The enlarged corm of Chinese water chestnut (Eleocharis dulcis) is the main edible part, and the related genes involved in the regulation of the corm enlargement process remain unclear. COL5 (CONSTANS-Like 5) gene is a member of COL gene family, which may play an important role in the development of plant storage organs. The transcript fragment with high homology to COL gene in other plants was screened from the Chinese water-chestnut transcriptome databases and cloned its cDNA sequence and full-length DNA, and then the bioinformatics analysis and spatiotemporal expression pattern analysis were analyzed to study the expression pattern and possible role of Chinese water-chestnut COL5 during corm enlargement. The results showed that the cloned COL5 gene related to Chinese water-chestnut enlargement had an ORF of 1017 bp, encoding 338 amino acids, and the DNA sequence was 1275 bp, containing an intron of 257 bp, which was named CwCOL5 (ON934922). Bioinformatics analysis showed that the CwCOL5 protein with the formula C₁₅₉₂H₂₅₁₅N₄₇₇O₅₀₈S₁₇, the relative molecular weight of the predicted protein was 37 010.39 Da, and a theoretical isoelectric point of 5.89. The total average hydrophilic value (gravy) was -0.462, the instability coefficient was 45.63, which was a hydrophilic unstable protein. There were 31 phosphosites, no transmembrane structure, and no signal peptide, and additionally subcellular prediction analysis showed that it was located in the nucleus. CwCOL5 contained two B-box Zinc fingers and a highly conserved CCT domain. Phylogenetic analysis showed that CwCOL5 was closely related to the COL protein of Nelumbo nucifera and Arabidopsis. The results of PCR showed that CwCOL5 had a high expression in the leaves and water-chestnut peel, and the expression of CwCOL5 increased rapidly in the early stage of corm enlargement. The CwCOL5 gene belongs to a typical transcription factor family of zinc finger protein, and the gene may be involved in the process of corm enlargement of Chinese water-chestnut. In this study, COL5 gene was cloned from the corm of Chinese water-chestnut and its expression pattern was analyzed, which would provide a theoretical basis for molecular mechanism of plant corm enlargement.

Tibet is rich in orchid plant resources, mainly distributed in the eastern Himalayas. Among them, Motuo County, Bomi County and Chayu County of Nyingchi City, Yadong County, Dingjie County, Nielamu County and Jilong County of Xigaze City are the main distribution areas of orchid plants in Tibet. With the release of Latest National Key Protected Wild Plant List, more and more orchids are listed for protection. In this paper, four species of the Subtribe Goodyerinae (Orchidaceae) found in the southeast of Tibet are reported. They are Anoectochilus, Anoectochilus brevilabris Lindl., Cheirostylis moniliformis (Griff.) Seidenf., Goodyera hispida Lindl and Goodyera yunnanensis Schltr. The voucher specimens are deposited in the Herbarium of Tibet Institute of Agriculture and Animal Husbandry (TAAHUC) and Herbarium of Wuhan Botanical Garden, CAS (WIB). Most of the plants of the Subtribe Goodyerinae have extremely high medicinal value. The report of this new record is of great significance to the introduction, propagation and domestication, biodiversity protection and development and utilization of medicinal Orchidaceae in Tibet.

To clarify the adaptability of Eotetranychus sexmaculatus in different main rubber strains in rubber planting areas in China, the development and reproduction of E. sexmaculatus in six rubber strains, Reyan 73397, Reyan 72059, Reken 628, Dafeng 95, PR107 and RRIM600, were observed by biological methods, and the experimental population life table was established. The results showed that different rubber strains had significant effects on the development and reproduction of E. sexmaculatus. The whole generation duration of E. sexmaculatus was the shortest in RRIM600 strain and the longest in Reken 628, which was 10.93 d and 12.82 d, respectively, followed by Reyan 73397, Reyan 72059 and PR107, with no significant difference. The juvenile survival rate of Dafeng 95 strain was the lowest, only 65.00%, and there was no significant difference among other strains. The large number of fecundity per female was the largest when feeding on RRIM600, which were 18.38 eggs. PR107 strain was the most unfavorable to the survival and reproduction of adult mites, and its life span and spawning period were also the shortest. There was significant difference in the sex ratio of F₁ generation of E. sexmaculatus on different rubber strains and the female rate of Dafeng 95 was the highest, which was 78.67%. Through the establishment of population life table for parameter analysis, the intrinsic rate of increase and finite rate of increase of E. sexmaculatus were the largest in RRIM600, and the lowest in Reyan 73397, followed by Reyan 72059, Reken 628 and PR107, which was no significant difference among the Reyan 72059, Reken 628 and PR107. The double population time was the shortest in RRIM600, while was the longest in Reyan 73397, followed by Reyan 72059, Reken 628 and PR107. In a comprehensive view, it showed that E. sexmaculatus had a high fitness when feeding on RRIM600 and a low fitness on PR107.

