Callerya speciosa is an important perennial medicinal and edible plant, with starch and saccharides as the main contents. This study investigated the development law of starch and sucrose metabolism pathways of C. specisoa at different developmental stages and its internal gene regulatory network. Four growth years of C. speciosa roots, including 3-year-old (NG3), 7-year-old (NG7), 10-year-old (NG10), and 15-year-old (NG15), were used as the research objects. The content of total polysaccharide, starch, and sucrose was determined, and transcriptome sequencing was carried out. Differentially expressed genes (DEGs) between different years were screened, and the functions of DEGs in the starch and sucrose metabolism pathways were focused on. The results showed that with the increase of years, the content of total polysaccharides and starch both showed an increasing trend, with the highest content at 15 years, while the sucrose content was the highest at 3 years, followed by a downward trend. Through transcriptome sequencing, NG3 was compared with NG7, NG10, and NG15, respectively, for intergroup gene expression analysis. With the increase of the growth year span, the total number of DEGs increased. To further explore DEGs in the starch and sucrose metabolism pathways, a total of 62 DEGs were differentially expressed in the three comparison groups, mainly participating in the regulation of starch, sucrose, and cellulose metabolism. Among them, the expression of sucrose synthesis genes decreased with the increase of years; the expression of starch synthesis genes dominated over starch degradation genes with the increase of years; and the expression of cellulose degradation enzymes decreased with the increase of years. Five key genes in the starch and sucrose metabolism pathways were screened out for fluorescence quantitative PCR verification, and the expression trend was basically consistent with the transcriptome sequencing results. The results indicate that C. speciosa is in the growth active period from 3 to 7 years, with the synthesis of sucrose, cellulose, and starch as the main promoters for rapid root expansion and development. When it grows to 7 years, the plant enters a stable growth phase characterized by starch accumulation, sucrose decomposition, and cellulose degradation. This research would provide valuable insights on the study of C. speciosa root expansion mechanism, the innovation of high-yielding varieties, and scientifically guided harvesting practices.

Using 77 Cymbidium ensifolium germplasms as the test materials, the phenotypic diversity of 21 quantitative traits and 12 qualitative traits was analyzed. The results showed that the coefficient of variation (CV) for quantitative traits ranged from 14.72% to 42.79%, indicating a significant degree of variation. Among these, the CV value for flower length was the lowest (14.72%), suggesting that this trait was relatively stable across different germplasms. The CV value for the number of flower stalks was the highest (42.79%), followed by the number of flowers (41.67%). Additionally, the Shannon-Wiener index (I) was close to 5, indicating a high level of diversity in quantitative traits among the germplasms. In the binary analysis of qualitative traits, the distribution of sepal spots or stripes (colors) among the germplasms was similar, with a rich variety of expressions for the features on the flower sepals. The CV for qualitative traits ranged from 9.86% to 83.81%, also showing a significant degree of variation. Among these, the CV value for leaf posture was the lowest (9.86%), while the CV values for lip shape (83.81%) and sepal color (70.69%) were the highest. Furthermore, the I index values for qualitative traits ranged between 4 and 5, indicating a high level of diversity in qualitative traits among the germplasms. The Simpson index (D) for qualitative traits ranged from 0.985 to 0.991, close to the value of 1, suggesting a relatively uniform distribution of qualitative traits and a high degree of diversity among the germplasms. Principal component analysis was conducted on 33 phenotypic traits of the germplasms, and the first 10 principal components were extracted based on the criterion that the characteristic root value is greater than 1. The characteristic value of the first 10 principal components was 6.406, 4.475, 2.840, 2.425, 2.139, 1.619, 1.517, 1.430, 1.163, and 1.038, with a cumulative contribution rate of 75.917%. The number of flower parts among the phenotypic traits had a significant weight in the principal components, indicating it is a major phenotypic trait of C. ensifolium. Hierarchical clustering analysis was performed on the germplasms using Euclidean distance, resulting in a dendrogram. At the 15th Euclidean distance, the germplasms were clustered into five major groups, with the main features of phenotypic traits concentrated in quantitative traits, especially in the significant weight of the number of flower parts, consistent with the results of the principal component analysis. This study explored the genetic diversity and relationships among C. ensifolium varieties through morphological trait diversity analysis, providing a basis for the scientific management and conservation of C. ensifolium germplasm resources. It also offers valuable genetic materials for future C. ensifolium breeding work.

