% and 8.0% respectively, indicating that precipitation and temperature range have a significant impact on the distribution of Viola palustris. The four key environmental variables that have the least impact on the potential geographical distribution of Viola palustris in China are Sq2 (soil nutrient retention capacity), Sq6 (soil toxicity), Bio9 (mean temperature of the driest season), and Sq5 (soil salinity). The four key environmental variables with the least impact on the potential geographical distribution of aquatic golden buttons in China are Sq6 toxicity, Sq7 operability, Bio1 annual average temperature, and Sq5 soil salt content. The potential suitable area for A. uliginosa is large in southern China and needs to be monitored to prevent further spread.

Some soil in the coal mining area of Western Panzhihua has high Pb and Cd contents, and there are certain food safety risks in the development of the plantation. In this paper, we compared and analyzed the trends of Pb and Cd uptake in mango in the region before and after the application of three groups of organic amendment materials (mango grass straw, mushroom residue, mushroom residue+mango grass straw) through a large field experiment, and investigated the degradation of Pb and Cd in the mango in the region by different dosages of organic amendment materials and their influence effects on the quality of mango. Three groups of organic amendment materials improved the organic matter content and pH value of the soil, among which the fungus residue+mango straw group had the most significant effect (P<0.05), and the effect increased by 10.85%-25.66% and 3.55%-8.06%, respectively, compared with that of the control. All three groups of organic improvement materials had certain effects on reducing Pb and Cd content in mango. The effect of reducing Pb in mango was shown as mushroom residue+mango straw>mango straw>mushroom residue; the effect of reducing Cd in mango was shown as mushroom residue+mango straw>mushroom residue>mango straw; the effect of applying mushroom residue+mango straw was most significant, the reduction of Pb and Cd in mango for the mushroom residue+mango straw was 13.80%-27.87% and 6.32%-27.58%, respectively; there were some differences in the effect of different application amounts of organic amendment materials on degrading Pb and Cd in mango. Within the experimental interval, applying 8 kg/plant of mushroom residue+mangrove straw material could reduce Pb and Cd in mango by 27.87% and 27.58%, respectively, which was the best effect (P<0.05). The health risk evaluation showed that the HQi values produced by consumption of mango in each treatment group were less than one, and there was no health risk, so it could be safely consumed. In conclusion, applying 8 kg/plant of mushroom residue+mango grass straw in the experimental range can better inhibit the absorption of Pb and Cd in mango, effectively reducing the enrichment of Pb and Cd in mango. It can be used as an ideal material for the agronomic control of mango cultivation in the coal-mining area of western Panzhihua.