In order to explore the effects of the proportion of organic fertilizer replacing slow-release fertilizer on wheat yield, soil fertility, and greenhouse gas emissions, two fertilization modes of organic slow-release fertilizer (M1) and organic fertilizer (60%)+slow-release fertilizer (40% for dop-dressing) (M2) in green period were set up with Yangmai 34 as the test material according to the principle of equal nitrogen application amount. Four types of combined application were conducted: 40% organic fertilizer+60% slow-release fertilizer (4/6MN), 30% organic fertilizer+70% slow-release fertilizer (3/7MN), 20% organic fertilizer+80% slow-release fertilizer (2/8MN), and 100% slow-release fertilizer (0/10N). The effects of urea (CK) and 100% organic fertilizer (10/0M) on wheat yield, soil biochemical properties, and greenhouse gas emission intensity under the same nitrogen application level were studied in the fertilization mode 5∶1∶2∶2(base fertilizer∶tillering fertilizer∶jointing fertilizer∶gestation fertilizer). The results showed that under different nitrogen management methods, wheat yield ranked as M2>CK>M1>10/0M, where the 3/7MN treatment in M2 mode had the best yield increase effect. Under the same fertilization mode, with the increase of the proportion of organic fertilizer application, the soil organic matter and total carbon content showed a trend of first increasing and then decreasing, while the total nitrogen, nitrate nitrogen, and ammonium nitrogen content showed a trend of first decreasing and then increasing. Among them, the 3/7MN treatment under M2 mode had a significant effect on improving soil nutrients. Under the conditions of secondary application of slow-release fertilizer, the soil sucrase, urease activity, and microbial carbon and nitrogen content were highest under the 3/7MN treatment, while the soil catalase activity was highest under the 2/8MN treatment. The cumulative emissions of soil CO₂ under different nitrogen management methods ranked as 10/0M>M1>M2>CK, and the cumulative emissions of N₂O ranked as M1>CK>10/0M>M2. Compared with CK, the secondary application of slow-release fertilizer can effectively reduce the global warming potential by 4.22%. After wheat harvest, soil organic carbon storage was increased by 9.88% to 30.17%. Compared to M1, the slow-release fertilizer application treatment showed a more significant effect on soil carbon sequestration than the slow-release fertilizer one-time base application treatment. Therefore, combining the application mode of slow-release fertilizer with 20% to 30% organic fertilizer can improve soil biochemical performance, promote soil carbon storage, reduce greenhouse gas emissions, and increase wheat grain yield.

To investigate the regulatory effect of the jasmonic acid (JA) signaling pathway on low-temperature tolerance in hulless barley seedlings, this study utilized ‘Kunlun 15’ as the experimental material. The agronomic traits and physiological indicators were measured under low-temperature stress treated with Bestatin and methyl jasmonate (MeJA), and the expression levels of JA synthesis and regulation-associated genes in leaves and roots were examined. The result indicated that low-temperature stress substantially decreased plant height, root length, plant dry (fresh) weight, root dry (fresh) weight, and SPAD value in hulless barley, indicating a marked inhibitory effect on growth. Treatment with either Bestatin or MeJA under low-temperature stress notably enhanced the accumulation of soluble sugars and free proline in both leaves and roots, increased the activity of antioxidant enzymes (SOD, POD, CAT), and significantly induced the gene expression of JA synthesis and signaling pathways as well as low temperature tolerance-related genes regulated by JA in hulless barley. These responses suggest that Bestatin and MeJA treatments mitigate low-temperature stress damage in hulless barley by improving its low-temperature resistance. The study elucidated consistent regulatory patterns in agronomic traits, physiological indicators, and gene expression induced by Bestatin and MeJA treatments in hulless barley.

To elucidate the application effects of biochar in the cultivation of dryland wheat, a field experiment initiated in 2012 was conducted to compare the yield, water and nitrogen utilization, and soil nutrient differences of dryland winter wheat under the four biochar application levels of 0, 10, 30, and 50 t·hm^-2 (designated as B0, B1, B2, and B3, respectively, with biochar applied in 2012 and no further application thereafter). The results indicated that, compared to the control without biochar application (B0), B2 and B3 treatments showed a significant increase in the yield and dry matter accumulation at maturity of winter wheat, with yield increase rate of 4.9% and 11.3%, and dry matter increase rate of 16.3% and 20.0%, respectively. The application of high amounts of biochar (B2 and B3) promoted the accumulation of nitrogen after flowering in winter wheat, by significantly enhancing the accumulation of nitrogen in the aerial parts and various organs, with increase rates in nitrogen accumulation in the stem, leaf, and grain by 11.3% to 18.2%, 4.9% to 16.5%, and 4.2% to 10.9%, respectively. The addition of biochar significantly reduced the apparent nitrogen loss (by 34.5% to 38.5%) and improved the nitrogen and water use efficiency, with the highest nitrogen use efficiency and water use efficiency observed in the B3 treatment, at 12.3 kg·kg^-1 and 9.1 t·hm^-2·mm^-1, respectively. Additionally, the application of biochar significantly increased the content of soil organic matter, ammonium nitrogen, total nitrogen, and available phosphorus. Under the conditions of this experiment, the application of biochar at 30 and 50 t·hm^-2 effectively promoted the dry matter accumulation, nitrogen absorption and utilization, increased yield and nitrogen and water use efficiency, as well as increased in soil nutrient content, which is beneficial for high yield and efficiency in dryland wheat cultivation.

