The study investigated the effects of different water and fertilizer combinations on yield, quality, and economic benefits of pomelo under the condition of water and fertilizer integration to provide a basis for exploring and practicing the integrated fertilization model of water and fertilizer for pomelo through a 3-year fixed position experiment. Four treatment methods were set up for Pinghe honey pomelo yield orchard: conventional fertilization (TF), 30% water and fertilizer package (30%WF), 50% water and fertilizer package (50%WF), and 70% water and fertilizer package (70%WF). The results showed that the effect of different degrees of reduced fertilization with a water-soluble fertilizer package on the yield of pomelo was significant. The average yield was as follows: 70%W>50%WF>TF>30%WF. The average 3-year yield increase rate of 50%WF, and 70%WF treatments in high-yield orchards was 12.43%, and 24.67%, respectively, compared to TF treatment. The average annual yield increase rate of 50%WF, and 70%WF treatments in low yield orchards compared to TF treatments was 15.05%, and 26.80%, respectively. The average 3-year yield of honey pomelo in high-yield and low yield orchards was the highest in the 70%WF treatment (high-yield orchards 67 845.5 kg/hm², low yield orchards 53 495.5 kg/hm²), and the yield increase in low yield orchards was greater than that in high yield orchards. 70%WF had the best 3-year average secondary fruit rate in both high and low yield orchards (5.71% in high yield orchards and 4.67% in low yield orchards). The application of different water-soluble fertilizer combinations in high-yield and low yield orchards had no significant effect on the granulation rate of pomelo flesh, but had a more significant impact on single fruit weight and flesh weight. Moreover, there was a significant interannual variation in the cracking rate of honey pomelo treated with different water-soluble fertilizer combinations. The 70% water-soluble fertilizer package significantly improved the basic agronomic traits of pomelo, increased single fruit weight, and reduced fruit cracking rate. The increase and decrease in soluble solids, soluble sugars, and titratable acidity of the four treatments in high-yield and low yield orchards after 2 years were not significant, and there was no significant difference among the treatments. The 70% water-soluble fertilizer package had the best quality indicators for honey pomelo. The 3-year average final net income of high-yield orchards treated with 50%WF, and 70%WF increased by 30.58%, and 47.79% compared to the TF treatment, respectively. The 3-year average production to investment ratio was the highest in the 70%WF treatment (4.29∶1), which is 1.31 times higher than that of the TF treatment. The 3-year average final net income of low yield parks treated with 50%WF, and 70%WF increased by 40.41%, and 59.67% compared to the TF treatment, respectively. The 3-year average production to investment ratio was the highest in the 70%WF treatment (3.63∶1), which is 1.17 times higher than that of the TF treatment. The 70% water-soluble fertilizer package treatment had the highest economic benefits in both high and low yield orchards, with the economic benefits of low yield orchards increasing more than those of high yield orchards. Under the integrated mode of water and fertilizer, different water and fertilizer combinations with reduced fertilization had the effect of increasing the yield and economic benefits, improving the quality of honey pomelo, and the application of 70%WF treatment in high and low yield orchards had the best effect on improving the yield and economic benefits, and improving the quality of honey pomelo. This is the best fertilization treatment and is recommended for application.

In recent years, under the intensifying global warming, extreme weather has occurred more frequently in Guangxi, presenting higher temperature and less rainfall in summer and autumn. The worsened drought has seriously affected sugarcane production. Scientifically selecting an appropriate planting time is an important way to cope with the summer and autumn drought. A sugarcane field test was conducted at the Shatang National Agricultural Meteorological Experimental Station in Liuzhou, Guangxi in 2021 and 2022. By utilizing typical hot and dry seasons in summer and autumn, the field experiments were conducted with three sugarcane varieties and the seedcanes were planted at seven different times from February to May to study the impact of summer and autumn hot and dry conditions on sugarcane yield traits at different planting times. The experimental results indicated that: (1) Under the conditions of high temperature and drought in summer and autumn, delayed planting tended to decrease the stalk length, stalk diameter, single stalk weight, and theoretical cane yield at harvest. Planting time A₁ in 2021 and 2022, the stalk length of each variety was 178–227 cm, stalk diameter was 27.6–30.3 mm, and single stalk weight was 1.05–1.42 kg, while planting time A₇, the stalk length was only 76–145 cm, stalk diameter was 21.5–30.0 mm, and single stalk weight was 0.26–0.85 kg. (2) Planting sugarcane in March resulted in the cane yield between 76.65 t/hm² and 104.10 t/hm². Sugarcane could utilize the favorable meteorological conditions at the early stages to alleviate the impact of summer and autumn heat and drought on sugarcane. The sugarcane crops planting from April to May was significantly affected by drought, Planting sugarcane on May 30th with a theoretical yield of only 18.90 t/hm² and 63.75 t/hm², resulting in a significant decrease in cane yield.(3) Sugarcane varieties ROC22 and GL05136 had advantages over GT42 in stalk length, single stalk weight, and cane yield, but GT42 had advantage in stalk thickness, meaning ROC22 and GL05136 having stronger drought resistance. Therefore, under the conditions of high temperature and drought in summer and autumn, suitable drought resistant sugarcane varieties should be selected, and sugarcane should be planted as early as possible to accelerate the early growth and development progress of sugarcane. Before the onset of summer and autumn drought, robust plants should be obtained to improve their drought resistance, in order to minimize the impact of meteorological disasters, and achieve high and stable yields.