The sugar transporter SWEET (sugars will eventually be exported transporter) family has sugar transportation activity for glucose, fructose or sucrose, which is involved in the phloem loading and unloading of photosynthetic product, as well as physiological processes such as flower, fruit and seed development in higher plant. To explore the physiological functions of CitSWEET15 (Cs7g02970) during fruit development and ripening of sweet orange, gene cloning, expression patterns, subcellular localization and sucrose transport activity were performed in the study. The ORF (open reading frame) of CitSWEET15 gene was 918 bp, which encoded 305 amino acids, and possessed seven transmembrane domains. The theoretical isoelectric point of CitSWEET15 was 6.29, and the relative molecular weight was 34.15 kDa. Phylogenetic analysis suggested that CitSWEET15 together with AtSWEET15, VvSWEET15, LcSWEET15 and PuSWEET15 were orthologous genes, and belonged to the SWEET III clade. Sequence alignment showed that nucleotide and amino acid sequence identities of CitSWEET15 with those of Clementine mandarin, Mangshan wild mandarin, Kumquat, Pomelo, Citrus ichangensis Swingle and Citron were 98.69%-99.9% and 97.38%-100%, respectively. CitSWEET15 and the mentioned Citrus SWEET15 members were completely consistent with four sucrose recognition sites and three sucrose transport activity sites of AtSWEET13, which suggested that all CitSWEET15 and Citrus SWEET15 members may have sucrose transport activity. Quantitative real-time PCR analysis demonstrated that the expression of CitSWEET15 was high in the seed and fruit pulp of sweet orange, the expression level of CitSWEET15 in fruit pulp was low at 80-140 days after flowering, then significantly up-regulated as fruit development, and reached the highest at 230 days after flowering. CitSWEET15 was fused with green fluorescent protein at the C-terminus, and then transiently expressed in Arabidopsis mesophyll protoplasts. The subcellular localization analysis suggested the fluorescence signal was distributed around the outer edge of protoplast, indicating that CitSWEET15 was located in the plasma membrane. By heterologous expression in Saccharomyces cerevisiae W303a (W303-1A) strain and incubation in the sucrose analogue Esculin, the fluorescence intensity was detected to test the sucrose transportation activity of CitSWEET15 and AtSWEET10 (At5g50790, positive control). The fluorescent intensity of yeast cells expressing CitSWEET15, as similar as AtSWEET10, was significantly higher than vector control, indicating that CitSWEET15 had sucrose transportation activity. In conclusion, CitSWEET15 is highly conserved in Citrus species, functions as a plasma membrane sucrose transporter, and involves in apoplastic sucrose transport during fruit ripening of sweet orange. The results would provide a basis for understanding the soluble sugar accumulation in sweet orange fruit, and a candidate gene for improving fruit flavor and quality.

