The study addressed the industrial challenges of low flowering rate and reduced yield in off-season pitaya cultivation caused by light and temperature limitations in tropical regions. By leveraging the unique advantages of bio-based carbon quantum dots (CQDs) in enhancing photosynthesis and stress resistance, we systematically investigated the regulatory effects on the photosynthetic characteristics, yield, and fruit quality of pitaya. Using four-year-old Taiwan No. 6 red-fleshed pitaya as the plant material, different concentrations of CQDs (CDS₂₀₀, CDS₂₅₀, CDS₃₀₀, CDS₅₀₀) and the combinations with nutritional elements (coCDS₃₀₀, coCDS₅₀₀, coCDS₈₀₀) were applied. Through field trials conducted in both summer and winter seasons, the dynamic changes in Rubisco activity, chlorophyll content, flowering characteristics, yield, and fruit quality were systematically investigated. Results demonstrated that during summer, CDS₂₅₀ and coCDS₃₀₀ rapidly increased Rubisco activity by 41.05% and 20.46% respectively compared to control, while composite treatments consistently outperformed single CQD applications. In winter, high-concentration treatments (CDS₂₀₀, CDS₂₅₀) exhibited a "rapid activation-fast decline" pattern in enzyme activity, whereas composite treatments maintained elevated Rubisco activity for 14 days. Chlorophyll synthesis was significantly enhanced, with summer CDS₂₀₀ increasing chlorophyll by 43.89% (versus 10.56% for chlorophyll a), and winter composite treatments elevating chlorophyll b proportion to 61.80% without affecting chlorophyll a. Notably, CQDs significantly promoted winter flowering with concentration-dependent effects, where CDS₅₀₀ showed the most prominent increase (141.80%), followed by coCDS₃₀₀ and CDS₃₀₀. Yield analysis revealed CDS₃₀₀ achieved 115.60% yield increase, while high-concentration CDS₂₀₀ showed weakest effects, consistent with its regulation on Rubisco activity, chlorophyll content and flowering. The premium fruit ratio reached 80.91% under coCDS₃₀₀, with all composite treatments outperformed single CQD groups. Winter yield enhancement (58.24%) markedly exceeded summer gains (27.19%). The research demonstrates that bio-based CQDs significantly enhance pitaya yield and quality by regulating photosynthetic systems and reproductive growth, with particularly prominent effects under low-light conditions in winter, providing technical support for off-season cultivation of tropical fruit trees.

To enhance the flower quantity and flowering quality of Phalaenopsis, this study investigated the regulatory effects of spraying 6-BA or multi-stem inducer before and after flower stalk emergence on the flowering traits and lateral branch development of different cultivars. The experiment employed one large-flowered cultivar and six small-flowered cultivars. Treatments included spraying 400 mg/L 6-BA or multi-stem inducer (200×dilution) before stalk emergence and 200 mg/L 6-BA after stalk emergence. Flowering indices such as stalk emergence time, double-stalk rate, multiple-stalk rate, stalk length, flower number, number of lateral branches on the stalk, and bud abortion count were measured. Spraying 6-BA or the multi-stem inducer before stalk emergence significantly promoted stalk emergence in small-flowered cultivars, increasing the double-stalk and multiple-stalk rates (e.g., the multiple-stalk rate of 'Jinbian linglong' reached 100%). However, it reduced the number of lateral branches on the stalk in some cultivars. The large-flowered cultivar 'Daliajiao' was insensitive to multi-stalk induction, with a double-stalk rate of only 3.3%, but its stalk emergence time was advanced by 20 days compared to the control after pre-emergence 6-BA treatment. Although spraying 6-BA after stalk emergence delayed flowering, it significantly increased the inflorescence length, flower number, number of lateral branches on the stalk, and the length of the longest lateral branch in small-flowered cultivars. It also induced varying degrees of bud abortion, with 'Jinbian kafei' being the most severely affected, showing a bud abortion rate as high as 59.2%. In conclusion, the effects of 6-BA on Phalaenopsis flowering exhibit significant cultivar differences and are dependent on the application timing. Treatment before stalk emergence is conducive to inducing multiple stalks in small-flowered cultivars and improving emergence uniformity, with the multi-stem inducer showing similar effects to 6-BA. Treatment after stalk emergence can optimize the inflorescence structure of small-flowered cultivars but requires attention to the risk of bud abortion. In production, the appropriate treatment timing should be selected based on cultivar characteristics and cultivation objectives.

