To investigate the function of the sensory neuron membrane protein (SNMP) in the tomato leafminer Tuta absoluta, the SNMP genes were identified at the whole genome level using BLAST and HMMER homology search approaches. Full-length cDNA sequences of TabsSNMPs were obtained by RT-PCR, followed by comprehensive bioinformatics analyses to characterize the gene structures, physicochemical properties, spatial structures, and phylogenetic relationships. Furthermore, the expression patterns of TabsSNMPs in different tissues were detected by qRT-PCR. The results showed that there were two SNMP genes in T. absoluta, namely TabsSNMP1 and TabsSNMP2. The gene sequence lengths were 47 817 bp and 41 859 bp, respectively, with open reading frames (ORFs) of 1572 bp and 1560 bp, encoding 523 and 519 amino acids, respectively. The predicted protein molecular weights were 58.64 kDa and 57.94 kDa, and the isoelectric point were 7.54 and 6.72, respectively. The structural modeling indicated that both proteins contained two transmembrane regions and a large extracellular loop. The phylogenetic tree suggested that TabsSNMP1 clustered with Ostrinia furnacalis OfurSNMP1 and Chilo suppressalis CsupSNMP1, while TabsSNMP2 formed a clade with Pectinophora gossypiella PgosSNMP2. Tissue expression profiles showed that TabsSNMP1 and TabsSNMP2 were highly expressed in the antennae of both sexes, with significantly higher expression in male antennae, suggesting the involvement in male-specific sex pheromone recognition. Our findings would provide a theoretical basis for further study of the SNMP genes function in T. absoluta.

The aim of the study was to investigate the differences in fruit quality and conduct a comprehensive evaluation of major mango cultivars across different regions in Guangxi. Four cultivars (Jinhuang, Guifei, Tainong, and Guiqi) from four producing areas (Baise, Nanning, Yulin, and Qinzhou) were selected as the research subjects. The quality of mangoes was assessed using national standard analytical methods. Systematic analyses were performed via correlation analysis, cluster heatmap analysis, and principal component analysis (PCA). Jinhuang exhibited higher average values in single-fruit weight (748.86 g), peel thickness (2.30 mm), stone weight (98.37 g), edible rate (89.91%), fruit shape index (1.92), firmness (10.53 N), and sugar-acid ratio (52.73). Guiqi showed superior performance in color difference (19.30), SSC (22.67%), Vc (52.73 mg/100 g), total sugar (52.73 mg/g), and β-carotene (39.30 mg/g). Significant regional differences (P<0.05) were observed in peel thickness, sugar-acid ratio, Vc, total sugar, and β-carotene among the same cultivars from different areas. Correlation analysis revealed strong positive correlations between single-fruit weight and stone weight, edible rate, and fruit shape index (r=0.78); color difference and SSC (r=0.75); SSC and total sugar (r=0.81); and Vc and β-carotene (r=0.87). Fruit shape index was negatively correlated with Vc and β-carotene (r=-0.85), while titratable acidity showed a strong negative correlation with sugar-acid ratio (r=-0.80). Cluster analysis categorized the 13 indices into four groups, morphological traits, peel characteristics, physicochemical properties, and nutritional quality. PCA extracted four principal components (cumulative variance contribution: 88.41%), capturing the majority of original quality information. Comprehensive scores ranked cultivars as Guiqi>Jinhuang>Tainong>Guifei and regions as Baise>Nanning>Yulin>Qinzhou. Significant quality variations existed among cultivars, with Guiqi demonstrating superior sweetness and nutritional quality compared to the more acidic Guifei. Guiqi from Baise, Jinhuang and Guifei from Nanning, and Tainong from Yulin exhibited optimal fruit quality traits, highlighting regional and cultivar-specific advantages.

Pineapple fruit is rich in water, not suitable for storage, and has a relatively short shelf life, which seriously restricts the sales of fresh pineapple fruit. Low temperature storage is one of the effective measures to delay the quality deterioration of pineapple fruits after harvesting. To investigate the changes in antioxidant activity and quality of pineapples fruits at different shelf periods after low temperature storage, principal component analysis (PCA) and correlation analysis methods were used to comprehensively evaluate twelve antioxidant activity and quality parameters of pineapple fruits storage at 10 ℃ and shelf life at 25 ℃. The results indicated that the trend of phenylalanine ammonia lyase (PAL) activity and total phenolics (TP) content of fruits changes during the shelf life after low-temperature storage was consistent, with a significant decrease in titratable acidity (TA) and vitamin C (AsA) content, but no significant change in hydrogen peroxide (H₂O₂) and total soluble solids (TSS) content. Correlation analysis showed that the shelf life AsA content was significantly positively correlation with TAOC. PCA showed that the content of H₂O₂, malondialdehyde (MDA), and the activities of superoxide dismutase (SOD) and polyphenol oxidase (PPO) exhibited the determined antioxidant activity of pineapple fruits, while TP and TA content acted as important parameters for evaluating pineapple fruits during shelf life. The comprehensive evaluation score of pineapple fruits storage at low temperature for fifteen days showed the highest, and the comprehensive evaluation score of pineapple fruits with one day shelf life showed relatively high. Therefore, storing pineapples at low temperatures for 15-20 days followed by a shelf life of 1 day can effectively maintain their antioxidant activity and quality.