In order to study the changes of cassava yield, quality, photosynthetic performance and soil enzyme activities under cassava intercropping mode of muskmelon, and to provide theoretical basis for improving the cultivation technology of cassava intercropping muskmelon in Changsha, cassava (Nanzhi 199) and muskmelon (Xiangtian thin crisp) were used as the experimental materials, cassava monoculture (CK) was used as the control, and three planting densities (T₁, T₂, T₃, plant spacing of 0.5, 0.7, 0.9 m) of muskmelon in cassava intercropping were used as treatments. Compared with monoculture cassava, the number of tuber per plant, dry matter percentage and starch content of cassava were not significantly changed under intercropping treatment, but the yield per plant, economic yield, soluble protein and vitamin C content of cassava increased under intercropping treatment. The effects of each treatment on cassava yield and quality were in the order of T₂>T₃>T₁>CK. The photosynthetic capacity of cassava leaves in intercropping mode significantly increased, and the net photosynthetic rate (P_n) of cassava leaves in root tuber formation and expansion stage was significantly higher than that of monoculture treatment. The P_n of cassava leaves under T₂ treatment was significantly higher than that under other treatments, and the intercropping treatment had significantly higher intercellular CO₂ concentration (C_i), stomatal conductance (G_s) and transpiration rate (T_r) than those under monoculture treatment. With the growth of cassava plants, the activity of sucrase in soil showed a trend of decreasing first and then increasing, urease showed a trend of increasing first and then decreasing, while acid phosphatase and catalase showed a trend of decreasing gradually. The activity of sucrase, acid phosphatase and catalase in soil was significantly promoted by intercropping at different stages, but had little effect on urease activity. The activity of sucrase, acid phosphatase and catalase in soil of T₂ treatment was significantly higher than those of monoculture treatment at the expansion and maturity stages of cassava roots. In conclusion: Compared with cassava monoculture, cassava intercropping model improved cassava photosynthetic performance and soil fertility level, so as to improve the economic yield and quality of cassava. The optimal cultivation model with two rows of cassava intercropping and one row of melon with a distance of 0.7 m was suitable for the cassava intercropping model in Changsha.

This paper reported the density, pH value, starch content, soluble protein content, anatomical structure and volatile components of the wood of Humbertia madagascariensis Lam. (HM), which is an endemic species in Madagascar. Methods for determination of wood density (GB/T 1933—2009), determination of wood pH (GB/T 6043—2009), anthrone colorimetric method, coomassie brilliant blue method, wood anatomy method and gas chromatography mass spectrometry (GC-MS) were used to determine the above contents. The results would provide a basis for the research on the wood identification, plant conservation, processing and utilization. The wood basic density of HM was 1.684 g/cm³, and it sank in water test. The wood pH value, starch content and soluble protein content of HM was 6.78, 10.953 mg/g and 0.271 mg/g respectively. The macroscopic structure of HM wood was yellowish-brown, glossy, with the smell of "citrus and sandalwood", diffuse-porous wood with large pore, with white to golden yellow tyloses inside and at the edge especially obvious on the tangential section, wood ray with clear, uniform and fine on the cross section, stripes obviously and densely distributed on the radial section, threadlike, ripple marks slightly visible on the tangential section. The microscopic structure of HM wood was elliptic or round pores, with 3-5 pores per square millimeter, dispersed and solitary vessels containing golden gum inside and at the edges of the pores, non overlapping and homogeneous uniseriate wood rays, with 7-9 wood rays per millimeter, large, mostly elliptic or oblong wood ray cells usually without gum, square cell ray recumbent with 3-7 layers, obvious numerous and regular longitudinal arrangement elliptic crystalson the outside of vessels and in the fibrous tissue on the three sections. GC-MS analysis indicated that the main components were fatty acids (88.81%), followed by lipids (8.12%) and terpenes (0.94%). The highest content of the compound was n-hexadecanoic acid (47.32%), followed by octadecanoic acid (38.79%). It also contained a small amount of unsaturated fatty acids, such as (Z,Z)-9,12-octadecadienoic acid (0.23%) and oleic acid (0.61%), which be speculated may related to "citrus and sandalwood" smell from the wood of HM.

