Beta-ketoacyl-acyl carrier protein synthase (KAS) is the key enzyme system in plant fatty acid biosynthesis. In order to investigate the function of the KAS gene family in the maturation and oil accumulation of Camellia oleifera, this study used bioinformatics methods and analyzed ther physicochemical properties, chromosomal localization, subcellular localization, secondary structure, phylogenetic trees, conserved motifs, promoter cis-acting elements, and RT-qPCR to analyze the expression patterns in the oil rapid accumulation stage of C. oleifera. The findings indicated that 14 Camellia oleifera KAS family members were distributed on seven chromosomes with relative molecular masses between 1.13 kDa and 5.15 kDa, and most of them were acid-stabilized proteins. Except for CoKAS II-2, which was localized in mitochondria and chloroplasts, all of them were localized in chloroplasts. Phylogenetic analysis revealed that CoKAS was divided into three subclasses, with similarities in structure and conserved motifs among KAS family numbers in the same subfamily. The promoter regions of the CoKAS gene family members were enriched with the cis-acting elements growth and development-related, light response, hormone induction, and adversity response. Expression analysis revealed that most of the CoKAS genes were highly expressed during the oil rapid accumulation stage. In addition, it was found a strong correlation between the members of the CoKAS and CoMYB gene families during fruit ripening in C. oleifera. The findings would provide a theoretical basis for comprehensively analyzing the function of CoKAS genes.

The present study investigated the effects of chemical fertilizer reduction patterns on the growth, field propagation efficiency, and fertilizer utilization rate of disease-free sugarcane original seedlings to provide a theoretical basis for the application of mulched drip fertigation, and to identify the optimal pattern for reducing fertilizer in the field propagation of disease-free sugarcane original seedlings. Under the condition of drip irrigation management, six different treatments were set: no fertilization (CK₀), conventional fertilization (CK₁), mulched drip fertigation T₁₀₀ (fertilizer amount equated with CK₁) and T₈₀, T₇₀, T₆₀ (20%, 30% and 40% reduction of the fertilization rate in T₁₀₀). A comparative analysis was done on the main agronomic traits, total bud count per unit area, propagation efficiency, economic benefit, and nutrient utilization rate during the field propagation of disease-free sugarcane original seedlings. The results showed that the two-year average tillering rate in the treatment T₁₀₀ and T₈₀ was slightly lower than that in CK₁. However, significant improvement was observed in the stalk formation rate, the number of buds per plant, and the number of millable stalks compared to CK₁ Notably. T₁₀₀ and T₈₀ exhibited the highest values for the total number of propagation buds, with averages 1.4809 million buds/hm² and 1.4779 million buds/hm², respectively in two years, both significantly exceeding the 1.3025 million buds/hm² in CK₁. In contrast, there was no significant difference between T₇₀ and CK₁, while T₆₀ had the lowest value of only 1.1705 million buds/hm². T₁₀₀ and T₈₀ showed the highest field propagation multiples of original seedlings, reaching 66.64 and 66.50 times, respectively, followed by T₇₀ and CK₁ with propagation multiples of 59.61 and 58.61 times, respectively, and T₆₀ had the lowest propagation multiple of 52.67. Compared to CK₀ without fertilization, T₁₀₀ and T₈₀ achieved the highest income increase, reaching 58 200 and 58 700 Yuan/hm², respectively, followed by T₇₀ with an income increase of 41 900 Yuan/hm² which was slightly higher than CK₁'s 38 400 yuan/hm²; T₆₀ had the lowest income increase of only 25 100 Yuan/hm². Regarding the fertilizer input-output ratio, T₈₀ had the highest ratio of 1∶21.89, significantly exceeding that of 1∶17.36, while CK₁ had the lowest ratio of 1∶11.45. Among all the fertilization treatments, CK₁ had the lowest utilization rates of nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium fertilizers. Furthermore, T₈₀ boasted the highest fertilizer utilization rates, with 51.57% for nitrogen, 27.37% for phosphorus, and 67.45% for potassium in two-year averages, which was 21.21%, 10.37%, and 23.13% higher than those in CK₁, respectively. In conclusion, for laterite soil with medium fertility, the mulched drip fertigation pattern T₈₀ performed the best in field propagation efficiency and economic benefits for disease-free sugarcane seedlings.