Broomcorn millet (Panicum miliaceum L.) is a traditional grain crop in China. Currently, there is still limited research on the genetic transformation methods for P. miliaceum. This study aimed to establish an efficient genetic transformation method for P. miliaceum mediated by Agrobacterium. Mature seeds of the millet variety Jishu 5 were used as the explants to induce embryogenic callus of millet on CIM and MSD induction media, respectively. They were used as the transformation receptor materials and infected with Agrobacterium containing plant expression vectors for 60 minutes and co-cultured for 6 days. The calli were then transferred to a screening medium containing 0.025 g/L of hygromycin to screen for resistant calli. Then, they differentiated on a differentiation medium containing 0.015 g/L of hygromycin. Finally, they rooted into seedlings on a rooting medium containing 0.015 g/L of hygromycin. PCR detection was performed on the regenerated plants using vector specific primers to identify whether they were positive transgenic plants. Based on the multiple batches of transformation experiments, the screening efficiency and transformation efficiency of resistant regenerated plants of broomcorn millet were statistically analyzed. The results showed that both CIM and MSD media could induce embryogenic callus of broomcorn millet, but CIM medium had a better effect on inducing embryogenic callus of broomcorn millet. After being infected by Agrobacterium and co-cultured with Agrobacterium, the multiple resistant regenerated plants were obtained through screening, differentiation, and rooting on a medium containing hygromycin. The PCR identification positive rate of the resistant regenerated plants obtained from three experiments was 100%, and the average transformation efficiency was over 30%. This study successfully established an Agrobacterium mediated genetic transformation method for broomcorn millet, which is simple to operate, efficient, cost-effective, and not limited by seasons. It could be carried out on a large scale, providing an effective technical means for genetic improvement of broomcorn millet.

Based on the panel data of 18 cities (counties) in Hainan, China from 2012 to 2022, combining the non-expected output super efficiency SBM model and Tobit regression mode, this paper analyzed the spatial and temporal evolution characteristics of agricultural eco-efficiency and influencing factors of agricultural ecological efficiency in cities (counties) of Hainan. From 2012 to 2022, the average agricultural eco-efficiency in Hainan showed obvious grading characteristics of central region>western region>eastern region. The agricultural eco-efficiency at the county scale of Hainan improved significantly year by year. The average agricultural eco-efficiency was 0.541, and the number of cities (counties) above the average value was 7. In terms of spatial change, the overall distribution characteristics of agricultural eco-efficiency were “spreading from the middle to the east and west”, and the distribution characteristics of full efficiency and high efficiency were block and chain. The cities (counties) with medium efficiency were distributed around the cities and counties with full efficiency and high efficiency. The trend lines in the north-south direction and the east-west direction showed the characteristics of inverted U-shape. The temporal and spatial evolution of agricultural eco-efficiency in Hainan at the provincial scale was influenced by several key factors, including the level of farmers’ income, intensity of agricultural mechanization, use of agricultural chemicals, and urbanization rate. At different regional scales, farmers’ income level was the main factor affecting agricultural eco-efficiency in the eastern region, while urbanization rate, intensity of agricultural chemical input use and farmland irrigation rate were the main factors affecting agricultural eco-efficiency in the central region. Urbanization rate, farmers’ income level, agricultural industrial structure, intensity of use of agricultural chemical inputs and farmland irrigation rate were the main factors affecting agricultural eco-efficiency in the western region. On the whole, the agricultural eco-efficiency of all cities (counties) in Hainan showed an upward trend, and there were some differences in the agricultural eco-efficiency among different regions. In the future, we should explore the priorities of agricultural development in different regions according to local conditions to effectively improve agricultural eco-efficiency.