As one of the most prominent spices in the world, pepper (Piper nigrum L.) is extremely popular due to its aroma and flavor. Current study focuses mostly on the production of piperine in pepper, although starch, the primary component of pepper granules, has been researched infrequently and nothing is known about it. The potential for pepper starch to interact with pepper's active components is crucial to pepper production and industrial development. This study separated the starch in black pepper and white pepper using the sodium thiosulfate method and analyzed the two types of pepper starch using various characterization techniques to investigate the characteristics of starch in pepper (black pepper and white pepper) produced by different processing methods. The results indicated that the purity of black pepper starch and white pepper starch was 96.38 and 97.70%, respectively, with low protein, fat, and ash content, and that they belonged to the high-purity starch; SEM and particle size distribution analyses revealed that both black pepper starch and white pepper starch contained exceptionally small starch granules (volume-weighted average diameters of 3.44 μm and 4.80 μm, respectively), although the particle size distribution of black pepper starch was more irregular and broader. Both types of pepper starch had an A-shaped structure; White pepper starch contained more amylose (24.21%), relative crystallinity (34.21%), gelatinization temperature (90.42 ℃), gel strength (1466.72 g), tackiness (157.53), chewiness (87.55), gel enthalpy (15.80 J/g), and retrogradation value (1294.00 cP) when compared to black pepper starch. However, white pepper starch's molecular short-range order (0.67), peak viscosity (3074.00 cP), trough viscosity (2615.67 cP), breakdown viscosity (458.33 cP), and final viscosity (3909.67 cP) were significantly lower than those of black pepper starch (P<0.05), indicating that there are variations in the structure and physicochemical properties of pepper produced by various processing methods. In conclusion, the morphologies of the two types of pepper granules are comparable, and white pepper starch has more amylose concentration and molecular short-range order, as well as better gel qualities and retrogradation characteristics. The primary distinction between white pepper and black pepper is the presence or absence of exocarp; this distinction may be attributable to the presence of a small amount of starch in the exocarp of black pepper. The results of this study would lay a theoretical foundation for the application of pepper starch as a novel unconventional crop small-granular starch in the food and non-food industries and promote the sustainable growth of the pepper business.

In this paper, on the basis of potato sucrose agar medium, the single factor and L₁₆(4⁵) orthogonal optimization experiments were used to study the effects of 5 environmental factors on the mycelial growth and coremium formation of P. cystidiosus. The results showed that the mycelium of P. cystidiosus could grow in the range of temperature 10-30 ℃, agar concentration 0.5%-3.0%, pH 4.00-10.00, petri dish diameter 60-100 mm, and light time 0-24 h. The mycelium grew the fastest under the conditions of temperature 25 ℃, agar concentration 3.0%, pH 5.80, petri dish diameter 100 mm and dark conditions. The coremium of P. cystidiosus can be formed in the range of temperature 15-30 ℃, and the other environmental conditions were the same as that of its mycelium. The number of coremium formation was the largest under pH 8.00, petri dish diameter 100 mm and light duration of 24 h. The orthogonal optimization test showed that the optimum environmental conditions for mycelium growth of P. cystidiosus were temperature 25 ℃, agar concentration 3.0%, pH 5.80, petri dish diameter 100 mm, and dark conditions. The optimum environmental conditions for its coremium formation were temperature 25 ℃, agar concentration 2.0%, pH 8.00, petri dish diameter 100 mm, and light duration 14 h. In a word, the environmental conditions had a great influence on the mycelium growth and coremium formation of P. cystidiosus, and there was an interaction.