Phoenix dactylifera L. (Date Palm), with a cultivation history of over 7000 years, ranks among the world's most ancient fruit trees. Renowned for its exceptional tolerance to drought, high temperatures, and salinity, it has become a highly valuable economic crop in arid regions. Advances in agricultural technology and growing awareness of ecological conservation underscore the strategic importance of developing efficient date palm cultivation technologies for food security, ecological protection, and enhanced regional economic benefits. This paper systematically explored the key technologies for high-quality and high-yield date palm cultivation under the synergistic framework of intelligent cultivation and green control. It comprehensively reviewed strategies for optimizing the growth environment, including soil adaptation, water regulation, and light & temperature management. Core high-yield cultivation techniques-such as soil preparation, planting density, precision fertilization, tree pruning, water-saving irrigation, and intercropping models were systematically integrated and summarized. The application status and potential of intelligent technologies, including the Internet of Things (IoT), big data, artificial intelligence (AI), and unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs), in precision date palm cultivation were discussed. Research progress and optimization directions for propagation techniques, notably offshoot propagation and tissue culture, were analyzed. Furthermore, an Integrated Pest Management (IPM) strategy centered on biological control was proposed as a green pest and disease control approach. The paper would provide prospects for the date palm industry from four key perspectives, ecological environment, cultivation technology innovation, industrial integration, and international cooperation, aiming to offer a solid scientific basis and technical support for the high-quality, efficient, and sustainable development of the date palm industry.

In China, areca palm yellow leaf disease (AYLD) is primarily attributed to infection with phytoplasmas from the 16SrI, 16SrII and 16SrXXXII groups. Currently, detection methods predominantly target the 16SrI group or non-specifically detect all three groups, lacking specific identification methods for the 16SrII group phytoplasmas. To achieve specific detection of 16SrII group phytoplasmas, specific nested PCR primers were designed and screened in this study based on the ribosomal protein (rp) gene sequence of 16SrII group phytoplasmas, and the characteristics and application efficacy of this method were subsequently evaluated. Results showed that the method could accurately distinguish positive samples from healthy ones. In the sensitivity comparison, the sensitivity of the method was higher than that of the universal nested PCR targeting the 16S rRNA and tuf genes. In the specificity evaluation, it showed no cross-reactivity with phytoplasmas from the 16SrI or 16SrXXXII groups, or with other tested areca palm pathogens and endophytic bacteria. In practical application, among 22 areca palm samples collected from Wenchang, Hainan Province, 4 samples were detected as positive; additionally, the method could detect 16SrII group phytoplasmas including Parthenium hysterophorus witches'-broom phytoplasma, Cleome rutidosperma witches'-broom phytoplasma, and peanut witches'-broom phytoplasma, demonstrating good applicability. In conclusion, the nested PCR method established in this study based on the rp gene has good specificity for the 16SrII group areca palm yellow leaf phytoplasmas, and could provide technical reference for field diagnosis and disease monitoring of the 16SrII group areca palm yellow leaf phytoplasmas.