The study was aimed to investigate the effects of fruit bagging on disease and pest incidence, pesticide usage rate and quality of fruits in the cultivation of jackfruit (Artocarpus heterophyllus) and to provide support for the high-quality and high-efficiency cultivation technique of jackfruit. With ten cultivars of jackfruit used as the experimental materials, the incidence of disease and pest and the number of new wormholes were calculated for bagging and non-bagging fruits. At the same time, the appearance quality such as the color of fruit pericarp and pulp were evaluated, and the content of soluble solid was determined. Moreover, the frequency and amount of pesticide application in the whole growing season were counted. The results showed that the rhizopus rot incidence of non-bagging fruits was 10.48%-25.00%, the rhizopus rot incidence in bagging fruits was only 0-2.62%, and the rhizopus rot incidence was reduced by 77.55%-100.00% in bagging fruits of ten cultivars. Similarly, the anthracnose incidence of all cultivars of non-bagging and bagging fruits was 10.00%-30.24% and 0-4.56% respectively, and the anthracnose incidence of bagging fruits decreased by 69.99%-100.00%. In addition, the incidence of jackfruit borer in all cultivars ranged from 23.33%-37.50% in non-bagging fruits and 4.00%-8.33% in bagging fruits, with the incidence of bagging fruits decreased by 74.62%-88.35%, in which the number of new wormholes and insects in bagging fruits of each cultivar was significantly less than those in non-bagging fruits. Compared to the non-bagging fruit, the bagging fruit was fuller in shape, the fruit surface was smoother, and the pericarp color was uniform. The non-bagging fruits had disadvantages of deformed fruit shape and uneven pericarp color. Bagging had no significant effect on the soluble solids content. By bagging the fruit, the frequency of pesticide application was reduced by 5 times and the amount of pesticide application was reduced by 85.87%. In summary, fruit bagging can be used as an eco-friendly management method of jackfruit, which can reduce the application of chemical pesticides while reducing the disease and pest of jackfruit, and maintaining the fruit quality.

Cymbidium ‘Shuangyi Jinlong’ is a new variety selected and bred from the clonal variation of the hybrid orchid cultivar ‘Golden dragon’ by Fujian Bainong Ecological Technology Co. Ltd.. It integrates flower and leaf art, has good germination, easy flowering and strong resistance, and has a high market demand. The rhizome and tissue culture seedlings of Cymbidium ‘Shuangyi Jinlong’ were used as experimental materials, and the orthogonal experiment was conducted to optimize the influencing factors of rhizome proliferation and differentiation, rooting and seedling growth, seedling cultivation and transplanting, in order to improve the seedling reproductive efficiency and seedling quality of hybrid orchid, and establish a standardized production system. The most suitable medium for rhizome proliferation and growth was MS medium supplemented with 1.00 mg/L NAA, 0.10 mg/L 6-BA, 20.00 g/L sucrose, 1.00 g/L activated carbon, 6.30 g/L agar, and 1.00 g/L peptone; the quantity value-added coefficient was determined to be 3.57 while the quality value-added coefficient was found to be 4.63. The optimal medium for rhizome differentiation was 1/2MS,1.50 mg/L NAA, 0.90 mg/L TDZ, 100.00 g/L banana homogenate, 25.00 g/L sucrose 6.30g/L; the leaf bud differentiation rate reached up to 97.78%, with a differentiation coefficient of 6.87. The best-performing medium for rooting and seedlings strengthening was 1/2MS, l.00 mg/L IBA, 100.00 g/L banana homogenate, 0.17 g/L KH₂PO₄, 30.00 g/L sucrose, agar and l.00 g/L activated carbon. After 90 days of cultivation, the average number of roots per plant was five, with a root length of 5.40 cm, a pseudobulb thickness of 4.35 mm, a plant height of 12.95 cm, and a fresh quality of 2.42 g. The recommended method for transplanting tissue culture seedlings involves using water hyacinth∶pine bark (V∶V=1∶1) as the transplantation substrate after 21 days in vitro culture. The survival rate after 60 days post-transplantation reached 83.33%. Taking into account the impact of various factors, this study ultimately identified the optimal medium compositions at each stage and refined transplanting schemes. This provides a reference for establishing a standardized production system.