The objective of this study is to elucidate the floral characteristics and flowering dynamics of Bougainvillea spp., investigate the variations in pollen viability, stigma acceptability, and cross-compatibility among different varieties, and provide theoretical and technical guidance for the crossbreeding in Bougainvillea spp.. Nine varieties of Bougainvillea were chosen to examine the floral traits and flowering patterns, also to assess pollen viability and stigma acceptability. Suitable parents were selected for cross-pollination, and the germination of pollen tubes along with the seed-setting rate of hybridization were observed. The pollen viability of the six male varieties, measured by the ex vivo germination method was high. Among which, three varieties exhibited high pollen viability and could be used as the male parents. The results from the stigma detection of three varieties by benzidine-hydrogen peroxide method showed that the stigma had the strongest deliverability in the V. period, it was concluded that the low seed-setting rate was due to the substantial amount of callose produced in the stigma and the columella following pollination, which distorted and deformed the pollen tube, resulting in only a limited number of pollen tubes reaching the ovule to complete fertilization. Additionally, significant differences were observed in the seed-setting rates among various hybrid combinations. Incompatibility was noted across various cross combinations, predominantly attributed to pre-fertilization disorders.

The favorable climatic resources in Yunnan Province have nurtured the rich and diverse plant resources, providing various sources of forage for the development of local herbivorous animal husbandry. Yet, the vast majority of the plant resources has not been well excavated and utilized, which not only severely restricts the development of herbivorous animal husbandry, but also leads to high consumption of feed grains. Consequently, exploring protein-rich plants with high feeding value is of great significance for the green and healthy development of herbivorous animal husbandry in Yunnan Province. This study measured 16 nutritional indicators, including crude protein, crude fiber, neutral detergent fiber, calcium and phosphorus of 25 common protein forages collected from the subtropical areas of Yunnan Province. The nutritional values of the plants were comprehensively evaluated using grey correlation analysis. The crude protein content of the tested plants varied from 11.03% to 21.73%, among which the crude protein content of 6 plants, including Trifolium repens L. cv. Haifa, Lablab purpureus, Medicago sativa, Sophora davidii, Amorpha fruticosa and Robinia pseudoacacia was above 20%, suggesting good protein for rotein feed. The crude protein content of the remaining 19 plants, such as Broussonetia papyrifera and Leucaena leucocephala, ranged from 11.03% to 18.69%, meeting the basic requirements for the protein feed. According to the comprehensive evaluation, there were 15 plants with excellent nutritional value, among which the top 4 were L. purpureus, T. repens L. cv. Haifa, B. papyrifera and Stylosanthes guianensis, which have significant development and utilization value. Among the 10 plants evaluated as moderate, the crude protein content of S. davidii and R. pseudoacacia exceeded 20%, while the trace element content of Fe, Cu, Zn, and Se in Cajanus scarabaeoides, C. cajan, R. pseudoacacia, S. davidii, Haymondia wallichii and Lespedeza cuneata demonstrated significantly higher levels than that of corn. In the future development and application, the nutritional characteristics of protein-rich forages should be fully utilized, and it should be used in combination with the other feeds to meet the balanced nutritional needs of livestock, achieve cost saving and efficiency improvement by reducing soybean meal reduction and promoting healthy breeding of herbivorous livestock.