To explore the winter wheat-soil carbon (C) and nitrogen (N) stoichiometry, we measured the concentrations of C and N in different winter wheat organs (e.g. leaf, stem and grain) and soil, as well as their response to elevated CO₂. This study was conducted at the long-term free air carbon dioxide enrichment platform (FACE) in Changping, Beijing. Two CO₂ concentration treatments were conducted, which were ambient CO₂ (aCO₂： 400 μmol·mol^-1) treatment and elevated CO₂ (eCO₂： 550 μmol·mol^-1) treatment. Results showed that the responses of wheat and soil C and N stoichiometry to elevated CO₂ differed. The leaf, stem and grain C and N stoichiometry were not affected by elevated CO₂. However, the soil total carbon (TC) content significantly increased in response to eCO₂ treatment, while the total nitrogen (TN) content and the TC∶TN ratio remained unchanged. In comparison to elevated CO₂ treatment, the winter wheat and soil C and N stoichiometry showed greater sensitivity to changes in crop stages. The C∶N ratio of leaf and stem increased from the jointing stage to the maturity stage, while the grain C∶N ratio decreased from the filling stage to the maturity stage. The homeostasis of the C element was higher than that of the N element in winter wheat. There were differences in the homeostasis of winter wheat organs, with the grain showing a higher level compared to the leaf and stem. Under aCO₂ treatment, the correlation between soil and winter wheat leaf and stem C and N stoichiometry was significant. However, the strong correlation between soil and winter wheat C and N stoichiometry was no longer exist or weakened under eCO₂ treatment. These findings indicated that future climate change might enhance the obscure of the relationship between aboveground and belowground.

To understand the climate change during the growth period of winter wheat in dryland areas of Xinjiang and its response to production potential, monthly meteorological data from 11 weather stations from 1961 to 2020 were utilized. The Agro-Ecological Zone (AEZ) model was selected to calculate the production potential of winter wheat in the dryland areas of Xinjiang. Linear propensity estimation, Mann-Kenddall trend test (M-K), and inverse-distance weighting interpolation were employed to analyze the spatiotemporal trends and influencing factors of winter wheat production potential in Xinjiang. The results indicated that from 1961 to 2020, the average temperature, accumulated temperature (≥10 ℃), and precipitation during the growth period of winter wheat in the dryland areas of Xinjiang showed an increasing trend, with changing rates of 0.41 ℃·per decade, 74.05 ℃·per decade, and 9.82 mm·per decade, respectively. Sunshine duration showed a decreasing trend, with a decrease rate of 23.32 h·per decade. Spatially, the Ili River Valley region had the highest average temperature and precipitation during the growth period of winter wheat, while the Tacheng-Emin Basin and the eastern part of Changji Prefecture had the highest accumulated temperature (≥10 ℃) and sunshine duration, respectively. The average temperature and accumulated temperature (≥10 ℃) at each station showed a highly significant (P<0.01) increasing trend, with the Tacheng-Emin Basin having the fastest average growth rate. The eastern part of Changji Prefecture had the fastest average growth rate in precipitation and the fastest decline rate in sunshine duration. The light-temperature production potential and climate production potential of winter wheat showed an increasing trend, with trend rates of 74.54 and 323.79 kg·hm^-2·per decade, respectively. Spatially, the Tacheng-Emin Basin and the Ili River Valley region had the highest light-temperature production potential and climate production potential, respectively. Among them, the Tacheng-Emin Basin had the fastest growth rate in light-temperature production potential, and the eastern part of Changji Prefecture had the fastest growth rate in climate production potential, with average rates of 101.45 and 487.50 kg·hm^-2·per decade, respectively. The light-temperature production potential was significantly positively correlated with temperature and accumulated temperature (≥10 ℃), but significantly negatively correlated with precipitation. The climate production potential was significantly positively correlated with precipitation, but significantly negatively correlated with sunshine duration. About 80% of the research stations showed consistent correlations with the above. In the Ili River Valley region with abundant precipitation, temperature and accumulated temperature (≥10 ℃) were the main factors affecting winter wheat production potential. Therefore, the warming and humidifying climate in the dryland agricultural areas of Xinjiang is conducive to improving the production potential of winter wheat, and under this climate background, future changes in climate resources in Xinjiang will be beneficial for increasing the yield of winter wheat in dryland areas.