Citrus reticulata cv. chachiensis, also known as Xinhui Mandarin Orange, has a long history of cultivation in Guangdong (Xinhui) and is a local agricultural product in Guangdong. There are no relevant studies on the symptoms description and distribution of Candidatus Liberibacter asiaticus (CLas) in C. reticulata cv. chachiensis infected with Citrus Huanglongbing (HLB). Through this study, it can provide a basis for the study of the movement of CLas in citrus plant branches and fruit pith and can also provide ideal plant materials for the subsequent acquisition of high concentration of CLas. In this study, C. reticulata cv. chachiensis branches and fruit pith infected with CLas were used as plant material to identify symptoms and analyze the distribution of CLas in different parts of citrus branches and different length fragments of the fruit pith based on real-time quantitative PCR (qPCR). Through the observation of the leaves and fruits from the infected citrus plants, the upper leaves of the branches infected with CLas showed mottled and element-deficient yellowing, especially the symptoms of the new leaves of the branches were more obvious, while the color of the lower old leaves was dark green and the texture was hard. Compared with the healthy fruit, the fruit infected with CLas showed uneven coloring, showing typical symptoms of "red nose fruit". Meanwhile, compared with the healthy fruit, the fruit infected with CLas showed uneven size, abnormal body and asymmetrical shape, the seed was small and the seed aborted. The concentration of CLas in the central axis of the fruit was close to that in the fruit pith, and significantly higher than that in other parts of the branches (P<0.05). CLas was also unevenly distributed in different length segments of the same fruit pith, and the concentration of CLas was the highest in the middle of fruit pith (1-3 cm fragment), the concentration of CLas in the central axis and fruit pith of HLB-infected C. reticulata cv. chachiensis fruits is significantly higher than that of other parts. The study could be a reference for the identification of HLB, a basis for the study of the movement of CLas in citrus plant branches and fruit pith, and used to select ideal plant materials for the subsequent acquisition of high concentration of CLas.

In order to analyze the effects of different intercropping patterns on the growth status, yield and quality of G. rigescens, six plant materials including Camellia sinensis (L.), Juglans regia L, Glycine max, Coix lacryma-jobi L., Glycine max (L.) merr and Vicia faba L. were selected to form seven crops patterns of G. rigescens monoculture and intercropping. Plant height, plant width, leaf length, leaf width and stem diameter of G. rigescens in vigorous growth period and harvest period were detected, fiber root number, root length, root diameter, gentiopicroside content were determined to explore the effects of different intercropping patterns on the yield and quality of G. rigescens. The results showed that the growth state of above ground part of G. rigescens intercropped with Juglans regia L. and Camellia sinensis (L.) was better than that of G. rigescens intercropped with Glycine max, Coix lacryma-jobi L., Glycine max (L.) merr and Vicia faba L. The intercropping with Juglans regia L. significantly promoted the growth of plant height of G. rigescens, while the intercropping with Camellia sinensis (L.) had large plant width, high leaf expansion and strong plants. The yield of G. rigescens in different intercropping cultivation was: Camellia sinensis (L.)>Juglans regia L.>Glycine max>Glycine max (L.) merr>control>Vicia faba L.>Coix lacryma-jobi L.. The yield of G. rigescens in intercropping with tea was the highest, 142.4 kg per hectare, 46.87% higher than that in the control. In different intercropping patterns, the number of fibrous roots of G. rigescens intercropping with Camellia sinensis (L.) was the highest, about 6-9 fibrous roots per plant, which was significantly higher than that of the control. The determination of gentiopicroside content in G. rigescens under different intercropping modes showed that: Camellia sinensis (L.) intercropping >Juglans regia L. intercropping>Vicia faba L. intercropping>Glycine max (L.) merr intercropping>Glycine max intercropping>control (monoculture)>Coix lacryma-jobi L. intercropping>Pharmacopoeia (1.5%), the gentiopicroside content in the roots and stems of Camellia sinensis (L.) intercropping was the highest, which was 3.36%±0.07%, significantly higher than that of the control and Coix lacryma-jobi L. intercropping intercropping. The correlation analysis showed that the root quality and yield of G. rigescens had a significant positive correlation with the aboveground plant width and leaf length, but had no significant correlation with the plant height of G. rigescens. The comprehensive score of the roots and stems by the membership function showed that the comprehensive quality of G. rigescens was better than that of the control: Camellia sinensis (L.) intercropping>Juglans regia L. intercropping>Vicia faba L. intercropping>Glycine max intercropping>Glycine max (L.) merr intercropping>control (monoculture)>Coix lacryma-jobi L. intercropping, Camellia sinensis (L.) intercropping, Juglans regia L intercropping, Vicia faba L. intercropping, Glycine max intercropping, Glycine max (L.) merr intercropping all higher than control, and the comprehensive score of intercropping Camellia sinensis (L.) was the highest, reaching 0.99.