The study was aimed to clarify the effects of different bag types on fruit quality and postharvest storage of Dongshizao pomelo, and screen suitable bag types to provide reference for production and application. In this study, 23-year-old Dongshizao pomelo trees were used as the experimental material, fruit without bagging was used as the control group, fruit bagging was carried out with 8 types of bags, including 60-mesh nylon mesh bag, 80-mesh nylon mesh bag, unilateral polyethylene-paper bag, white nonwoven bag, green-single-layer bag, white-single-layer bag, single-layer bag with yellow outside and black inside, double-layer bag with yellow outside and black inside. Fruit quality difference between harvest and post-harvest storage was compared, and comprehensive evaluation was carried out by the subordinative function method. The results showed that the white-single-layer bag significantly increased the single fruit weight by 47.86%, double-layer bag with yellow outside and black inside significantly decreased the pericarp thickness by 28.19%, and the total soluble solids (TSS) content of fruits with single-layer bag with yellow outside and black inside was significantly decreased. The titratable acid (TA) content of fruits with unilateral polyethylene-paper bag, single-layer bag with yellow outside and black inside, double-layer bag with yellow outside and black inside were decreased. While the single-layer bag with yellow outside and black inside, double-layer bag with yellow outside and black inside were significantly improved the TSS/TA rate by 19.71% and 34.40%, respectively. At harvest, the comprehensive evaluation of fruit quality revealed that fruits bagged with the double-layer bag with yellow exterior and black interior achieved the highest score (0.56), followed by those with the single-layer bag of the same design (0.55), both outperforming the unbagged control (0.50) and white single-layer bag (0.49). During postharvest storage, the fruit weight loss rate generally increased with storage duration, except for one transparent paper bag treatment, and peaked on the 45th day of storage. Throughout the storage period, significant differences were observed in various fruit quality indices, including edible rate, juice yield, soluble sugar, soluble protein, TSS, and TA content, with fluctuations influenced by bag type. Regardless of treatment, the inherent quality indices of the fruit pulp exhibited significant variability rather than a simple upward or downward trend. The bagged fruits also displayed a distinct ‘returned acidity’ phenomenon, with the timing and intensity of this phenomenon influenced by the type of bag used. The comprehensive evaluation of postharvest storage quality showed that the average comprehensive score of fruits bagged with the white single-layer bag gradually increased with extended storage time, reaching the highest average score (0.65) among all treatments, with the smallest coefficient of variation (5.14%). In conclusion, while fruits bagged with the single-layer and double-layer bags with yellow exterior and black interior demonstrated superior comprehensive quality at harvest, they exhibited greater quality fluctuations and poorer storage stability. Conversely, although the initial harvest quality of fruits bagged with the white single-layer bag was slightly inferior to the control, this treatment exhibited the smallest variation range in storage quality, coupled with the highest overall storage quality and stability. Therefore, the white single-layer bag is recommended as the primary bagging option for the production and cultivation of Dongshizao pomelo, offering a balanced approach to optimizing both fruit quality and postharvest storage performance.