The study was aimed to breed new coffee varieties with good characteristics for improving the yield and quality of Yunnan coffee production. Arabica coffee hybrid F₁ was introduced from Nestle R&D Center in France to Pu’er to study plant growth, fruiting characteristics, yield and bean physical properties. The varieties are 107, 117, 118,120, 121, 10×25 and 12×25, and the control is T8667, a widely planted cultivar. The test sites were Simao, Ning’er, Menglian and Jiangcheng. The results indicated that the plant height, stem diameter and crown width of the 3-year-old plant for the varieties was 84.20-175.00 cm, 21.69-53.34 mm, and 74.80-165.30 cm, respectively. All test varieties were dwarf plant. GPFA117 showed thicker stems and wider crown, 118 and 121 had better crown width than the control. The number of primary branches was 34.00~62.20. The longest primary branch length and diameter range was 43.40-89.00 cm, 4.86-11.40 mm respectively. The varieties with excellent performance were those with more number of primary branches, strong and long branches. 117, 118 and 121. 10×25 showed longer primary branches than the control, and the primary branch of 107, 120 varieties was thicker and longer, which can also be used as a good trait in future breeding. The least number fruits per node were 12×25 and T8667, and other varieties had more than 15 fruits per node. The variety 107, 117, 118, 120, 121 and 10×25 had the highest fresh fruit yield per plant and dry bean yield per hectare, up to 4.50–6.58 kg and 3289.46–4968.57 kg. Varieties 117, 118 and 120 had an average dry bean yield of over 3000 kg/hm² during the two-year peak production period, indicating a relatively high level of yield. It showed the advantage of high yield of hybrid varieties respectively. The fresh-dry ratio was (4.31-6.48)∶1, the highest was 10×25. The weight of 100 parchment beans was 14.93-20.67 g, and that of 12×25 was the smallest one. Others showed completely filled fruit and medium bean granularity. Varieties 117, 118, 120, 121 and 10×25 had some excellent traits such as plants shorter, thicker stems, wider crown, more thicker and longer primary branches, high yield, plump fruits, medium grain size over T8667. The varieties would provide scientific basis for promoting high-yield and high-quality coffee varieties in production.

Tetranychus urticae is a dangerous agricultural pest worldwide. Abamectin is a widely used acaricide in the prevention and control of T. urticae. However, the resistance caused by inappropriate application of acaricide has become an increasing challenge. Explorating the resistant mechanisms of T. urticae against abamectin can provide the theoretical basis for prolonging lifespan and perform a comprehensive prevention and control strategy. In this study, we conducted an abamectin bioassays on field population, laboratory-derived resistant-and sensitive populations. It was found that the 24 h median lethal concentration (LC₅₀) values of the three populations was 7.19 µg/mL, 2061.43 µg/mL and 0.10 µg/mL, respectively, while the LC₅₀ values of the 48 h was 6.32 µg/mL, 1971.55 µg/mL and 0.09 µg/mL, respectively. In addition, the resistance ratio of the field population and the laboratory resistant population exceeded 70-fold and 20 000-fold respectively, which belonged to the medium resistance level and the high resistance level. Detoxification enzyme activity of surviving T. urticae following exposure to LC₅₀ treatment showed that the activity of glutathione S-transferase (GSTs) and uridine diphosphate glycosyltransferase (UGTs) in the resistant population was the highest, followed by the field populations, and both two population were significantly higher than those of sensitive population. In comparison, prior to the acaricide treatment, the enzyme activity of the highly resistant population and the medium resistant population increased over time, while the enzyme activity of the sensitive population were inhibited. Quantitative PCR was used to compare the expression differences of the coding gene of the above enzyme detoxification enzymes. It revealed that prior to the treatment, the expression level of GSTm09, GSTd10, UGT204a2 and UGT201d3 in the highly resistant population and the medium resistant population in the field was significantly higher than that in the sensitive population, and the difference in the expression of detoxification enzyme genes between the resistant population and the sensitive population increased further with the extension of treatment time. Correlation analysis showed that the detoxification enzyme activity and the expression of the coding genes were significantly positively correlated with the resistance level to abamectin. The study would provide a theoretical reference for in-depth exploration of T. urticae resistant target genes and the development of resistance management strategies.