Ethrel is widely used as a stimulant in rubber tree plantations, which plays an important role in increaisng latex yield effectively and reducing labor requirements for tapping. However, the stimulatory effect of ethrel exhibits a pronounced dose-response relationship, excessive application may lead to adverse effects, such as tapping panel dryness (TPD). In this study, rubber tree clone Reyan 73397 was used as the experimental material, and an ultra-high performance liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (UPLC-MS/MS) method for the trace determination of ethrel in the bark was developed. The distribution of ethrel at various time points and different parts of the bark following its application was investigated. The samples were extracted using a methanol∶1% formic acid aqueous solution (9∶1,V/V), and directly analyzed after filtration. The samples were separated by waters CORTECS HILIC C18 column (100 mm×2.1 mm, 1.6 μm) with mobile phase A (0.01% ammonia solution) and mobile phase B (acetonitrile∶water 80∶20, V/V) at a flow rate of 1.0 mL/min. The detection was performed under electrospray ion source, negative ion scanning and multiple reaction monitoring (MRM) mode. Quantitative analysis was conducted using external standard calibration curves, quantitative ion was 107. The results showed a good linear relationship for ethrel within the range of 0.02 μg/mL to 1.00 μg/mL, with coefficient of determination (R²) of 0.9997. Recoveries ranged from 85.3% to 101.2% at spiked levels 0.1 µg/kg to 1.0 µg/kg, with relative standard deviations of 1.14%-7.28%, and limits of quantification (LOQ) of 0.1 µg/kg. This method was applied to study the distribution characteristics of ethrel in stimulated bark rings, both above and below the ethrel-treated 5 cm and 10 cm areas, after applying different concentrations of ethrel (0.5%, 2.0%,4.0%) over 0-96 h. The results revealed that ethrel was unevenly distributed in the rubber tree, the concentration at the stimulated area was significantly higher than that in other areas, areas closer to the stimulated bark were higher than that in distant areas, and the areas below the stimulated bark were higher than that above it. The concentration of ethrel at the stimulated area showed a significant positive correlation with the stimulated ethrel concentration. Additionally, the concentration displayed an initial increase followed by a gradual decline over time. For the three concentrations, peak levels were observed between 12 h and 24 h post-stimulation, after which a gradual decrease occurred, with relatively high concentrations still detectable at 96 h. Compared to the indirect measurement of ethylene release rates by gas chromatography, this method has many significant advantages, including simplicity, rapidity, excellent reproducibility, and high sensitivity, thereby providing reliable technical support for the quantitative analysis of ethrel in rubber trees. The study preliminarily revealed the absorption, distribution and transport patterns of externally stimulated ethrel on rubber tree tapping cuts. It was found that the diffusion and transport of ethrel were limited, with the compound primarily concentrated at the stimulation site. The findings would provide a theoretical basis for further elucidating the dose-dependent effects of ethrel on yield stimulation and guiding its safe and efficient application.

Cassava is one of the three major tuber crops in the world, and is also an important food crop in tropical and subtropical regions. Bacterial blight (CBB) is an important disease for cassava. CCCH (C3H)-type zinc finger proteins are widely present in most of organisms, not only involved in plant growth and development, hormone regulation, but also in response to biotic and abiotic stresses. Although the function of some C3H genes in other plants has been reported, but that in cassava has not been reported. In this study, we analyzed the phylogenetic characteristics, chromosome location, gene structure, promoter cis-acting elements and collinearity of cassava C3H genes. A total of 89 C3H genes (MeC3H01-MeC3H89) were identified in cassava, which were distributed on 18 chromosomes. The phylogenetic tree showed that 89 MeC3H proteins were classified into 4 subfamilies. The C3H gene promoters contains multiple stress, hormones, plant growth and development response elements. 39 pairs of cassava C3H genes had homologous relationships, indicating that these genes may be amplified by replication during evolution. We also analyzed the response expression pattern of C3H genes after cassava was infected by Xanthomonas phaseoli pv. manihotis (Xpm) by transcriptome and real-time quantitative PCR (qPCR) experiments. The expression levels of MeC3H49, MeC3H42 and MeC3H68 were significantly up-regulated, and those of MeC3H35, MeC3H77, MeC3H36, MeC3H31 and MeC3H86 were significantly down-regulated. In summary, we identified the cassava C3H gene family members and their expression patterns in response to Xpm infection, which lays a foundation for further analysis of the function of MeC3Hs.

This study investigated the sexual cross-compatibility of the double-flowered Lagerstroemia speciosa ‘Yunchang’, using it as the maternal parent and crossing it with Lagerstroemia speciosa (Deep Purple), Lagerstroemia speciosa (Deep Purplish Pink A), L. indica ‘Red Rocket’, L. indica ‘Pink Velour’, L. balansae, L. siamica, L. tomentosa, and L. indica ‘Red Leaf’ as paternal parents. Through experiments including pollen viability testing, stigma receptivity assessment, hybridization, hybrid seed germination, and fluorescence microscopy observation of pollen tube germination and growth after pollination, the cross-compatibility of double-flowered Lagerstroemia speciosa ‘Yunchang’ during sexual reproduction was systematically analyzed. The results showed: (1) The stigmas of double-flowered Lagerstroemia speciosa ‘Yunchang’ exhibited receptivity throughout the day, peaking between 10: 00 AM and 12: 00 PM when the stigma surface appeared dark blue with abundant bubble formation. (2) The cross between double-flowered Lagerstroemia speciosa ‘Yunchang’ and Lagerstroemia speciosa (Deep Purplish Pink A) demonstrated significantly higher fruit set rate (22.2%), fruit longitudinal diameter (19.45 mm), thousand-seed weight (7.9 g), and seedling emergence rate (8.7%) compared to other combinations. The cross with L. indica 'Red Rocket' produced the highest number of seeds (153 seeds), while no fruit set was observed in the cross with L. balansae. Severe distant hybridization barriers were identified, particularly showing the lowest compatibility between double-flowered Lagerstroemia speciosa ‘Yunchang’ and L. balansae. (3) Fluorescence microscopy observations of combinations with high and low fruit set rates revealed that no pollen germination occurred on stigmas within 0-48 hours post-pollination in low fruit set combinations. In high fruit set combinations, no pollen grain germination was observed at 0 h and 2 h post-pollination; however, at 4 h and 6 h, a few pollen tubes began elongating, accompanied by significant callose deposition on stigmas and pollen tube rupture. Pollen tube elongation became more pronounced at 8 h and 24 h post-pollination. By 48 h, pollen tubes had elongated to the style position, with substantial callose interference and pollen tube distortion. These observations suggest that the sexual hybridization barriers in double-flowered Lagerstroemia speciosa ‘Yunchang’ may originate from extensive callose interference on the stigma.