Elucidating the response of rhizosphere soil microorganisms to the invasion of Fusarium in pepper provides a theoretical foundation and technical support for research on pepper rhizosphere microecology, the exploration of superior biocontrol resources, and the targeted control of pepper Fusarium wilt. Rhizosphere soil samples were collected from healthy (CK), mildly diseased (T₁), moderately diseased (T₂) and severely diseased (T₃) pepper plants. High-throughput sequencing and bioinformatics analyses were employed to compare the community structure and diversity of rhizosphere microorganisms and to assess the functional differences. CK had the highest number of unique bacterial OTUs, while T₁ had the highest number of unique fungal OTUs. At the genus level, the dominant bacterial genera included unclassified Acidobacteriaceae、unclassified Bacteria、unclassified Rhodospirillales、Gaiella、unclassified Betaproteobacteria、Terrimonas、unclassified Desulfuromonadia and Fontisphaera the dominant fungal genera included Thermoascus, Mortierella, Apiotrichum, Fusarium, Rasamsonia, unclassified Fungi, Paracremonium, Talaromyces, Debaryomyces and Metarhizium. With increasing disease severity, the richness of both bacteria and fungi initially increased and then decreased, while the diversity showed a trend of initial increase, followed by a decrease, and then a subsequent increase. PCoA results revealed distinct differences in bacterial and fungal communities among the treatments. Linear discriminant analysis (LEfSe) identified 14, 2, 6 and 6 bacteria-specific species at the genus level, respectively, and 12, 10, 7 and 9 fungi-specific species for CK, T₁, T₂ and T₃, respectively. Cross-domain correlation analysis between rhizosphere bacteria and fungi demonstrated that Fusarium was negatively correlated with Acidibacter, Bradyrhizobium and Bryobacter. As disease severity increased, the network parameters of bacterial and fungal community interactions exhibited an initial rise, followed by a decline, and then a subsequent rise. The abundance of potentially pathogenic microorganisms was significantly higher in diseased plants than that in healthy peppers, while the abundance of stress-tolerant microorganisms initially increased significantly and then decreased. The relative abundance of saprotrophs was significantly higher in severely diseased plants compared to healthy peppers, and the abundance of plant pathogens showed a significant increase-decrease-increase trend. Pepper Fusarium wilt significantly altered the characteristics of the rhizosphere soil microbiome. In the early stages of disease, pepper roots likely resist Fusarium infection by recruiting beneficial microorganisms, stimulating bacterial stress tolerance, and enhancing fungal saprotrophic and symbiotic functions. In the middle and late stages, intensified root damage leads to a decline in recruitment capacity, allowing pathogens to dominate and beneficial microbial communities to be suppressed.

Konjac (Amorphophallus spp.) is an important medicine and food economic crop in China, but its industrial development has long been threatened by soft rot disease, known as the konjac 'cancer'. Hainan is an emerging konjac producing area, but the current epidemiological pattern of konjac soft rot disease and pathogenic bacteria population structure is not clarified. The study was aimed to carry out soft rot disease investigation, pathogen isolation and identification, and to provide a scientific basis for the control of the disease. The survey of konjac soft rot disease in six cities and counties in Hainan showed that the highest incidence rate (46.01%) was found in the third team of Danzhou Experimental Farm, while that of Wenchang planting base is low (8.25%). Combining morphology, molecular biology (16S rDNA, proA, gapA and mdh multigene phylogenetic analysis) identifications and distribution information of pathogens, Dickeya fangzhongdai (88.64% of the total), Pectobacterium aroidearum (6.82%) and P. colocasium (4.54%), were the cause of the disease. Pathogenicity assay showed that D. fangzhongdai was high pathogenicity, and indoor screening showed that 0.3% tetramycin had the best inhibitory effect on D. fangzhongdai, with the lowest inhibitory concentration (MIC) of 1.825 μg/mL, followed by 80% ethacrynicin (MIC of 25 μg/mL) and 25% bromoxynil (MIC of 125 μg/mL). The dynamic changes of defence antioxidant enzymes and malondialdehyde in konjac in response to D. fangzhongdai infestation were determined by pot inoculation experiment. The results showed that the activity of superoxide dismutase (SOD) and peroxidase (POD) reached 182.57 U/g and 300.33 U/g, respectively, after 72 h of infestation, which was 2.27-fold and 7.03-fold higher than that of the control, while the activity of catalase (CAT) peaked at 24 h (1093.67 U/g) and decreased to 658.01 U/g in the later period (72 h). Malondialdehyde (MDA) content increased incrementally with infestation time and increased by 30.51% at 72 h compared to the control, and β-galactosidase (β-GAL) activity continued to rise [97 nmol/(min·g)] and increased by 36.86% compared to the control.