Date palm is hermaphroditic and highly heterogeneous in genetics, resulting in severe phenotypic variation. Propagation of seedlings depends on asexual reproduction, and tissue culture technology is the main means of commercializing date seedling production at present. However, the difficulty in inducing embryogenesis and the long induction cycle lead to difficulties in system construction and high tissue culture costs. Therefore, it is urgent to study the effects of hormone regulation on the endogenous metabolic substances of date embryos and optimize the embryogenesis system. This study is based on the selection of date explants, induction of callus and embryogenic callus in the previous studies, and uses orthogonal experimental design to screen and match the plant growth regulators and concentrations in the MS culture medium to induce embryogenesis from callus. The study statistically recorded the embryogenesis rate, induction cycle, and survival rate; date embryos with different levels of hormone were sampled; the morphological changes of date embryos in a regular manner were observed; and the changes in the content of total protein (Cpr), soluble sugar (WSS), catalase (CAT), glutathione reductase (GR), amino acids (AA), auxin, cytokinin (CTK), abscisic acid (ABA), and gibberellin (GA) were measured. The results showed that the embryogenic rate of C₉ was higher than that of C₅, C₄, C₆, and the time for embryogenesis was the shortest in the C₅ treatment. In the C₉ treatment, the highest content of catalase and amino acids was found in the embryos, and the highest protein content was found in the C₅ treatment. The coefficient of variation was the largest for glutathione reductase content, and the maximum difference was found in amino acid content. The correlation analysis showed that thiocyanate and gibberellin had the strongest correlation with glutathione reductase, and soluble sugar had the strongest correlation with protein and amino acid. Principal component analysis showed that the first four principal components accounted for 88.714% of the total variance, with an eigenvalue of 3.877 for the first principal component, a contribution rate of 43.076%, and the first principal component was mainly influenced by thiocyanate content, soluble sugar content, protein content, and gibberellin content, with the highest eigenvalue of 0.921 for thiocyanate content, reflecting the impact of thiocyanate on embryogenesis. The study would provide theoretical support for optimizing the embryogenesis system and laying a technical foundation for achieving efficient and rapid propagation of date palm.

In this study, Dahong pitaya fruit were treated with different concentrations of MT (0.2, 0.4, 0.8 mmol/L) and stored at (7±1) ℃ and 75%-85% RH to clarify the effect of MT on its preservation. The results showed that 0.2 and 0.8 mmol/L MT could decrease the rot rate (DI) of pitaya fruit, while MT could decrease the respiratory rate (RR) and inhibit the increase of relative conductivity (RC). 0.2 mmol/L MT could effectively delay the decrease of the content of ascorbic acid (AsA), inhibit the increase of the content of malondialdehyde (MDA) and the formation of hydrogen peroxide (H₂O₂) and superoxide anion (), and increase the activity of antioxidant enzymes (SOD, CAT, APX), effectively promote reactive oxygen species (ROS) metabolism, scavenging free radicals, improve fruit antioxidant capacity. At the same time, 0.2 mmol/L MT could effectively maintain the activity of disease-resistance-related enzymes (PAL, POD and PPO), and induce and improve the disease resistance of pitaya fruit. In addition, 0.2 mmol/L MT could increase the contents of soluble sugar (SS) and flavonoids, but there was no significant difference in weight loss rate (WLR) between CK and MT. The correlation analysis showed that there were significant correlations among the 19 indexes, and the rotting rate of pitaya fruit was closely related to ROS metabolism disorder and membrane peroxidation. The results of principal component analysis showed that the score of 0.2 mmol/L MT was higher than that of CK at all storage periods, and the cumulative comprehensive score of 0.2 mmol/L MT was the highest, indicating that the effect of 0.2 mmol/L MT was the best. In conclusion, 0.2 mmol/L MT could delay senescence and maintain quality of pitaya fruit by maintaining ROS metabolism balance and improving disease resistance. This study would lay a foundation for the further research and application of MT technology in hylocereus longus storage at low temperature.

