Phoenix dactylifera L. (Date Palm), with a cultivation history of over 7000 years, ranks among the world's most ancient fruit trees. Renowned for its exceptional tolerance to drought, high temperatures, and salinity, it has become a highly valuable economic crop in arid regions. Advances in agricultural technology and growing awareness of ecological conservation underscore the strategic importance of developing efficient date palm cultivation technologies for food security, ecological protection, and enhanced regional economic benefits. This paper systematically explored the key technologies for high-quality and high-yield date palm cultivation under the synergistic framework of intelligent cultivation and green control. It comprehensively reviewed strategies for optimizing the growth environment, including soil adaptation, water regulation, and light & temperature management. Core high-yield cultivation techniques-such as soil preparation, planting density, precision fertilization, tree pruning, water-saving irrigation, and intercropping models were systematically integrated and summarized. The application status and potential of intelligent technologies, including the Internet of Things (IoT), big data, artificial intelligence (AI), and unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs), in precision date palm cultivation were discussed. Research progress and optimization directions for propagation techniques, notably offshoot propagation and tissue culture, were analyzed. Furthermore, an Integrated Pest Management (IPM) strategy centered on biological control was proposed as a green pest and disease control approach. The paper would provide prospects for the date palm industry from four key perspectives, ecological environment, cultivation technology innovation, industrial integration, and international cooperation, aiming to offer a solid scientific basis and technical support for the high-quality, efficient, and sustainable development of the date palm industry.

Xisha Islands are located in a low-latitude area that straddles the boundary between the Indian and eastern Asian monsoon systems. The unique and diverse ecosystem provides habitats for numerous microorganisms, generating exceptionally rich microbial resources. Due to the remote geographical locations of most islands and the fact that the coastal vegetation is in the vanguard stage of oligotrophic conditions, the microbial communities may differ from those of islands with complex vegetation. In this study, through the research on the fungal diversity of coastal coral sandy soil in Xisha Islands, two new species of Aspergillus, namely A. paraflavipes and A. ganquanensis, were isolated from the local coral sandy soil samples using potato-dextrose agar. Identifications of new species were carried out based on various methods such as detection of growth rate in plate culture, observation of colony morphology in plate growth, microscopic morphological comparison, and multi-gene combined phylogenetic analysis (ITS-BenA-CaM-RPB2). The results showed that the species exhibiedt taxonomic status and morphological characteristics that are different from those of existing species. By integrating various detection methods and comparison results, they could be regarded as new taxonomic units. A. paraflavipes and A. ganquanensis belonged to the genus Aspergillus, subgen. Circumdati in sect. Flavipedes and sect. Circumdati, respectively. According to the results of the combined phylogenetic analysis of multiple genes, A. paraflavipes in sect. Flavipedes was a separate lineage parallel to the ser. Flavipedes. According to its microscopic morphological structure, it is shown that the conidiomata of A. paraflavipes was very special, and the size of its stipes and vesicles was much smaller than that of other species in the sect. Flavipedes. According to the growth rate detection results, A. paraflavipes could grow at a relatively fast rate (21-24 mm, 7 days) on Czapek yeast autolysate (CYA) at 40 ℃. Among the ser. Flavipedes similar to A. paraflavipes, only A. ardalensis (growth rate ≤2 mm, 7 days) and A. templicola (4-8 mm, 7 days) could grow on CYA at 40 ℃. And its growth rate was extremely slow, and none of the other species grow. Based on the results of phylogenetic analysis, microscopic morphological observation and growth rate comparison, it is believed that A. paraflavipes is located in an undiscovered series in sect. Flavipedes. Therefore, we propose to establish a new strain, ser. Paraflavipedes, to accommodate A. paraflavipes. The detailed morphological comparison and the description of the identification results were described in the article. Multi-gene combined phylogenetic analysis showed A. ganquanensis presented a unique branch in the sect. Circumdati, ser. Sclerotiorum, showing similar morphology to those of the species in this series. This study isolated and documented two new species of Aspergillus originated from the Xisha Islands, expanding our understanding of the fungal diversity of the Xisha Islands. Moreover, it is particularly important to record the biodiversity of the ecosystem before human activities affecting it.