In recent years, under the intensifying global warming, extreme weather has occurred more frequently in Guangxi, presenting higher temperature and less rainfall in summer and autumn. The worsened drought has seriously affected sugarcane production. Scientifically selecting an appropriate planting time is an important way to cope with the summer and autumn drought. A sugarcane field test was conducted at the Shatang National Agricultural Meteorological Experimental Station in Liuzhou, Guangxi in 2021 and 2022. By utilizing typical hot and dry seasons in summer and autumn, the field experiments were conducted with three sugarcane varieties and the seedcanes were planted at seven different times from February to May to study the impact of summer and autumn hot and dry conditions on sugarcane yield traits at different planting times. The experimental results indicated that: (1) Under the conditions of high temperature and drought in summer and autumn, delayed planting tended to decrease the stalk length, stalk diameter, single stalk weight, and theoretical cane yield at harvest. Planting time A₁ in 2021 and 2022, the stalk length of each variety was 178–227 cm, stalk diameter was 27.6–30.3 mm, and single stalk weight was 1.05–1.42 kg, while planting time A₇, the stalk length was only 76–145 cm, stalk diameter was 21.5–30.0 mm, and single stalk weight was 0.26–0.85 kg. (2) Planting sugarcane in March resulted in the cane yield between 76.65 t/hm² and 104.10 t/hm². Sugarcane could utilize the favorable meteorological conditions at the early stages to alleviate the impact of summer and autumn heat and drought on sugarcane. The sugarcane crops planting from April to May was significantly affected by drought, Planting sugarcane on May 30th with a theoretical yield of only 18.90 t/hm² and 63.75 t/hm², resulting in a significant decrease in cane yield.(3) Sugarcane varieties ROC22 and GL05136 had advantages over GT42 in stalk length, single stalk weight, and cane yield, but GT42 had advantage in stalk thickness, meaning ROC22 and GL05136 having stronger drought resistance. Therefore, under the conditions of high temperature and drought in summer and autumn, suitable drought resistant sugarcane varieties should be selected, and sugarcane should be planted as early as possible to accelerate the early growth and development progress of sugarcane. Before the onset of summer and autumn drought, robust plants should be obtained to improve their drought resistance, in order to minimize the impact of meteorological disasters, and achieve high and stable yields.

In this study, the potential hazards of pests carried by pepper seedlings exported to China were analyzed and evaluated, which provided theoretical basis for the quarantine department to formulate risk management strategies. By consulting research progress at home and abroad, a total of 127 species of pests that may be transmitted to peppers imported into China were identified, including 27 species of fungi, 6 species of bacteria, 24 species of nematodes, 68 species of insects, and 2 species of weeds. Based on the distribution in China (undistributed or not widely distributed), whether they are officially controlled, and the possibility of being carried with pepper seedlings, 14 potential quarantine pests were identified that require further evaluation, including 5 species of fungi, 2 species of bacteria, 2 species of nematodes, 5 species of insects. The 14 potential quarantine pests were qualitatively and quantitatively analyzed one by one in terms of entry, colonization, diffusion possibility, economic impact and multi-index comprehensive evaluation. The results showed that there were 4 extremely high-risk pests, 9 high-risk pests, and 1 medium risk pest. Finally, it was determined that the 14 pests such as Pyrrhoderma noxium were quarantine pests concerned by China when pepper seedlings were imported into China, and the risk management plan was proposed.

Auricularia villosula Malysheva is a similar species of Auricularia heimuer F. Wu, B.K. Cui & Y. C. Dai, mainly distributed in high altitude areas of tropical and subtropical regions. It can adapt to the high temperature and high humidity climate in Guangxi. There are few reports on the domestication of A. villosula. In this paper, the fruiting bodies of auriculae collected in the field was used, and the molecular marker was established by sequence analysis. The effects of different temperature, carbon and nitrogen sources on the mycelia growth of A. villosula were explored through single factor tests, and the carbon and nitrogen sources of the medium were further optimized by an orthogonal test. The fruiting body of fungus was preliminarily identified as A. villosula (TY081). The results showed that the developed molecular labeling method could quickly and effectively identify A. villosula. The optimal temperature for mycelia growth of A. villosula TY081 was 30 ℃, the optimal carbon source was glucose, and the optimal nitrogen source was soybean powder. The optimized medium carbon and nitrogen combination was fructose, yeast powder, mycelium growth rate reached 0.92 mm/d. A. villosula TY081 was incubated at 28 ℃ in a culture bag mainly composed of sawdust, and the bag was full for 60 days. After puncturing, it was cultured in a greenhouse for 10 days to form the primordia. The fruity body growth temperature was 24 ℃, the humidity was 85%, and the yield of each bag was 20.943 g (dry weight).