Xisha Islands are located in a low-latitude area that straddles the boundary between the Indian and eastern Asian monsoon systems. The unique and diverse ecosystem provides habitats for numerous microorganisms, generating exceptionally rich microbial resources. Due to the remote geographical locations of most islands and the fact that the coastal vegetation is in the vanguard stage of oligotrophic conditions, the microbial communities may differ from those of islands with complex vegetation. In this study, through the research on the fungal diversity of coastal coral sandy soil in Xisha Islands, two new species of Aspergillus, namely A. paraflavipes and A. ganquanensis, were isolated from the local coral sandy soil samples using potato-dextrose agar. Identifications of new species were carried out based on various methods such as detection of growth rate in plate culture, observation of colony morphology in plate growth, microscopic morphological comparison, and multi-gene combined phylogenetic analysis (ITS-BenA-CaM-RPB2). The results showed that the species exhibiedt taxonomic status and morphological characteristics that are different from those of existing species. By integrating various detection methods and comparison results, they could be regarded as new taxonomic units. A. paraflavipes and A. ganquanensis belonged to the genus Aspergillus, subgen. Circumdati in sect. Flavipedes and sect. Circumdati, respectively. According to the results of the combined phylogenetic analysis of multiple genes, A. paraflavipes in sect. Flavipedes was a separate lineage parallel to the ser. Flavipedes. According to its microscopic morphological structure, it is shown that the conidiomata of A. paraflavipes was very special, and the size of its stipes and vesicles was much smaller than that of other species in the sect. Flavipedes. According to the growth rate detection results, A. paraflavipes could grow at a relatively fast rate (21-24 mm, 7 days) on Czapek yeast autolysate (CYA) at 40 ℃. Among the ser. Flavipedes similar to A. paraflavipes, only A. ardalensis (growth rate ≤2 mm, 7 days) and A. templicola (4-8 mm, 7 days) could grow on CYA at 40 ℃. And its growth rate was extremely slow, and none of the other species grow. Based on the results of phylogenetic analysis, microscopic morphological observation and growth rate comparison, it is believed that A. paraflavipes is located in an undiscovered series in sect. Flavipedes. Therefore, we propose to establish a new strain, ser. Paraflavipedes, to accommodate A. paraflavipes. The detailed morphological comparison and the description of the identification results were described in the article. Multi-gene combined phylogenetic analysis showed A. ganquanensis presented a unique branch in the sect. Circumdati, ser. Sclerotiorum, showing similar morphology to those of the species in this series. This study isolated and documented two new species of Aspergillus originated from the Xisha Islands, expanding our understanding of the fungal diversity of the Xisha Islands. Moreover, it is particularly important to record the biodiversity of the ecosystem before human activities affecting it.

As the main organic waste after the cultivation of edible fungi, the resource utilization of mushroom residue is of great significance to the sustainable development of agriculture. Dissolved organic matter (DOM) is the key active component in the decomposition process of mushroom residue, and the dynamic changes of its content and structure evolution directly affect the environmental effect and fertility release of mushroom residue after returning to the field. At present, the research on the evolution law of DOM system at different decomposition stages of mushroom residue is not clear. Especially, the quantitative analysis on the continuous changes of key physical and chemical properties such as DOM aromaticity, molecular weight and humification degree is insufficient, which limits the efficient resource utilization of mushroom residue. Therefore, this study took mushroom residue as the research object, and aiming to reveal its dynamic evolution law by monitoring the changing trend of DOC content, aromaticity, molecular weight and humification degree of DOM in mushroom residue at different decomposition stages (5^th, 15^th, 30^th and 60^th days). In this paper, the characteristic spectral parameters of DOM in mushroom residue were systematically measured and analyzed by UV-Vis absorption spectroscopy, including SUVA₂₅₄, SUVA₂₆₀, SUVA₂₈₀, A₂₅₀/A₃₆₅, A₃₀₀/A₄₀₀, α₃₅₅, and spectral slope (S_R), and the response order of DOM structure was further analyzed by combining with two-dimensional correlation spectrum (2D-COS). The results showed that the DOC content decreased significantly with the extension of the decomposition period, and decreased by 71.05% on the 60^th day compared with the 5^th day, indicating that the easily degradable organic carbon components in the mushroom residue were preferentially utilized by microorganisms. SUVA₂₅₄ and SUVA₂60 decreased at first and then increased, while SUVA₂₈₀ increased at first and then decreased, indicating that the aromatic components with simple structure in DOM were preferentially decomposed by microorganisms. A₂₅₀/A₃₆₅ and A₃₀₀/A₄00 gradually decreased during the decomposition process, reflecting the increase of DOM molecular weight and humification degree. α₃₅₅ decreased significantly, and the S_R value was always less than 1, indicating that the DOM of mushroom residue was dominated by external input. 2D-COS analysis showed that the aromatic component (200 nm) was the most sensitive to the decomposition process. To sum up, this study revealed the regular phenomenon that DOM structure tends to be complex and stable in the decomposition process of mushroom residue, which would provide theoretical support for soil carbon sequestration and mushroom residue resource utilization. In the future, with the help of three-dimensional fluorescence and high-resolution mass spectrometry, the composition and transformation path of DOM in mushroom residue could be deeply analyzed, and the correlation analysis between DOM and microbial community function could be strengthened to fully reveal the driving mechanism and long-term ecological effect of DOM transformation of mushroom residue.

