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Camellia oleifera, a vital woody oil crop in China, has been increasingly threatened by declining soil fertility and frequent disease outbreaks due to improper cultivation practices. Among these, anthracnose is one of the primary diseases limiting yield. To explore environmentally friendly and sustainable control strategies, this study employed biochar as a carrier to deliver Bacillus velezensis SK1-5-2, aiming to evaluate its plant growth-promoting potential and its efficacy in suppressing anthracnose. Pot experiments demonstrated that biochar-loaded SK1-5-2-GFP significantly enhanced C. oleifera growth, improved soil physicochemical properties, and increased disease resistance, indicating a strong synergistic effect. Compared to CK, the biochar-loaded bacterial treatment (BB) significantly improved plant height, leaf area, basal stem diameter, chlorophyll content, and fresh weight. Notably, stem diameter in the BB group increased more substantially than that in the group treated with bacterial suspension alone (BV). Colonization assays revealed that strain SK1-5-2-GFP stably adhered within the porous structure of biochar and efficiently colonized the intercellular spaces in the rhizosphere of C. oleifera, with its viability and functionality unaffected by GFP labeling. Soil properties, total nitrogen, available phosphorus, and organic matter contents in the BB group increased by 55.2%,334.0%, and 181.0%, respectively, compared to CK. Additionally, available potassium in the biochar-only group (BC) increased by 63.1%. Regarding soil enzyme activities, the BB group exhibited significant increases in catalase (28.0%), sucrase (44.4%), urease (57.9%), and acid phosphatase (338.6%) activities compared to CK. Rhizosphere microbial community analysis showed that BB treatment significantly elevated the relative abundance of beneficial microbes, with Bacillus and Priestia emerging as dominant genera. Among fungal communities, the abundance of Talaromyces increased, whereas the pathogenic Fusarium genus obviously declined. The anthracnose incidence in the BB group dropped to 55.6%, markedly lower than that in the BV (60.1%) and BC (77.8%) groups. In conclusion, biochar-loaded B. velezensis enhanced plant growth and disease resistance in C. oleifera by optimizing the rhizosphere microenvironment, modulating microbial community composition, and suppressing phytopathogens. This study would provide a novel microbial regulation strategy for the sustainable cultivation of C. oleifera, offering valuable insights for future applications of agricultural microorganisms and soil improvement technologies.
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| 科 Family | 属数 Number of genus | 种数 Number of species | 占总种数比例 Percentage of total species (%) | 属 Genus | 种数 Number of species | 占总种数比例 Percentage of total species (%) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae | 2 | 11 | 5.26 | 鹅膏菌属 Amanita | 10 | 4.78 |
| 小菇科 Mycenaceae | 2 | 12 | 5.74 | 丝盖伞属 Inocybe | 5 | 2.39 |
| 多孔菌科 Polyporaceae | 8 | 14 | 6.70 | 蜡蘑属 Laccaria | 5 | 2.39 |
| 红菇科 Russulaceae | 3 | 23 | 11.00 | 小皮伞属 Marasmius | 6 | 2.87 |
| 小菇属 Mycena | 11 | 5.26 | ||||
| 光柄菇属 Pluteus | 5 | 2.39 | ||||
| 红菇属 Russula | 17 | 8.13 | ||||
| 栓菌属 Trametes | 5 | 2.39 |
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