The study of the distribution characteristics of crown biomass of Dalbergia odorifera plantation can provide theoretical basis for reasonable evaluation of stand biomass and adjustment of crown structure. In this paper, D. odorifera plantation aged 10-12 a in Dongfang, Hainan, China was taken as the research object. Two sample plots (S₁ and S₂) with different site conditions were set up, and the crown of the sample trees over 4.5 m was cut off. The biomass of each organ in the canopy was obtained by layered cutting method and total weighing method, and the optimal biomass fitting equation of each organ was established. (1) The order of biomass in each organ was bare branch>branch bark>leaf. The total biomass of bare branches, branch bark and canopy was S₁>S₂, while the leaf biomass was S₁<S₂. (2) With the increase of canopy class, the biomass of bare branches and branch bark of S₁ and S₂ showed a wave-like change, in which S₁ increased first and then decreased, while S₂ was the opposite. As a whole, the leaf biomass increased first and then decreased, in which S₁ was mainly distributed in the middle and upper layers of the crown, while S₂ was mainly distributed in the lower layers. The upper layer of the canopy of S₁ was more competitive than that of S₂, there has been serious natural thinning of canopy, the leaf biomass gradually shifted from the lower layer to the middle and upper layers.(3) The optimal fitting model of biomass was power function, which was the total biomass of crown [y=3.904(D²H)^1.247], canopy bare branches [y=1.901(D²H)^1.28], canopy branch bark [y=0.734(D²H)^1.276], and canopy leaves (y=3.86D^2.791).

Auricularia villosula Malysheva is a similar species of Auricularia heimuer F. Wu, B.K. Cui & Y. C. Dai, mainly distributed in high altitude areas of tropical and subtropical regions. It can adapt to the high temperature and high humidity climate in Guangxi. There are few reports on the domestication of A. villosula. In this paper, the fruiting bodies of auriculae collected in the field was used, and the molecular marker was established by sequence analysis. The effects of different temperature, carbon and nitrogen sources on the mycelia growth of A. villosula were explored through single factor tests, and the carbon and nitrogen sources of the medium were further optimized by an orthogonal test. The fruiting body of fungus was preliminarily identified as A. villosula (TY081). The results showed that the developed molecular labeling method could quickly and effectively identify A. villosula. The optimal temperature for mycelia growth of A. villosula TY081 was 30 ℃, the optimal carbon source was glucose, and the optimal nitrogen source was soybean powder. The optimized medium carbon and nitrogen combination was fructose, yeast powder, mycelium growth rate reached 0.92 mm/d. A. villosula TY081 was incubated at 28 ℃ in a culture bag mainly composed of sawdust, and the bag was full for 60 days. After puncturing, it was cultured in a greenhouse for 10 days to form the primordia. The fruity body growth temperature was 24 ℃, the humidity was 85%, and the yield of each bag was 20.943 g (dry weight).

Spinetoram is a common pesticide used to control thrips on mango. The addition of pesticide spray adjuvants can improve the utilization efficacy of the pesticide. Reasonable selection and use of additive products are crucial to improve the utilization efficiency of pesticides and reduce the use of pesticides. In this study, the wetting and spreading behavior of different types of pesticide adjuvants on the surface of mango leaves was investigated by measuring the static and dynamic surface tension, contact angle, spreading area, and evaporation time of spinetoram solution after adding five different types and different concentrations of pesticide adjuvant products. The results showed that adding different adjuvants could effectively reduce the static and dynamic surface tension of the spinetoram solution, reduce the contact angle and increase the spreading area of the solution on the leaf surface. Except polymer adjuvants (Noposion Tiandun) showing evaporation resistance, other adjuvant products shortened the evaporation time. The wettability of different types of adjuvants on mango leaves was not consistent, organosilicone (Jirun) had the best wettability, followed by metal silicate composite salt (Maidao), modified vegetable oil (Maifei), orange peel essential oil (Danluofeng), and polymer (Noposion Tiandun). By comparing the wetting and spreading behavior of different treatments on the front and back of mango leaves, it was found that the back of mango leaves was more difficult to be wetted by pesticide solution than the front. Therefore, the physicochemical properties of the solution and the surface structure of the leaves were important factors affecting the wetting behavior of the spray droplets on the leaves. The mango thrips often feed on the back of the leaves, so in the prevention and control of mango thrips, the appropriate concentration should be selected according to the type of adjuvants and the harm characteristics of thrips to achieve a better control effect. The results revealed the wetting and spreading behavior of different additives on mango leaves and provided data support for the rational use of pesticide adjuvants.