Banana has high nutritional and economic value. However, banana is easy to decay after harvest, making preservation difficult. Banana quality is significantly affected by external conditions. Temperature is a key factor in regulating the post-harvest banana ripening quality. Zhongre No. 1 is a new variety resistant to Fusarium wilt with high yield and good quality, which is independently cultivated by our research group. However, its optimal storage temperature has not been clearly defined. Therefore, investigating the effect of different temperature on the post-harvest quality of Zhongre No. 1 is of great significance for the industrialization of the variety. In the study, freshly harvested Zhongre No. 1 banana was ripened at 14 ℃, 16 ℃, 18 ℃, 20 ℃, 22 ℃ and 25 ℃, respectively. Aimed at determining the optimal preservation temperature, the ripening characteristics and starch degradation dynamics were systematically observed, and indicators such as weight loss rate, peel color difference, ethylene release amount, firmness, and starch and sugar content were measured to analyze the effect of storage temperature on the quality indicators. The results showed that higher temperature led to faster fruit color change, weight loss, bunch separation, ethylene release, softening, and starch degradation. Different temperature had little effect on fructose and glucose content but significantly affected sucrose content, with the sucrose content in 22 ℃ and 25 ℃ being significantly higher than that at 14 ℃ and 18 ℃, among which 22 ℃ had the highest sucrose content and 14 ℃ had the lowest. Banana stored at 14 ℃ had the strongest storability, with stable color after turning yellow, making them suitable for long-term storage and transportation. Banana at 22 ℃ ripened quickly and had high sweetness but poor color. Banana at 18 ℃ ripened relatively quickly with golden and plump fruit color, making it more suitable for rapid shelf placement and sales. Banana at 25 ℃ failed to normally lose green color, was easy to bunch separation, and lost commercial value.

In order to clarify the chemical composition characteristics of Blumea balsamifera, screen anti-inflammatory active components, and identify quality markers (Q-markers), and to provide a scientific basis for the quality control of B. balsamifera, a total of 15 B. balsamifera raw herb and 14 powder herb from Zhenfeng, Ceheng and other regions in Guizhou province were utilized for the research. Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) was employed to establish fingerprint profiles. Hierarchical cluster analysis (HCA), principal component analysis (PCA), and orthogonal partial least squares-discriminant analysis (OPLS-DA) were applied for data processing. To predict the core anti-inflammatory components, a "component-target-pathway" network was constructed using network pharmacology. This prediction was further supplemented by molecular docking verification. A total of 31 compounds were identified. In the GC-MS analysis, 22 and 16 common peaks were calibrated for the B. balsamifera raw herb and powder herb, with sample similarities ranging from 0.971 to 0.997 and 0.991 to 0.999, respectively. The consistency in chemical profiles indicates that the overall quality of the materials is stable. HCA classified B. balsamifera raw herb into 3 clusters and powder herb into 4 clusters. PCA extracted 4 principal components for each sample type, with cumulative contribution rates of 87.137% and 88.495%, respectively, which could effectively characterize sample quality. OPLS-DA identified 5 differential markers (including L-borneol and camphor) from B. balsamifera raw herb and 6 differential markers (including β-caryophyllene and xanthoxylin) from powder herb. Network pharmacology analysis suggested that palmitic acid, 3-octanol, α-eudesmol, γ-eudesmol and perillaldehyde might be the core anti-inflammatory components of B. balsamifera. The components could act on key targets such as EGFR, PTGS2, ESR1, JAK2 and PPARG, and regulate inflammation-related pathways including arachidonic acid metabolism, Th17 cell differentiation, PPAR signaling pathway and JAK-STAT signaling pathway. Molecular docking results showed that the 5 anti-inflammatory components had good binding affinity with target proteins, with binding energies<0 kcal/mol. L-borneol, camphor and γ-eudesmol were identified as the Q-markers of B. balsamifera. The results would provide support for the quality evaluation, anti-inflammatory mechanism research, and efficient resource utilization of B. balsamifera.