In order to clarify the chemical composition characteristics of Blumea balsamifera, screen anti-inflammatory active components, and identify quality markers (Q-markers), and to provide a scientific basis for the quality control of B. balsamifera, a total of 15 B. balsamifera raw herb and 14 powder herb from Zhenfeng, Ceheng and other regions in Guizhou province were utilized for the research. Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) was employed to establish fingerprint profiles. Hierarchical cluster analysis (HCA), principal component analysis (PCA), and orthogonal partial least squares-discriminant analysis (OPLS-DA) were applied for data processing. To predict the core anti-inflammatory components, a "component-target-pathway" network was constructed using network pharmacology. This prediction was further supplemented by molecular docking verification. A total of 31 compounds were identified. In the GC-MS analysis, 22 and 16 common peaks were calibrated for the B. balsamifera raw herb and powder herb, with sample similarities ranging from 0.971 to 0.997 and 0.991 to 0.999, respectively. The consistency in chemical profiles indicates that the overall quality of the materials is stable. HCA classified B. balsamifera raw herb into 3 clusters and powder herb into 4 clusters. PCA extracted 4 principal components for each sample type, with cumulative contribution rates of 87.137% and 88.495%, respectively, which could effectively characterize sample quality. OPLS-DA identified 5 differential markers (including L-borneol and camphor) from B. balsamifera raw herb and 6 differential markers (including β-caryophyllene and xanthoxylin) from powder herb. Network pharmacology analysis suggested that palmitic acid, 3-octanol, α-eudesmol, γ-eudesmol and perillaldehyde might be the core anti-inflammatory components of B. balsamifera. The components could act on key targets such as EGFR, PTGS2, ESR1, JAK2 and PPARG, and regulate inflammation-related pathways including arachidonic acid metabolism, Th17 cell differentiation, PPAR signaling pathway and JAK-STAT signaling pathway. Molecular docking results showed that the 5 anti-inflammatory components had good binding affinity with target proteins, with binding energies<0 kcal/mol. L-borneol, camphor and γ-eudesmol were identified as the Q-markers of B. balsamifera. The results would provide support for the quality evaluation, anti-inflammatory mechanism research, and efficient resource utilization of B. balsamifera.

The study addressed the industrial challenges of low flowering rate and reduced yield in off-season pitaya cultivation caused by light and temperature limitations in tropical regions. By leveraging the unique advantages of bio-based carbon quantum dots (CQDs) in enhancing photosynthesis and stress resistance, we systematically investigated the regulatory effects on the photosynthetic characteristics, yield, and fruit quality of pitaya. Using four-year-old Taiwan No. 6 red-fleshed pitaya as the plant material, different concentrations of CQDs (CDS₂₀₀, CDS₂₅₀, CDS₃₀₀, CDS₅₀₀) and the combinations with nutritional elements (coCDS₃₀₀, coCDS₅₀₀, coCDS₈₀₀) were applied. Through field trials conducted in both summer and winter seasons, the dynamic changes in Rubisco activity, chlorophyll content, flowering characteristics, yield, and fruit quality were systematically investigated. Results demonstrated that during summer, CDS₂₅₀ and coCDS₃₀₀ rapidly increased Rubisco activity by 41.05% and 20.46% respectively compared to control, while composite treatments consistently outperformed single CQD applications. In winter, high-concentration treatments (CDS₂₀₀, CDS₂₅₀) exhibited a "rapid activation-fast decline" pattern in enzyme activity, whereas composite treatments maintained elevated Rubisco activity for 14 days. Chlorophyll synthesis was significantly enhanced, with summer CDS₂₀₀ increasing chlorophyll by 43.89% (versus 10.56% for chlorophyll a), and winter composite treatments elevating chlorophyll b proportion to 61.80% without affecting chlorophyll a. Notably, CQDs significantly promoted winter flowering with concentration-dependent effects, where CDS₅₀₀ showed the most prominent increase (141.80%), followed by coCDS₃₀₀ and CDS₃₀₀. Yield analysis revealed CDS₃₀₀ achieved 115.60% yield increase, while high-concentration CDS₂₀₀ showed weakest effects, consistent with its regulation on Rubisco activity, chlorophyll content and flowering. The premium fruit ratio reached 80.91% under coCDS₃₀₀, with all composite treatments outperformed single CQD groups. Winter yield enhancement (58.24%) markedly exceeded summer gains (27.19%). The research demonstrates that bio-based CQDs significantly enhance pitaya yield and quality by regulating photosynthetic systems and reproductive growth, with particularly prominent effects under low-light conditions in winter, providing technical support for off-season cultivation of tropical fruit trees.

