Alpinia oxyphylla Miq. renowned as one of the "Four Great Southern Medicinal Herbs" of China, possesses modern pharmacological activities including antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, neuroprotective, and anti-tumor effects. However, with its wild resources increasingly depleted and cultivated plants facing pressures from pests, diseases, and climate change, there is an urgent need to enhance germplasm quality and stress resistance through biotechnological approaches. This study aimed to analyze the codon usage bias in the chloroplast genome of A. oxyphylla Miq. providing a theoretical basis for its subsequent applications in genetic engineering and synthetic biology. Fifty-one high-quality protein-coding sequences from the A. oxyphylla chloroplast genome were screened based on multiple filtering criteria. Codon usage characteristics were analyzed using CodonW 1.4.2 software combined with the online platform CUSP. There existed significant A/U-ending preference. The GC content showed a decreasing gradient (GC₁=45.69%>GC₂=38.79%>GC₃=27.50%), with 90.6% of the preferred codons (RSCU>1) ending in A/U. There existed overall weak codon usage bias. The mean effective number of codons (ENC) was 46.56 (67.78% of genes had ENC>45), and the mean codon adaptation index (CAI) was 0.17. Natural selection dominated codon evolution. Neutrality plot analysis showed no significant correlation between GC₁₂ and GC₃. The actual values significantly deviated from the expected curve in the ENC-plot. The PR2-plot revealed a bias at the GC₃ position favoring A>T and C>G. Ten optimal codons were identified. This study is the first to reveal the conserved A/U-ending preference and the multifactor synergistic regulatory mechanism dominated by natural selection in the A. oxyphylla chloroplast genome. The identified optimal codons could serve as key elements for chloroplast genetic engineering in A. oxyphylla. Directional optimization of codon usage in exogenous genes (e.g., genes encoding enzymes for medicinal compound synthesis) using the codons is expected to enhance the expression efficiency, providing technical support for A. oxyphylla quality improvement and stress-resistant breeding.

Banana anthracnose, caused by Colletotrichum musae, is a major postharvest disease that threatens fruit quality and banana industry sustainability. Phospholipase (PL) plays dual roles in plant disease resistance and pathogen metabolism, acting as a key enzyme in defense responses and as a virulence factor for pathogenic fungi.. Previous studies have shown that PL inhibitors can help maintaining membrane stability under stress conditions. In this study, the inhibitory effects of three PL inhibitors, i.e. quinacrine dihydrochloride (QU), neomycin sulfate (NE), and n-hexanol (Hex), on C. musae were evaluated through in vitro antifungal assays. Results showed that all three inhibitors significantly suppressed mycelial growth and spore production of C. musae. The half-maximal inhibitory concentrations (IC₅₀) for mycelial growth were 1.00 mmol/L (QU), 5.00 mmol/L (NE), and 8.80 mmol/L (Hex). Enzymatic activity assays revealed that QU significantly inhibited both PLA activity in C. musae and banana peel tissues, NE primarily suppressed PLC activity in banana peel, whereas Hex markedly reduced PLD activity in C. musae. Moreover, the appropriate concentrations of the inhibitors (2.00 mmol/L QU, 3.00 mmol/L NE, and 13.20 mmol/L Hex) effectively controlled the development of banana anthracnose. The findings suggested that QU, NE, and Hex suppressed banana anthracnose through distinct mechanisms involving interference with host-pathogen interactions. This study would provide a theoretical basis for the green control of postharvest banana diseases via the targeted regulation of phospholipase activity.