The molecular mechanism underlying white-fleshed pitaya (Hylocereus undatus) in response to MeJA treatment during the fruit postharvest ripening was investigated. The differentially expressed genes (DEGs) response to MeJA treatment were analyzed by the digital gene expression profiling technology. The results showed that compared with the control, a total of 15 596 DEGs, including 6135 up-regulated genes and 9461 down-regulated genes, were identified. Gene ontology analysis showed that most DEGs were involved in cell metabolism, biological regulation, biosynthesis, catalysis, binding activities and transport activities. KEGG pathway enrichment analysis revealed that all DEGs were assigned in many pathways, mainly involving in photosynthesis, plant hormone signal transduction, protein processing and starch and carbohydrate metabolism. Moreover, the transcripts of most genes involved in ethylene-signaling transduction and cell-wall degradation, belonging to ERF, EIN, XTH, PG and XTH family, were found to be significantly down-regulated. These results strongly suggest that MeJA treatment may be involved in delaying the softening of white-pitaya by restraining the ethylene-signaling transduction and retarding the degradation of cell wall during postharvest ripening. The results would lay a foundation for further research on developing the more efficient postharvest preservation technology for tropical fruits.

The scale insect pest is the main pest in agroforestry, causing varying degrees of damage to crops, fruit trees, ornamental plants, and forest trees. The fungus Cordyceps javanica IJID003 exhibits strong pathogenicity against scale insects, making it a promising candidate for the development of microbial pesticides. Research and development efforts focusing on its wettable powder formulation and the optimization of its production process are essential steps toward its industrialization and commercialization. The efforts are also crucial for promoting sustainable agricultural practices and achieving green pest management strategies. In this study, a single-factor test was employed to identify the optimal solid fermentation substrates and exogenous additives of strain IJID003. This research screened the optional carrier, wetting agent, dispersing agent and UV protective agent of the C. javanica by measuring the compatibility and its effective performance, which developed the wettable powder formula of the C. javanica preliminarily. The field efficacy of the C. javanica wettable powder was evaluated against female adults of Icerya jacobsoni on Michelia alba. The optimal spore-producing base substrate for C. javanica was barley. The best substrate formulation was a mixture of barley (7 parts) and wheat bran (1 part) by weight. The optimal exogenous additives included 1% glucose as a carbon source, 1% acid hydrolyzed casein as a nitrogen source, 2% potassium chloride as an inorganic salt, 1% glycine as an amino acid, and bee pupal body wall powder as a chitin source. The optimal formulation for the strain IJID003 wettable powder was 20% spore powder of IJID003, 1% wetting agent Morwet EFW, 5% dispersing agent Morwet D-450, 1% UV protectant CBS-X, and 73% carrier diatomaceous earth. Field trials demonstrated that a spore concentration of 6×10⁸ CFU/mL of C. javanica wettable powder effectively controlled female I. jacobsoni adults on M. alba, with an efficacy of 92.50% at 21 days post-inoculation. This efficacy was not significantly different from that of the control insecticide, a 4000-fold dilution of 25% thiamethoxam wettable powder, which achieved a control efficiency of 95.50%. In conclusion, the strain IJID003 wettable powder shows excellent potential for the green management of scale insects and holds significant promise as a sustainable alternative to chemical pesticides.

Cassava roots were used as the raw material. Single factor tests combined with the Box-Behnken response surface method were used to optimize the extraction process of cassava crude polysaccharide (CPCR) assisted by ultrasonic wave, and the process of enzymatic hydrolysis of cassava tuber roots by four different enzymes was analyzed. The results showed that the four enzymatic hydrolysis processes were different. The extraction yield of CPCR with enzyme was significantly higher than that without enzyme. The CPCR yield of the four enzymes was α-medium temperature>pullulanase>hemicellulase>α-low-temperature amylase, the ultrasonic treatment time of α-low-temperature amylase was the longest (360 min), but the CPCR yield was the lowest (7.02%). The α-medium temperature CPCR yield was the highest (20.25%), and the best enzymatic extraction process was as follows: ultrasonic power 300 W, ultrasonic temperature 70 ℃, enzyme content 5 KU/g, solid-liquid ratio (g/mL) 1∶2.5, and ultrasonic time 240 min. The ultrasonic treatment time of pullulanase was the shortest (60 min), and the CPCR yield was 13.98%. The yield of CPCR under hemicellulase hydrolysis was 7.99%. The optimized conditions were further verified, and the results showed that the yield of crude polysaccharide was close to the predicted value. However, the crude polysaccharide content was also detected under the condition that only enzyme was added without cassava sample, and the extraction rate of medium temperature α-amylase was still the highest (17.22%) after deducting the influence of enzyme. It can be seen that medium temperature α-amylase enzymatic hydrolysis of cassava tuber roots is an efficient way to extract CPCR. This study is expected to provide technique basis for its further research and utilization of crude polysaccharide.