Camellia oleifera from Hainan possesses unique quality traits. Public attention to both quality of life and nutritional health is increasing, while market oversight of food safety is being continuously strengthened. An in-depth analysis of the soil characteristics in the forestlands of Hainan's main C. oleifera planting regions and the impact on the elemental composition of the seeds can fully reveal the safety attributes of Hainan C. oleifera seeds. In this study, a total of 11 sample plots were selected from the main C. oleifera planting areas of Hainan. Soil pH, nutrient contents (including organic carbon, organic matter, total nitrogen, total phosphorus, total potassium, nitrate nitrogen, ammonium nitrogen, alkali-hydrolyzable nitrogen, available phosphorus, rapidly available potassium, and slowly available potassium), and heavy metal elements (copper, zinc, and lead) were measured. Simultaneously, elemental indicators in C. oleifera seeds, including nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, total calcium, total magnesium, total copper, total zinc, and lead, were determined. Duncan's multiple range test was employed to analyze the differences among various indicators and translocation factors. Pearson correlation analysis was used to examine the influence of soil properties on seed elements. The results indicated that the soils in the main C. oleifera planting areas of Hainan Island ranged from strongly acidic to weakly acidic (pH 3.83-6.90), with significant spatial variation in nutrient content. The DA-1 plot had the highest organic matter content; BT-1 had the highest total nitrogen; HK-1 had the highest total phosphorus and available potassium; and QH-2 had the highest available phosphorus. Notably high levels of copper and zinc were found in the HK-1 plot, while the DA-2 plot exhibited elevated lead content. The contents of the seven nutrient elements in C. oleifera seeds differed extremely significantly (P<0.01), with total calcium showing the largest coefficient of variation (41.2%). Four sample plots, HK-1 (enriched in macronutrients), QH-2 (advantageous in micronutrients), QH-1 (comprehensively balanced), and DA-1 (exhibiting high protein-micronutrient synergy), were identified as high quality resources. The elemental enrichment factors exhibited pronounced plot-specific characteristics, with WZS-1 (for phosphorus), QH-2 (for potassium), DZ-1 (for copper), and CM-1 (for nitrogen and zinc) showing outstanding performance. Correlation analysis confirmed that soil pH was highly significantly positively correlated with the accumulation of magnesium and potassium in C. oleifera seeds, organic matter was strongly associated with seed copper content, and available phosphorus showed significant positive correlations with calcium and zinc contents. This study reveals that maintaining slightly acidic to neutral soil, increasing organic fertilizer application, and balancing phosphorus fertilization are key measures for enhancing the nutritional quality of C. oleifera seeds in Hainan. It would provide a theoretical basis for the selection of high-quality seed resources, targeted cultivation practices, and the optimization of processed product quality.

The study on the ecological suitability regionalization for Coffea arabica in Guangxi is of great reference significance for accurate and effective utilization of ecological and environmental resources, guiding scientific site selection for planting and rational production layout planning. The MaxEnt model and ArcGIS software were used for the modeling of 58 distribution points of C. arabica in Guangxi and 15 environmental factors, and for the prediction of the ecological suitability regionalization and spatial potential prediction in current and future climate scenario. The model's prediction results had high consistency and reliability, with the AUC of 0.937, the Kappa coefficient of 61.6%, and TSS of 0.738. Climatic limiting factors (coefficient of variation of precipitation seasonality, isothermality, precipitation of coldest quarter, mean temperature of coldest quarter, min temperature of coldest month) played a decisive role in the ecological suitability regionalization of C. arabica in Guangxi. The southwest of Guangxi was the core concentration area for highly suitable area, and important distribution area for moderately and lowly suitable area in current. The top five of total suitable areas, in descending order, were Baise (46.20%), Chongzuo (21.97%), Fangchenggang (8.26%), Nanning (7.33%) and Yulin (6.46%) in the prefecture-level scale. The top five of highly suitable areas, in descending order, were Jingxi (149.58 km²), Xilin (109.77 km²), Napo (62.94 km²), Debao (50.78 km²) and Shangsi (47.31 km²) in the county scale. In the future climate scenario, the total suitable area showed an increasing trend, particularly suitable habitat expanding gradually from the southwest dominant suitable area toward the northeast potential area, with the core distribution areas shifting from the southwest area of Guangxi (Baise, Chongzuo, Fangchenggang and other regions) toward the northeast (Nanning area together with the central and eastern area of Guangxi).