A field split plot experiment of pineapple was carried out from 2023 to 2024 to explore the effects of nitrogen fertilizer postponing and magnesium fertilizer coupling on the growth and development, yield and quality of pineapple and to provide practical reference for scientific fertilization management of pineapple. The main area was magnesium application rate, namely MgO 0 kg/hm² (M₀), MgO 37.5 kg/hm² (M₁) and MgO 75 kg/hm² (M₂). The sub-area was conventional nitrogen application treatment (N₁) and nitrogen fertilizer postponing treatment (30% of nitrogen fertilizer in slow growth period and flowering period was postponed to rapid growth period and fruit enlargement period, respectively) (N₂). The leaf number, leaf area index, chlorophyll content, dry matter accumulation, yield and quality indexes of pineapple were measured during the key growth period of pineapple. The results showed that compared with N₁, N₂ could significantly increase the contents of chlorophyll a and chlorophyll b in pineapple leaves at mature stage, and increase the number of leaves and leaf area index of pineapple at red stage. Compared with N₁, the dry matter quality and yield at maturity stage increased by 9.40% and 7.65%, respectively, and the vitamin C content and soluble sugar content of fruit were also significantly higher than those of N₁ (P<0.05), while the difference in yield was not significant. Similarly, compared with M₀ and M₂ treatments, M₁ treatment could significantly increase the contents of chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b and carotenoids in leaves, and the leaf number and leaf area index of pineapple at the red stage of flowering increased significantly, thereby improving the dry matter quality and yield at the mature stage, and the difference was significant (P<0.05). The fruit dry matter distribution rate, soluble sugar content, soluble protein content, vitamin C content and sugar-acid ratio under M₁ treatment were significantly higher than those under M₀ and M₁ treatments (P<0.05). Interaction effect analysis revealed that N₂M₁ treatment could increase the content of chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b and carotenoid in pineapple compared with other treatments, and then the number of leaves, leaf area index and dry matter quality increased significantly. Yield increased significantly by 19.43%, 17.39%, 10.07% and 24.96% compared with those of N₂M₀ (P<0.05), N₁M₂, N₁M₁ and N₁M₀, respectively, but not significantly different from that of N₂M₂. The fruit shape index, vitamin C, soluble sugar, soluble protein content and sugar-acid ratio of pineapple fruit treated with N₂M₁ were higher than those of other treatments, and there was a significant difference between N₂M₁ and N₁M₀ (P<0.05). Correlation analysis showed that pineapple yield was significantly positively correlated with leaf number, leaf area index, dry matter accumulation, chlorophyll b content, vitamin C, soluble sugar and soluble protein. There was a significant negative correlation with titratable acid content. N₂M₁ treatment can significantly increase the number of leaves, leaf area index and photosynthetic pigment content of pineapple plants, increase fruit dry matter distribution, thereby increasing pineapple yield and effectively improving fruit quality. Therefore, N₂M₁ could be recommended as the best model for fertilization management of pineapple in tropical regions.

Coconut water is sterile in the interior cavity of the coconut fruit. However, once the coconut is opened and repackaged, the coconut water beverage may become a breeding ground for bacteria and fungi, leading to the production of harmful mycotoxins. This study aimed to detect the usage of preservatives and sweeteners, also the levels of the common carcinogenic contaminant benzo[a]pyrene and harmful mycotoxins in bottled coconut water sold on the market. By using national standard methods, no preservative such as benzoic acid and sorbic acid, no sweetener sodium saccharin, and no contaminant benzo[a]pyrene were detected in this batch of coconut water beverages. This study also investigated the level of mycotoxins in bottled coconut water stored at low temperatures (4-8 ℃) for 21 days. No zearalenone (ZEN) or deoxynivalenol (DON) was detected in the coconut water stored at 4-8 ℃ for 21 days. During monitoring, the response signal for aflatoxin B₁ (AFT B₁) in one of the samples had an increasing trend with prolonged storage time but the level did not exceed the quantitative limit specified in the national standard method. Electron microscope observation of the bottled coconut water stored at low temperatures revealed a large number of moving microorganisms in 1-3 days, with the aerobic plate count increasing exponentially. After 21 days of low-temperature storage, infrared spectra showed new characteristic absorption peaks, indicating that the coconut water had undergone qualitative changes. It is recommended that bottled coconut water from freshly cut coconuts should be consumed on the same day.

The present study investigated the ameliorative effects of 5-aminolevulinic acid (5-ALA) on muskmelon seedlings subjected to saline-alkali stress. Using the melon variety Zhongbao No.1 as the test material, under pot cultivation conditions, the study investigated the effects of root application of five different concentrations (25, 50, 100, 150, and 200 mg/L) of 5-ALA on the growth changes, photosynthetic pigments, reactive oxygen species (ROS) accumulation, osmotic adjustment, and antioxidant system of melon seedlings under 150 mg/L mixed salt-alkali stress. The results showed that under saline-alkali stress, exogenous 5-ALA at appropriate concentrations (100, 150 mg/L) significantly increased plant height, stem diameter, leaf length, leaf width, and leaf area of muskmelon seedlings. It also increased the contents of photosynthetic pigments and soluble sugars, proline content was reduced but still remained higher than that of CK, and significantly reducing both MDA content and O^2- generation rate. Furthermore, the activity of antioxidant enzymes, specifically SOD, CAT, APX, and GR, along with GSH content, exhibited elevation. Although POD activity showed a decrease, it maintained significantly higher levels compared to the control treatment (CK). In addition, TOPSIS comprehensive evaluation analysis was conducted on different exogenous 5-ALA treatments based on all the above measurement indicators, and the results showed that SA₁₅₀ treatment ranked first. Therefore, exogenous 5-ALA at a concentration of 150 mg/L exhibits the optimal effect in alleviating saline-alkali stress in muskmelon seedlings, which would provide a theoretical foundation for the cultivation of crops under saline-alkali stress conditions.

