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The study addressed the industrial challenges of low flowering rate and reduced yield in off-season pitaya cultivation caused by light and temperature limitations in tropical regions. By leveraging the unique advantages of bio-based carbon quantum dots (CQDs) in enhancing photosynthesis and stress resistance, we systematically investigated the regulatory effects on the photosynthetic characteristics, yield, and fruit quality of pitaya. Using four-year-old Taiwan No. 6 red-fleshed pitaya as the plant material, different concentrations of CQDs (CDS200, CDS250, CDS300, CDS500) and the combinations with nutritional elements (coCDS300, coCDS500, coCDS800) were applied. Through field trials conducted in both summer and winter seasons, the dynamic changes in Rubisco activity, chlorophyll content, flowering characteristics, yield, and fruit quality were systematically investigated. Results demonstrated that during summer, CDS250 and coCDS300 rapidly increased Rubisco activity by 41.05% and 20.46% respectively compared to control, while composite treatments consistently outperformed single CQD applications. In winter, high-concentration treatments (CDS200, CDS250) exhibited a "rapid activation-fast decline" pattern in enzyme activity, whereas composite treatments maintained elevated Rubisco activity for 14 days. Chlorophyll synthesis was significantly enhanced, with summer CDS200 increasing chlorophyll by 43.89% (versus 10.56% for chlorophyll a), and winter composite treatments elevating chlorophyll b proportion to 61.80% without affecting chlorophyll a. Notably, CQDs significantly promoted winter flowering with concentration-dependent effects, where CDS500 showed the most prominent increase (141.80%), followed by coCDS300 and CDS300. Yield analysis revealed CDS300 achieved 115.60% yield increase, while high-concentration CDS200 showed weakest effects, consistent with its regulation on Rubisco activity, chlorophyll content and flowering. The premium fruit ratio reached 80.91% under coCDS300, with all composite treatments outperformed single CQD groups. Winter yield enhancement (58.24%) markedly exceeded summer gains (27.19%). The research demonstrates that bio-based CQDs significantly enhance pitaya yield and quality by regulating photosynthetic systems and reproductive growth, with particularly prominent effects under low-light conditions in winter, providing technical support for off-season cultivation of tropical fruit trees.
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| 科 Family | 属数 Number of genus | 种数 Number of species | 占总种数比例 Percentage of total species (%) | 属 Genus | 种数 Number of species | 占总种数比例 Percentage of total species (%) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae | 2 | 11 | 5.26 | 鹅膏菌属 Amanita | 10 | 4.78 |
| 小菇科 Mycenaceae | 2 | 12 | 5.74 | 丝盖伞属 Inocybe | 5 | 2.39 |
| 多孔菌科 Polyporaceae | 8 | 14 | 6.70 | 蜡蘑属 Laccaria | 5 | 2.39 |
| 红菇科 Russulaceae | 3 | 23 | 11.00 | 小皮伞属 Marasmius | 6 | 2.87 |
| 小菇属 Mycena | 11 | 5.26 | ||||
| 光柄菇属 Pluteus | 5 | 2.39 | ||||
| 红菇属 Russula | 17 | 8.13 | ||||
| 栓菌属 Trametes | 5 | 2.39 |
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