In China, areca palm yellow leaf disease (AYLD) is primarily attributed to infection with phytoplasmas from the 16SrI, 16SrII and 16SrXXXII groups. Currently, detection methods predominantly target the 16SrI group or non-specifically detect all three groups, lacking specific identification methods for the 16SrII group phytoplasmas. To achieve specific detection of 16SrII group phytoplasmas, specific nested PCR primers were designed and screened in this study based on the ribosomal protein (rp) gene sequence of 16SrII group phytoplasmas, and the characteristics and application efficacy of this method were subsequently evaluated. Results showed that the method could accurately distinguish positive samples from healthy ones. In the sensitivity comparison, the sensitivity of the method was higher than that of the universal nested PCR targeting the 16S rRNA and tuf genes. In the specificity evaluation, it showed no cross-reactivity with phytoplasmas from the 16SrI or 16SrXXXII groups, or with other tested areca palm pathogens and endophytic bacteria. In practical application, among 22 areca palm samples collected from Wenchang, Hainan Province, 4 samples were detected as positive; additionally, the method could detect 16SrII group phytoplasmas including Parthenium hysterophorus witches'-broom phytoplasma, Cleome rutidosperma witches'-broom phytoplasma, and peanut witches'-broom phytoplasma, demonstrating good applicability. In conclusion, the nested PCR method established in this study based on the rp gene has good specificity for the 16SrII group areca palm yellow leaf phytoplasmas, and could provide technical reference for field diagnosis and disease monitoring of the 16SrII group areca palm yellow leaf phytoplasmas.

Dwarfism is a key trait for Litchi chinensis breeding and cultivation. Focusing on the candidate gene LcGAMYB23 implicated in dwarfism by prior quantitative trait locus (QTL) mapping, we evaluated the MYB transcription factor family background and its molecular application potential. A genome-wide bioinformatic survey identified 151 members of the LcMYB gene family. Conserved motif and domain analyses showed that all family members harbored the canonical Myb_DNA-binding domain, indicating high sequence conservation in litchi. We further cloned and sequenced LcGAMYB23 from three standard (non-dwarf) cultivars (9918, Feizixiao, FZX; Sanyuehong, SYH) and three dwarf cultivars (Nuomici, NMC; Yamulong, YML; Ziniangxi, ZNX), and detected consistent sequence differences between the two groups. Based on the divergent single-nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) sites, we developed molecular markers and validated them across 70 cultivars. The markers effectively discriminated standard versus dwarf types at the cDNA level, with concordant results at the genomic DNA level. The findings would provide practical tools for molecular typing and marker-assisted selection of dwarfism in litchi and lay the groundwork for functional elucidation of LcGAMYB23.