The study was aimed to clarify the effects of different bag types on fruit quality and postharvest storage of Dongshizao pomelo, and screen suitable bag types to provide reference for production and application. In this study, 23-year-old Dongshizao pomelo trees were used as the experimental material, fruit without bagging was used as the control group, fruit bagging was carried out with 8 types of bags, including 60-mesh nylon mesh bag, 80-mesh nylon mesh bag, unilateral polyethylene-paper bag, white nonwoven bag, green-single-layer bag, white-single-layer bag, single-layer bag with yellow outside and black inside, double-layer bag with yellow outside and black inside. Fruit quality difference between harvest and post-harvest storage was compared, and comprehensive evaluation was carried out by the subordinative function method. The results showed that the white-single-layer bag significantly increased the single fruit weight by 47.86%, double-layer bag with yellow outside and black inside significantly decreased the pericarp thickness by 28.19%, and the total soluble solids (TSS) content of fruits with single-layer bag with yellow outside and black inside was significantly decreased. The titratable acid (TA) content of fruits with unilateral polyethylene-paper bag, single-layer bag with yellow outside and black inside, double-layer bag with yellow outside and black inside were decreased. While the single-layer bag with yellow outside and black inside, double-layer bag with yellow outside and black inside were significantly improved the TSS/TA rate by 19.71% and 34.40%, respectively. At harvest, the comprehensive evaluation of fruit quality revealed that fruits bagged with the double-layer bag with yellow exterior and black interior achieved the highest score (0.56), followed by those with the single-layer bag of the same design (0.55), both outperforming the unbagged control (0.50) and white single-layer bag (0.49). During postharvest storage, the fruit weight loss rate generally increased with storage duration, except for one transparent paper bag treatment, and peaked on the 45th day of storage. Throughout the storage period, significant differences were observed in various fruit quality indices, including edible rate, juice yield, soluble sugar, soluble protein, TSS, and TA content, with fluctuations influenced by bag type. Regardless of treatment, the inherent quality indices of the fruit pulp exhibited significant variability rather than a simple upward or downward trend. The bagged fruits also displayed a distinct ‘returned acidity’ phenomenon, with the timing and intensity of this phenomenon influenced by the type of bag used. The comprehensive evaluation of postharvest storage quality showed that the average comprehensive score of fruits bagged with the white single-layer bag gradually increased with extended storage time, reaching the highest average score (0.65) among all treatments, with the smallest coefficient of variation (5.14%). In conclusion, while fruits bagged with the single-layer and double-layer bags with yellow exterior and black interior demonstrated superior comprehensive quality at harvest, they exhibited greater quality fluctuations and poorer storage stability. Conversely, although the initial harvest quality of fruits bagged with the white single-layer bag was slightly inferior to the control, this treatment exhibited the smallest variation range in storage quality, coupled with the highest overall storage quality and stability. Therefore, the white single-layer bag is recommended as the primary bagging option for the production and cultivation of Dongshizao pomelo, offering a balanced approach to optimizing both fruit quality and postharvest storage performance.

The study aimed to find non-toxic and pollution-free post-harvest prevention and treatment methods replacing chemical fungicides to enrich the resources of mango stalk rot antagonist bacteria. Botryodiplodia theobromae Pat. and Phomposis mangiferae Ahmad were used as the indicator fungi, and actinomycetes with antagonistic effects on stalk rot fungi were isolated and screened from the rhizosphere soil of mango trees by the plate dilution and dual culture method. The classification status, live prevention effects, and the antimicrobial mechanism were preliminary studied. Antagonists A2, B85 and D16 were selected, which had antimicrobial effects and good genetic stability against both Botryodiplodia theobromae Pat. and Phomposis mangiferae Ahmad, and had inhibitory effects on Colletotrichum gloeosporioides, Pestalotiopsis mangiferae, Alternaria alternate and Botrytis cinerea, with a wide antifungal spectrum. In the live test, on the 3^rd day after inoculation, there were no significant differences in the diameter of the fruit lesions treated with antagonist strains A2, B85 and D16 (8.58, 8.50, 7.83 mm) and the imimerine-treated group (6.33 mm), but significantly lower than that of the control group (20.58 mm). Strains A2 and B85 were identified as Streptomyces malaysiensis, and D16 was Streptomyces lydicus. Strains A2, B85 and D16 inhibited the occurrence of pedicle rot by producing active substances with antimicrobial effects, inhibiting spore germination of dipodol, nutritional competition, and improving the activity of fruit SOD, POD and CAT. Among the three antagonistic strains, the D16 could also produce volatile organic compounds with antimicrobial effects to inhibit the occurrence of pedicle rot fungi. The three strains had certain antagonistic effects on pedicle rot bacteria and could be further studied.