Cymbidium ‘Shuangyi Jinlong’ is a new variety selected and bred from the clonal variation of the hybrid orchid cultivar ‘Golden dragon’ by Fujian Bainong Ecological Technology Co. Ltd.. It integrates flower and leaf art, has good germination, easy flowering and strong resistance, and has a high market demand. The rhizome and tissue culture seedlings of Cymbidium ‘Shuangyi Jinlong’ were used as experimental materials, and the orthogonal experiment was conducted to optimize the influencing factors of rhizome proliferation and differentiation, rooting and seedling growth, seedling cultivation and transplanting, in order to improve the seedling reproductive efficiency and seedling quality of hybrid orchid, and establish a standardized production system. The most suitable medium for rhizome proliferation and growth was MS medium supplemented with 1.00 mg/L NAA, 0.10 mg/L 6-BA, 20.00 g/L sucrose, 1.00 g/L activated carbon, 6.30 g/L agar, and 1.00 g/L peptone; the quantity value-added coefficient was determined to be 3.57 while the quality value-added coefficient was found to be 4.63. The optimal medium for rhizome differentiation was 1/2MS,1.50 mg/L NAA, 0.90 mg/L TDZ, 100.00 g/L banana homogenate, 25.00 g/L sucrose 6.30g/L; the leaf bud differentiation rate reached up to 97.78%, with a differentiation coefficient of 6.87. The best-performing medium for rooting and seedlings strengthening was 1/2MS, l.00 mg/L IBA, 100.00 g/L banana homogenate, 0.17 g/L KH₂PO₄, 30.00 g/L sucrose, agar and l.00 g/L activated carbon. After 90 days of cultivation, the average number of roots per plant was five, with a root length of 5.40 cm, a pseudobulb thickness of 4.35 mm, a plant height of 12.95 cm, and a fresh quality of 2.42 g. The recommended method for transplanting tissue culture seedlings involves using water hyacinth∶pine bark (V∶V=1∶1) as the transplantation substrate after 21 days in vitro culture. The survival rate after 60 days post-transplantation reached 83.33%. Taking into account the impact of various factors, this study ultimately identified the optimal medium compositions at each stage and refined transplanting schemes. This provides a reference for establishing a standardized production system.

The study was aimed to clarify the changes in moisture content, fiber microstructure, and metabolites during the hot air drying process of areca nut, and to precisely regulate the drying time. This study focuses on areca nut and five models were used to fit the hot air drying curves of areca nut at different temperatures, and a betel nut drying kinetics model was established. At the same time, scanning electron microscopy, LC-MS were used to explore the changes in the microstructure and metabolites of areca nut during the drying process. The results showed that the drying curve of betel nut showed an exponential decrease, and the drying rate curve was divided into two stages: acceleration and deceleration. Temperature had a significant impact on the drying rate. The Page model fit the hot air drying curve of areca nut well, with a coefficient of determination R² above 0.98 and a RMSE in the range of 0.02-0.06. The difference between the predicted and true values of the model was not significant, and it could better reflect the water changes during the areca nut drying process. Microstructure analysis shows that the fiber layer of areca nut became dense and compact with increasing drying time, and the whitening treatment caused the fiber structure of areca nut to become loose. The texture results indicated that with the increase of drying time, the hardness and chewiness of areca nut increased, while the elasticity decreased. The differential metabolite results showed that the drying process affected organic acids, lipids, and lipid molecules by affecting the metabolism of amino acid, linoleic acid, central carbon, flavonoid biosynthesis, and phenylpropanoid biosynthesis. This study would enrich the basic research on areca nut processing and provide a theoretical basis for the selection of hot air drying time for areca nut.

Beta-ketoacyl-acyl carrier protein synthase (KAS) is the key enzyme system in plant fatty acid biosynthesis. In order to investigate the function of the KAS gene family in the maturation and oil accumulation of Camellia oleifera, this study used bioinformatics methods and analyzed ther physicochemical properties, chromosomal localization, subcellular localization, secondary structure, phylogenetic trees, conserved motifs, promoter cis-acting elements, and RT-qPCR to analyze the expression patterns in the oil rapid accumulation stage of C. oleifera. The findings indicated that 14 Camellia oleifera KAS family members were distributed on seven chromosomes with relative molecular masses between 1.13 kDa and 5.15 kDa, and most of them were acid-stabilized proteins. Except for CoKAS II-2, which was localized in mitochondria and chloroplasts, all of them were localized in chloroplasts. Phylogenetic analysis revealed that CoKAS was divided into three subclasses, with similarities in structure and conserved motifs among KAS family numbers in the same subfamily. The promoter regions of the CoKAS gene family members were enriched with the cis-acting elements growth and development-related, light response, hormone induction, and adversity response. Expression analysis revealed that most of the CoKAS genes were highly expressed during the oil rapid accumulation stage. In addition, it was found a strong correlation between the members of the CoKAS and CoMYB gene families during fruit ripening in C. oleifera. The findings would provide a theoretical basis for comprehensively analyzing the function of CoKAS genes.