Spinetoram is a common pesticide used to control thrips on mango. The addition of pesticide spray adjuvants can improve the utilization efficacy of the pesticide. Reasonable selection and use of additive products are crucial to improve the utilization efficiency of pesticides and reduce the use of pesticides. In this study, the wetting and spreading behavior of different types of pesticide adjuvants on the surface of mango leaves was investigated by measuring the static and dynamic surface tension, contact angle, spreading area, and evaporation time of spinetoram solution after adding five different types and different concentrations of pesticide adjuvant products. The results showed that adding different adjuvants could effectively reduce the static and dynamic surface tension of the spinetoram solution, reduce the contact angle and increase the spreading area of the solution on the leaf surface. Except polymer adjuvants (Noposion Tiandun) showing evaporation resistance, other adjuvant products shortened the evaporation time. The wettability of different types of adjuvants on mango leaves was not consistent, organosilicone (Jirun) had the best wettability, followed by metal silicate composite salt (Maidao), modified vegetable oil (Maifei), orange peel essential oil (Danluofeng), and polymer (Noposion Tiandun). By comparing the wetting and spreading behavior of different treatments on the front and back of mango leaves, it was found that the back of mango leaves was more difficult to be wetted by pesticide solution than the front. Therefore, the physicochemical properties of the solution and the surface structure of the leaves were important factors affecting the wetting behavior of the spray droplets on the leaves. The mango thrips often feed on the back of the leaves, so in the prevention and control of mango thrips, the appropriate concentration should be selected according to the type of adjuvants and the harm characteristics of thrips to achieve a better control effect. The results revealed the wetting and spreading behavior of different additives on mango leaves and provided data support for the rational use of pesticide adjuvants.

Xinluo district of Longyan city serves as the political, economic, and cultural center of the western region of Fujian. With the acceleration of urbanization and the close exchange of people and goods with surrounding cities, invasive plants have invaded the local area, posing a serious threat to biological safety. This study aims to assess the prevalence of invasive alien plants in urban green spaces and evaluate the region’s risk awareness and response capacity, thereby informing the development of effective management and control strategies. Field surveys, literature reviews, and the application of the quadrat method were utilized to collect information on alien invasive plants in Xinluo district and construct an invasion risk assessment system. The DPSIR model combined with the analytic hierarchy process (AHP) was employed to determine the weights of evaluation indicators, and a comprehensive assessment was conducted on the driving forces of invasion, adaptability to the local environment, distribution within the locality, impact on the local area, and response measures of the alien plants. Based on the grading standards and risk values, alien invasive plants were categorized into three invasion levels (from I to III). A total of 65 alien invasive plant species were identified in the urban green spaces of Xinluo district, belonging to 22 families and 52 genera. The Asteraceae family had the highest number of species, accounting for 29.23%, followed by Amaranthaceae (12.31%) and Euphorbiaceae (9.23%). There were five life forms, with annual herbaceous plants being the most prevalent, totaling 32 species and representing 49.23% of the total. Geographically, the Americas were the primary source of these plants, with 48 species accounting for 73.85% of the total. The analysis of invasion pathways revealed that unintentionally introduced plants were the most numerous, with 35 species, constituting 53.85% of the total species count. According to the invasion status assessment results, there were 16 high-risk invasive plants (level III), 18 medium-risk (level II), and 31 low-risk (level I). While there are a considerable number of alien invasive plant species in the urban green spaces of Xinluo district, the overall invasion risk level is relatively low, with most being in the medium to low risk categories (level II and III). It is recommended to focus on the control and prevention of the most harmful species, such as Bidens alba and Erigeron canadensis, based on the risk level.

Based on the fact that ethephon (an ethylene releaser) stimulation can significantly increase latex yield per tapping, it is traditionally believed that rubber biosynthesis is positively regulated by ethylene. Based on the critical role of jasmonic acid signaling in promoting the biosynthesis of secondary metabolites in plants, jasmonic acid signaling is also thought to play a role in the positive feedback regulation of natural rubber biosynthesis. Recent studies suggest that tapping-enhanced rubber biosynthesis is closely related to the activation of jasmonate signaling in laticifer cells of rubber tree. However, it remains unclear whether there is a crosstalk between the jasmonic acid signaling pathway and the ethylene signaling pathway in the regulation of rubber biosynthesis. For this purpose, in the present study, in vitro rubber biosynthesis efficiency of whole latex and small rubber particles (SRPs) from short rested trees treated by either methy jasmonates or ethylene were detected by using substrate ¹³C-MVA. qPCR was used to analyze the expression of four jasmonic acid signaling genes, HbCOI1, HbJAZ1, HbMYC1, HbMYC2, four ethylene-responsive element binding factors (ERFs) genes HbERFⅢa, HbERFⅦa, HbERFⅨc, HbERFⅩa, four rubber biosynthesis genes, HbHMGR1,HbSRPP1, HbREF1, HbHRT2 in laticifer cells after epicormic shoots were treated with either methy jasmonates or ethylene. The results showed that exogenous methyl jasmonate treatment significantly up-regulated the expression levels of jasmonic acid signaling genes HbCOI1, HbJAZ1, HbMYC1, HbMYC2, and rubber biosynthetic protein genes HbHMGR1,HbSRPP1, HbREF1, HbHRT2 in laticifer cells of rubber tree, and promoted rubber biosynthesis, but had little effect on the expression of ethylene-responsive element binding factor genes HbERFⅢa, HbERFⅦa, HbERFⅨc, HbERFⅩa, or even inhibited the expression. On the contrary, exogenous ethylene treatment significantly up-regulated the expression levels of ethylene-responsive element binding factor genes HbERFⅢa, HbERFⅦa, HbERFⅨc, HbERFⅩa in laticifer cells of rubber tree, but had little effect on the expression of jasmonic acid signaling genes HbCOI1, HbJAZ1, HbMYC1,HbMYC2 and rubber biosynthetic protein genes HbHMGR1, HbSRPP1, HbREF1, HbHRT2 or even inhibited the expression and rubber biosynthesis. The results suggest that there exists an antagonistic effects of jasmonic acid and ethylene on rubber biosynthesis in H. brasiliensis, which would provide a theoretical basis for elucidating the crosstalk of jasmonic acid signaling and ethylene signaling on regulation of natural rubber production.