The soil nutrient status and comprehensive fertility of agricultural fields in Nanchong were scientifically and objectively evaluated based on 12 nutrient indicators of 872 soil samples, through comprehensive fertility index method, factor analysis method, entropy coefficient method and coefficient of variation method. The soil in Nanchong was alkaline, with low content of organic matter, rich content of phosphorus and iron, high content of copper and zinc, suitable content of potassium and manganese, low content of nitrogen, boron and molybdenum. In the comprehensive fertility index method, the comprehensive fertility index value was 0.75, which was in the third grade, and the overall soil fertility was poor. Only the comprehensive soil fertility of Peng’an County reached the second grade, which was 0.96. In the factor analysis method, the proportion of grade 4 samples was 42.09%, that of grade 3 samples was 34.52%, that of grade 2 samples was close to that of grade 5 samples, that of grade 1-3 samples accounted for 46.68%, that of grade 4-6 samples accounted for 53.52%, and the overall soil fertility was slightly low. In the entropy coefficient method, the comprehensive fertility of soil was 0.082 96, which was between the second and third grade, and the overall fertility of soil was medium. The comprehensive soil fertility value of the coefficient of variation method was 34.09, which was between the first and second grade, and the overall soil fertility was high. Among the four evaluation methods, the coefficient of variation method had the highest soil fertility level, followed by entropy coefficient method and factor analysis method. The comprehensive fertility index method had the lowest fertility level. Through comparative analysis, the result of the factor analysis was more in line with the actual situation of Nanchong. The comprehensive fertility of farmland soil in Nanchong was slightly low. To improve the comprehensive fertility of agricultural land, it is necessary to reduce soil alkalinity, increase organic matter content, and pay attention to the supplementation of fertilizers such as nitrogen, boron, and molybdenum.

This study explored the spatial patterns of land use and the driving forces affecting the rural community in Hainan Tropical Rainforest National Park. It focused on three representative rural communities: Maoyang Township, Nankai Township, and Shuiman Township. Utilizing remote sensing images from 2000, 2010, 2018, and 2023, we analyzed the evolution of land use in the communities from 2000 to 2023 through a comprehensive approach including land use transfer matrices, a comprehensive index of land use degree, landscape pattern indices, and geodetector analysis. Forest land constituted the primary land use type in the rural communities, with the area of forest land increasing from 2000 to 2018 and decreasing from 2018 to 2023. In contrast, cultivated land initially decreased (2000—2018) before experiencing an increase (2018—2023). The land use changes in the communities can be categorized into two phases, the conversion of farmland to forest (2000—2018) and the conversion of forest land to cropland and construction land (2018—2023). Changes in land use types primarily drived changes in the landscape patterns of the rural communities. The landscape characteristics reflect reduced aggregation, increased fragmentation, and enhanced diversity of landscape types. Spatially, the fragmentation of the landscape exhibited a high central area surrounded by lower-density regions. The land use change in the typical rural community of Hainan Tropical Rainforest National Park were influenced by policy and human factors. The normalized difference vegetation index and proximity to roads were consistently identified as significant influences on land use changes. At the same time, the digital elevation model also played a significant role. Interaction detection results revealed that the relationships among the factors displayed either two-factor enhancement or non-linear enhancement, with the explanatory power of two-factor interactions surpassing that of individual factors. This study aims to offer recommendations for the sustainable construction and development of rural communities within national parks.

ELF3 is an important biological clock gene that regulates the input of light signal and the output of circadian rhythm, participating in modulation of many important processes of plants. In order to understand its regulation in the initiation of petal senescence of Oncidium, we conducted cloning and expression analysis of OnELF3 in Oncidium.OnELF3 (GenBank accession number: OL613896) was isolated from the Oncidium petals. OnELF3 had a length of 2208 bp and encoded a protein of 735 amino acids. Subcellular localization showed its expression in the nucleus. Homologous sequence alignment and phylogenetic tree analysis showed that OnELF3 was closest to the counterparts of Dendrobium candidum and Phalaenopsis. Prokaryotic expression analysis showed that the cloned OnELF3 was capable of prokaryotic expression of functional proteins. Its expression patterns under long day, full light, and full darkness conditions were consistent with its function as a circadian clock gene. Real time fluorescence quantitative analysis showed that the expression of OnELF3 was the highest in cracked buds and full-open flowers, indicating that OnELF3 may play a role in both flowering and flower senescence initiation. This study would lay a foundation for further functional identification of OnELF3 in the initiation of flower senescence.