Vanilla, a vital spice crop, faces significant challenges from soil-borne diseases caused by Fusarium oxysporum, affecting its sustainable cultivation. This study utilized quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) and high-throughput sequencing to assess the impact of rotating black pepper, pandan, and sweet rice tea on pathogen levels and the rhizosphere soil microbial communities of vanilla plants cultivated in a pot environment. Incorporating pandan and sweet rice tea into the crop rotation significantly reduced the prevalence of F. oxysporum and enhanced both the abundance and diversity of the rhizosphere soil bacteria. Three distinct microbial community structures associated with fallow, monoculture, and crop rotation conditions were identified. Notably, the rotations involving pandan and sweet rice tea showed no significant differences in the bacterial and fungal community compositions. Crop rotation notably increased the relative abundance of key phyla such as Acidobacteria, Chloroflexi, Rokubacteria and Ascomycota. Moreover, the relative abundance of the dominant bacterial genus Nocardioides increased at the genus level, with a relative abundance of 64.26% after pepper rotation, 98.54% after pandan rotation, and 63.07% after sweet rice tea rotation. The core microbiome, featuring species such as Terriglobus, Kribbella, Myxococcus, Acremonium and Sarocladium, showed a particularly strong response to the presence of pandan, suggesting a closer network interaction among fungal species post-rotation. Additionally, crop rotation was found to significantly raise the soil pH, which, along with the altered bacterial and fungal community structures, emerged as critical factors in disease suppression. Collectively, our results suggest that integrating the economically valuable spice crop pandan into the rotation schedule in vanilla monoculture systems can significantly reduce the incidence of soil-borne diseases, offering a sustainable cultivation strategy for vanilla.

In this study, the potential hazards of pests carried by pepper seedlings exported to China were analyzed and evaluated, which provided theoretical basis for the quarantine department to formulate risk management strategies. By consulting research progress at home and abroad, a total of 127 species of pests that may be transmitted to peppers imported into China were identified, including 27 species of fungi, 6 species of bacteria, 24 species of nematodes, 68 species of insects, and 2 species of weeds. Based on the distribution in China (undistributed or not widely distributed), whether they are officially controlled, and the possibility of being carried with pepper seedlings, 14 potential quarantine pests were identified that require further evaluation, including 5 species of fungi, 2 species of bacteria, 2 species of nematodes, 5 species of insects. The 14 potential quarantine pests were qualitatively and quantitatively analyzed one by one in terms of entry, colonization, diffusion possibility, economic impact and multi-index comprehensive evaluation. The results showed that there were 4 extremely high-risk pests, 9 high-risk pests, and 1 medium risk pest. Finally, it was determined that the 14 pests such as Pyrrhoderma noxium were quarantine pests concerned by China when pepper seedlings were imported into China, and the risk management plan was proposed.

Xinluo district of Longyan city serves as the political, economic, and cultural center of the western region of Fujian. With the acceleration of urbanization and the close exchange of people and goods with surrounding cities, invasive plants have invaded the local area, posing a serious threat to biological safety. This study aims to assess the prevalence of invasive alien plants in urban green spaces and evaluate the region’s risk awareness and response capacity, thereby informing the development of effective management and control strategies. Field surveys, literature reviews, and the application of the quadrat method were utilized to collect information on alien invasive plants in Xinluo district and construct an invasion risk assessment system. The DPSIR model combined with the analytic hierarchy process (AHP) was employed to determine the weights of evaluation indicators, and a comprehensive assessment was conducted on the driving forces of invasion, adaptability to the local environment, distribution within the locality, impact on the local area, and response measures of the alien plants. Based on the grading standards and risk values, alien invasive plants were categorized into three invasion levels (from I to III). A total of 65 alien invasive plant species were identified in the urban green spaces of Xinluo district, belonging to 22 families and 52 genera. The Asteraceae family had the highest number of species, accounting for 29.23%, followed by Amaranthaceae (12.31%) and Euphorbiaceae (9.23%). There were five life forms, with annual herbaceous plants being the most prevalent, totaling 32 species and representing 49.23% of the total. Geographically, the Americas were the primary source of these plants, with 48 species accounting for 73.85% of the total. The analysis of invasion pathways revealed that unintentionally introduced plants were the most numerous, with 35 species, constituting 53.85% of the total species count. According to the invasion status assessment results, there were 16 high-risk invasive plants (level III), 18 medium-risk (level II), and 31 low-risk (level I). While there are a considerable number of alien invasive plant species in the urban green spaces of Xinluo district, the overall invasion risk level is relatively low, with most being in the medium to low risk categories (level II and III). It is recommended to focus on the control and prevention of the most harmful species, such as Bidens alba and Erigeron canadensis, based on the risk level.