The effects of exogenous ethylene (ETH), 1-methylcyclopropene(1-MCP) and a combined ETH+1-MCP treatments on fruit storage quality and physiological changes were evaluated to investigate the effects of ethephon on the fruit appearance color and internal quality during the ripening process of mangoes Hongguifei. The results showed that compared with the control, both ETH and ETH+1-MCP treatments significantly accelerated the decline in fruit firmness, titratable acid, chlorophyll, flavonoids, total phenolics, and ascorbic acid content, increased cell membrane permeability, and promoted in a^* color value, total soluble solids (TSS) in the early stage of storage, and carotenoid. Among the treatments, the ETH+1-MCP group showed the highest level of TSS and carotenoids while 1-MCP group effectively delayed the loss of nutrients and firmness, and inhibited chlorophyll degradation in the fruit peel. Further analysis of the metabolomes of the CK and ethylene treatment groups revealed 140 different metabolites, among which 88 were upregulated and 52 were downregulated. The content of flavonoids in the fruits of the ETH treatment group was significantly lower than that of the control group, indicating that the ETH treatment accelerated the degradation of flavonoids. This study revealed the metabolic mechanism of ETH in promoting the ripening and quality formation of mangoes, which would provide a theoretical basis for in-depth research on the mechanism of post-ripening quality changes in mangoes.

Six mango varieties (Guiqi Mang, Tainong Mang, Guifei Mang, Jinhuang Mang, Ivory Mang, and Jade Mang) mainly planted in Baise were selected as the research objects, and 22 quality indicators (including appearance quality, internal quality.) were analyzed. The results indicated that the coefficient of variation for indexes such as single fruit weight and fruit shape index exceeded 10% among different varieties in appearance quality. For intrinsic quality, Guiqi mango performed optimally in sweetness-related indexes (TSS, total sugar, soluble sugar) and flavor coordination (solid-acid ratio, sugar-acid ratio), with the highest Vc content reaching 36.6 mg/100 g, while Tainong mango had the lowest Vc content at 28.7 mg/100 g. Yumang mango had the highest contents of phenolic substances (4.33 mg/100 g) and flavonoids (1.12 mg/100 g). Guifei mango and Yumang mango had relatively high protein contents, both at 1.0 g/100 g. Further analysis indicated that there existed both relative independence and close correlation among multiple quality index variables of mango. The 5 principal components extracted by principal component analysis accounted for 100% of the information of the above indexes, and the comprehensive quality ranking was as follows: Yumang mango>Guiqi mango>Tainong mango>Xiangya mango>Guifei mango>Jinhuang mango. Systematic clustering classified the 22 quality indexes into 3 categories: bioactive components (e.g., vitamins, flavonoids), fruit flavor characteristics (e.g., sugar-acid related indexes), and mineral elements (e.g., potassium, calcium). The results revealed the characteristic differences in fruit quality among the main mango varieties in Baise, and suggested that principal component analysis and systematic clustering analysis could be applied to simplify the evaluation of mango fruit quality.

It aimed to establish and optimize an efficient tissue culture rapid propagation system for Dendrobium Reke Xiamo to address the inefficiency and high cost associated with its traditional propagation methods. By systematically screening the concentration ratios of cytokinin (6-BA) and auxin (NAA), the addition of potato powder, and rooting medium formulations, an efficient and stable tissue culture rapid propagation system was successfully developed. The experimental results showed that the combination of 6-BA at 3 mg/L and NAA at 0.5 mg/L in MS medium was the optimal shoot induction medium, with the highest shoot induction rate achieved when 80 g/L of potato powder was added. The proliferation medium consisting of 6-BA at 2 mg/L and NAA at 0.5 mg/L resulted in an average proliferation coefficient of 5.63. During the rooting stage, the combination of NAA at 0.5 mg/L and IBA at 0 mg/L yielded the most significant results. By establishing a stage-specific precise hormonal regulation system (induction-proliferation-rooting), the propagation bottleneck was successfully overcome, and the proliferation coefficient increased by over 30%. This technical system would provide reliable technical support for the scaled production and commercialization of Dendrobium Reke Xiamo.