Crossbreeding research for Camellia species groups and intragroups was carried out to breed new varieties of Camellia with high ornamental value. A total of 14 species and varieties from Sect. Chrysantha Chang, Sect. Camellia (L.) Dyer, Sect. Archecamellia Sealy and Sect. oleifera Chang, Sect. Corallina Sealy were used to design 42 hybridization combinations, including 8 hybridization of species groups, 24 intragroup hybridization and 10 reciprocal hybridization combinations. 274 setting fruits from 2016 flowers pollinated in 42 combinations were observed, and the percentage of fruit setting rate was 13.6%. 72 hybrid fruits were harvested, and the setting rate was 3.57%. 104 hybrid seedlings were obtained from the 199 seeds harvested, and the seedling emergence percentage was 52.26%. The combination of C. polyodonta♀×C. semiserrata♂ had the highest number of hybrid seedlings, reaching 45, followed by C. semiserrata♀×C. polyodonta♂ with 14 hybrid seedlings, C. polyodonta♀×C. amplexicaulis♂ with 13 hybrid seedlings. The size, shape and luster of the leaves of most hybrid seedlings were in the middle of the parents, and the hybrid seedlings obtained from distant hybridization often showed some characteristics that could be used as early identification of the authenticity of hybrid seedlings. The compatibility of C. polyodonta♀×C. semiserrata♂, C. polyodonta♀×C. amplexicaulis♂, and C. polyodonta♀×Camellia chrysantha♂ hybrid combinations was good, with pollination numbers of 32, 30, and 53, respectively, and seed setting rates of 12.5%, 10.0%, and 22.6%, respectively. More pollination numbers led higher seed setting rate and stronger representativeness. C. polyodonta and C. semiserrata could be used as paternal or maternal to cross breeding, which showing a high reproduction in the inside group of hybridization and outside group of distant hybridization. C. polyodonta and C. semiserrata were good hybrid parents. whether C. amplexicaulis as paternal or maternal parent, there was good cross compatibility with Sect. C. chrysantha and C. osmantha were suitable as paternal parents.

Vanilla, a vital spice crop, faces significant challenges from soil-borne diseases caused by Fusarium oxysporum, affecting its sustainable cultivation. This study utilized quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) and high-throughput sequencing to assess the impact of rotating black pepper, pandan, and sweet rice tea on pathogen levels and the rhizosphere soil microbial communities of vanilla plants cultivated in a pot environment. Incorporating pandan and sweet rice tea into the crop rotation significantly reduced the prevalence of F. oxysporum and enhanced both the abundance and diversity of the rhizosphere soil bacteria. Three distinct microbial community structures associated with fallow, monoculture, and crop rotation conditions were identified. Notably, the rotations involving pandan and sweet rice tea showed no significant differences in the bacterial and fungal community compositions. Crop rotation notably increased the relative abundance of key phyla such as Acidobacteria, Chloroflexi, Rokubacteria and Ascomycota. Moreover, the relative abundance of the dominant bacterial genus Nocardioides increased at the genus level, with a relative abundance of 64.26% after pepper rotation, 98.54% after pandan rotation, and 63.07% after sweet rice tea rotation. The core microbiome, featuring species such as Terriglobus, Kribbella, Myxococcus, Acremonium and Sarocladium, showed a particularly strong response to the presence of pandan, suggesting a closer network interaction among fungal species post-rotation. Additionally, crop rotation was found to significantly raise the soil pH, which, along with the altered bacterial and fungal community structures, emerged as critical factors in disease suppression. Collectively, our results suggest that integrating the economically valuable spice crop pandan into the rotation schedule in vanilla monoculture systems can significantly reduce the incidence of soil-borne diseases, offering a sustainable cultivation strategy for vanilla.