The study of the distribution characteristics of crown biomass of Dalbergia odorifera plantation can provide theoretical basis for reasonable evaluation of stand biomass and adjustment of crown structure. In this paper, D. odorifera plantation aged 10-12 a in Dongfang, Hainan, China was taken as the research object. Two sample plots (S₁ and S₂) with different site conditions were set up, and the crown of the sample trees over 4.5 m was cut off. The biomass of each organ in the canopy was obtained by layered cutting method and total weighing method, and the optimal biomass fitting equation of each organ was established. (1) The order of biomass in each organ was bare branch>branch bark>leaf. The total biomass of bare branches, branch bark and canopy was S₁>S₂, while the leaf biomass was S₁<S₂. (2) With the increase of canopy class, the biomass of bare branches and branch bark of S₁ and S₂ showed a wave-like change, in which S₁ increased first and then decreased, while S₂ was the opposite. As a whole, the leaf biomass increased first and then decreased, in which S₁ was mainly distributed in the middle and upper layers of the crown, while S₂ was mainly distributed in the lower layers. The upper layer of the canopy of S₁ was more competitive than that of S₂, there has been serious natural thinning of canopy, the leaf biomass gradually shifted from the lower layer to the middle and upper layers.(3) The optimal fitting model of biomass was power function, which was the total biomass of crown [y=3.904(D²H)^1.247], canopy bare branches [y=1.901(D²H)^1.28], canopy branch bark [y=0.734(D²H)^1.276], and canopy leaves (y=3.86D^2.791).

Vanilla, a vital spice crop, faces significant challenges from soil-borne diseases caused by Fusarium oxysporum, affecting its sustainable cultivation. This study utilized quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) and high-throughput sequencing to assess the impact of rotating black pepper, pandan, and sweet rice tea on pathogen levels and the rhizosphere soil microbial communities of vanilla plants cultivated in a pot environment. Incorporating pandan and sweet rice tea into the crop rotation significantly reduced the prevalence of F. oxysporum and enhanced both the abundance and diversity of the rhizosphere soil bacteria. Three distinct microbial community structures associated with fallow, monoculture, and crop rotation conditions were identified. Notably, the rotations involving pandan and sweet rice tea showed no significant differences in the bacterial and fungal community compositions. Crop rotation notably increased the relative abundance of key phyla such as Acidobacteria, Chloroflexi, Rokubacteria and Ascomycota. Moreover, the relative abundance of the dominant bacterial genus Nocardioides increased at the genus level, with a relative abundance of 64.26% after pepper rotation, 98.54% after pandan rotation, and 63.07% after sweet rice tea rotation. The core microbiome, featuring species such as Terriglobus, Kribbella, Myxococcus, Acremonium and Sarocladium, showed a particularly strong response to the presence of pandan, suggesting a closer network interaction among fungal species post-rotation. Additionally, crop rotation was found to significantly raise the soil pH, which, along with the altered bacterial and fungal community structures, emerged as critical factors in disease suppression. Collectively, our results suggest that integrating the economically valuable spice crop pandan into the rotation schedule in vanilla monoculture systems can significantly reduce the incidence of soil-borne diseases, offering a sustainable cultivation strategy for vanilla.

Bougainvillea is an important woody ornamental plant in southern China. There are a large number of varieties, but the classification is relatively chaotic. This study took 133 Bougainvillea varieties introduced and preserved in Yunnan as the research object, and conducted frequency distribution statistical analysis, coefficient of variation calculation, and diversity index calculation for 10 quantitative characters and 41 discrete characters. Q-type clustering analysis was also conducted. The results showed that the 133 Bougainvillea varieties had rich diversity in many characters, and the coefficient of variation of quantitative characters ranged from 19.61%–32.59%, with an average of 26.64%. The coefficient of variation of the total flower stem length, calyx tube width, petiole length, and flower length was the highest, and the diversity index ranged from 1.69–2.09, with an average of 1.92. The diversity index of leaf length, bract width, leaf width, and bract length was the highest. The diversity index of discrete characters ranged from 0.17–2.19. There were 11 discrete characters with H′ values greater than 1, and the diversity index of bract color and calyx tube color was both greater than 2. The diversity was rich. Among the four species of Bougainvillea, the diversity index of Bougainvillea×buttiana was the highest, with the richest diversity, followed by B. peruviana, B. glabra, and B. spectabilis, whose diversity index was the lowest, with less diversity. However, each species has its own advantageous characters. Among the 51 characters, 22 characters showed significant difference among species, which were of great reference value for identifying and classifying the varieties of Bougainvillea. Based on the types of bracts, the number of spines, and the size of leaves, 133 B. varieties could be grouped into four categories: double spiny less, double spiny more, single spiny less leaflet, and single spiny large leaflet. The research results show that the phenotypic characters of the 133 B. varieties tested have high diversity, and the quantitative trait variation types are rich. This study could provide scientific basis for systematic evaluation of B. germplasm resources, variety classification, and germplasm innovation.