Elucidating the response of rhizosphere soil microorganisms to the invasion of Fusarium in pepper provides a theoretical foundation and technical support for research on pepper rhizosphere microecology, the exploration of superior biocontrol resources, and the targeted control of pepper Fusarium wilt. Rhizosphere soil samples were collected from healthy (CK), mildly diseased (T₁), moderately diseased (T₂) and severely diseased (T₃) pepper plants. High-throughput sequencing and bioinformatics analyses were employed to compare the community structure and diversity of rhizosphere microorganisms and to assess the functional differences. CK had the highest number of unique bacterial OTUs, while T₁ had the highest number of unique fungal OTUs. At the genus level, the dominant bacterial genera included unclassified Acidobacteriaceae、unclassified Bacteria、unclassified Rhodospirillales、Gaiella、unclassified Betaproteobacteria、Terrimonas、unclassified Desulfuromonadia and Fontisphaera the dominant fungal genera included Thermoascus, Mortierella, Apiotrichum, Fusarium, Rasamsonia, unclassified Fungi, Paracremonium, Talaromyces, Debaryomyces and Metarhizium. With increasing disease severity, the richness of both bacteria and fungi initially increased and then decreased, while the diversity showed a trend of initial increase, followed by a decrease, and then a subsequent increase. PCoA results revealed distinct differences in bacterial and fungal communities among the treatments. Linear discriminant analysis (LEfSe) identified 14, 2, 6 and 6 bacteria-specific species at the genus level, respectively, and 12, 10, 7 and 9 fungi-specific species for CK, T₁, T₂ and T₃, respectively. Cross-domain correlation analysis between rhizosphere bacteria and fungi demonstrated that Fusarium was negatively correlated with Acidibacter, Bradyrhizobium and Bryobacter. As disease severity increased, the network parameters of bacterial and fungal community interactions exhibited an initial rise, followed by a decline, and then a subsequent rise. The abundance of potentially pathogenic microorganisms was significantly higher in diseased plants than that in healthy peppers, while the abundance of stress-tolerant microorganisms initially increased significantly and then decreased. The relative abundance of saprotrophs was significantly higher in severely diseased plants compared to healthy peppers, and the abundance of plant pathogens showed a significant increase-decrease-increase trend. Pepper Fusarium wilt significantly altered the characteristics of the rhizosphere soil microbiome. In the early stages of disease, pepper roots likely resist Fusarium infection by recruiting beneficial microorganisms, stimulating bacterial stress tolerance, and enhancing fungal saprotrophic and symbiotic functions. In the middle and late stages, intensified root damage leads to a decline in recruitment capacity, allowing pathogens to dominate and beneficial microbial communities to be suppressed.

As the main organic waste after the cultivation of edible fungi, the resource utilization of mushroom residue is of great significance to the sustainable development of agriculture. Dissolved organic matter (DOM) is the key active component in the decomposition process of mushroom residue, and the dynamic changes of its content and structure evolution directly affect the environmental effect and fertility release of mushroom residue after returning to the field. At present, the research on the evolution law of DOM system at different decomposition stages of mushroom residue is not clear. Especially, the quantitative analysis on the continuous changes of key physical and chemical properties such as DOM aromaticity, molecular weight and humification degree is insufficient, which limits the efficient resource utilization of mushroom residue. Therefore, this study took mushroom residue as the research object, and aiming to reveal its dynamic evolution law by monitoring the changing trend of DOC content, aromaticity, molecular weight and humification degree of DOM in mushroom residue at different decomposition stages (5^th, 15^th, 30^th and 60^th days). In this paper, the characteristic spectral parameters of DOM in mushroom residue were systematically measured and analyzed by UV-Vis absorption spectroscopy, including SUVA₂₅₄, SUVA₂₆₀, SUVA₂₈₀, A₂₅₀/A₃₆₅, A₃₀₀/A₄₀₀, α₃₅₅, and spectral slope (S_R), and the response order of DOM structure was further analyzed by combining with two-dimensional correlation spectrum (2D-COS). The results showed that the DOC content decreased significantly with the extension of the decomposition period, and decreased by 71.05% on the 60^th day compared with the 5^th day, indicating that the easily degradable organic carbon components in the mushroom residue were preferentially utilized by microorganisms. SUVA₂₅₄ and SUVA₂60 decreased at first and then increased, while SUVA₂₈₀ increased at first and then decreased, indicating that the aromatic components with simple structure in DOM were preferentially decomposed by microorganisms. A₂₅₀/A₃₆₅ and A₃₀₀/A₄00 gradually decreased during the decomposition process, reflecting the increase of DOM molecular weight and humification degree. α₃₅₅ decreased significantly, and the S_R value was always less than 1, indicating that the DOM of mushroom residue was dominated by external input. 2D-COS analysis showed that the aromatic component (200 nm) was the most sensitive to the decomposition process. To sum up, this study revealed the regular phenomenon that DOM structure tends to be complex and stable in the decomposition process of mushroom residue, which would provide theoretical support for soil carbon sequestration and mushroom residue resource utilization. In the future, with the help of three-dimensional fluorescence and high-resolution mass spectrometry, the composition and transformation path of DOM in mushroom residue could be deeply analyzed, and the correlation analysis between DOM and microbial community function could be strengthened to fully reveal the driving mechanism and long-term ecological effect of DOM transformation of mushroom residue.