Citrus is a dominant fruit industry in China, which is of great significance for promoting rural revitalization. However, there are many natural pores on the surface of citrus fruits. During post-harvest storage and transportation, they are highly susceptible to infection by pathogens, leading to diseases. Among them, citrus green mold is caused by the infection of Penicillium digitatum. The disease progresses rapidly and is highly contagious, severely deteriorating the quality of fruits after harvest and causing huge economic losses to the citrus industry. Our research team targeted the pathogen of citrus green mold. An actinomycete strain, R₂A-77, which exhibits excellent antagonistic effects against the pathogen of citrus green mold, was isolated and screened from the rhizosphere soil of red-orange plants in the Jiuzhoujiang Red-orange Orchard in Lianjiang, Zhanjiangy, Guangdong. The strain was characterized through morphological observation, physiological and biochemical tests, and molecular biological identification. The antibacterial activity of the fermentation broth was determined by measuring the diameter of the growth inhibition zone of the target bacteria according to the growth rate method. Single-factor and cross-combination experiments were conducted to optimize the fermentation conditions of the strain, aiming to enhance the antibacterial activity of the fermentation broth. The results indicated that the actinomycete R₂A-77 was preliminarily identified as the genus Streptomyces. The optimal fermentation medium was sucrose 10 g/L, soybean peptone 35 g/L, and distilled water 1000 mL. The optimal fermentation conditions were as follows: initial pH of 7.0, fermentation time of 6 days, inoculum size of 3%, and liquid volume of 150 mL in a 250 mL flask. After optimization, the antibacterial activity of the fermentation broth of actinomycete R₂A-77 increased by 15% compared to that before optimization, with an antibacterial rate of 98%. The results suggest that actinomycete R₂A-77 has a good antagonistic effect against P. digitatum, demonstrating promising practical application prospects. It would accumulate resources for the green prevention and control of citrus green mold and lays a foundation for large-scale fermentation and the development of microbial agents in the future.

Cassava (Manihot esculenta Crantz) has excellent characteristics such as barren resistance, drought resistance and strong stress resistance. Its roots are rich in carbohydrates, which can provide food rations for 1 billion people around the world, and plays an important role in consumption. The glycemic index (GI) is an indicator of how fast blood sugar rises after eating food containing carbohydrates for a certain period of time. Edible cassava with low glycemic index can improve blood sugar level, control body weight, and promote the edible and diversified development of cassava. Resource evaluation can provide a basis for the improvement of cassava varieties with low glycemic index. With three domestic popular edible cassava varieties for the test materials (SC9, SC12, SC6068), the determination of the important agronomic traits and cooking before and after the total starch, fast digest starch, slow digestion starch, resistant starch, amylose, amylopectin, crude protein, crude fiber and other quality traits and in vitro sugar rise index were evaluated. The average weight of single potato was 3.31-4.13 kg, the starch rate of fresh potato was 25.07%-27.53%, and the dry rate was 37.07%-38.91%. GI of SC9, SC12 and SC6068 was 42.6, 43.5 and 43.4, respectively, which was low glycemic index, 69.4, 66.9 and 64.0, respectively, all belonging to medium glycemic index food. In addition, the nutrient components changed significantly before and after cooking, in which the rapidly digested starch content and crude fiber content increased, the resistant starch content and soluble sugar content decreased significantly. Correlation analysis of each index found that the correlation between the glycemic index and the rapidly digested starch content and crude fiber content, the correlation coefficient was 0.95, with the resistant starch content and soluble sugar content, the correlation coefficient was -0.99 and -0.88 respectively, and the glycemic index and gelatinization characteristics. The differences of cassava varieties, processing methods, starch content and fiber content have a great influence on the glycemic index. Before cooking, SC9 has the lowest glycemic index, the highest taste evaluation, and good stability in processing, so it has the most potential for development among the three varieties.