Wheat plant height is an important agronomic trait affecting wheat yield, harvest index and lodging resistance of the plants, and cultivating wheat with proper plant height for production needs is one of the important goals of breeders. In order to explore more QTLs related to wheat plant height and suitable for marker-assisted breeding, the recombinant inbred line population was developed by Yangmai 158 and Xifeng, the backbone parents of the wheat area in the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River. The population genotype was analyzed by 55K SNP array and the genetic linkage map was constructed by JoinMap software. Combining the phenotypic data of plant height in four years, the QTLs associated with wheat plant height were mapped in the chromosomes. The result showed that the genetic linkage map containing 3 830 SNPs distributed in 2 784.9 cM of the wheat genome and the average distance between markers was 0.7 cM. A total of 39 repeatable plant height-related QTLs were detected on 21 chromosomes of wheat, of which 18 QTLs were only revealed in 2 years; 8 QTLs were found in 3-year data analysis, and 13 QTLs were mapped in 4 years. A single QTL explained 3.2%-13.6% of the plant height phenotypic variation. The stable QTLs mapped in the four years were individually derived from chromosomes 1B, 1D, 4A, 4B, 4D, 5A, 5B, and 7A of Xifeng and chromosomes 3A, 3D, 6A, 7B, and 7D of Yangmai 158. The QPh·jaas-3A.3 and QPh·jaas-7B.1 contributed by Yangmai 158 could explain 8.4%-13.4% and 9.1%-13.1% of the plant height phenotypic variation, which are helpful for molecular marker-assisted breeding of wheat in the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River.

In order to improve the construction of wheat DH lines, the F₁ generation of 11 wheat hybrid combinations was used as materials to compare and analyze the induction efficiency of wheat anthers under two media (NPB-99 and CHB) and the chromosome doubling efficiency of haploids under three concentrations of colchicine treatments (4, 6 and 8 g·L^-1). The high-molecular-weight glutenin subunits (HMW-GS) of the obtained DH lines were identified by SDS-PAGE. The results showed that the anther induction efficiency of CHB medium was better than that of NPB-99 medium. The concentration of 6 g·L^-1 colchicine was more efficient in inducing haploid doubling. A total of 16 lines carrying prior HMW-GS combinations (1/7+8/5+10 or 1/7+9/5+10) were identified from the 33 DH lines, with good baking quality, which could provide genetic resources for subsequent wheat quality breeding research.

In order to provide abundant materials for genetic improvement and breeding of new wheat varieties, the agronomic traits, stripe rust resistance and quality traits of 161 F₆ lines derived from a crossing between durum wheat and common wheat were determined; the correlation analysis and principal component analysis of the main traits were carried out, and 0.1K gene array was used for the functional gene analysis. The results showed that the top three lines were the number of 137, 98 and 155, respectively. The Q-type cluster analysis of the tested traits showed that the 161 lines were divided into five groups, among which group Ⅲ showed the best comprehensive performance, including 60 lines, with high resistance to stripe rust, tight spikelet arrangement, high protein content and good quality, and the number 10 line was the most representative. The distribution of population functional genes was analyzed by 0.1K array, and it was found that the offspring of F₆ population contained TaCwi-A1, Qpht-2D and Yr17 genes, which had positive effects on increasing 1 000-grain weight, reducing plant height, and resisting to stripe rust. The agronomic and quality traits of the 161 lines varied greatly, and the genetic diversity was rich. The top three lines that the number of 137, 98 and 155, and the third group from Q-type can be used for genetic improvement of wheat agronomic and quality traits in Shaanxi.

Qinghai Province is one of China's over-summering pathogen source areas of wheat stripe rust. To explore the resistance level and the distribution frequency of stripe rust resistance genes of the wheat varieties and germplasm resources in Qinghai Province, the resistance of 208 wheat resources at seedling and adult stages was identified using the physiological race CYR31 and dominant physiological races CYR32, CYR33, CYR34 of wheat stripe rust. The stripe rust resistance genes were detected by gene array. The results showed that 80 wheat varieties (accounting for 38.5% in total) were resistant to CYR31, CYR32, CYR33, and CYR34. Combined with the results of disease resistance identification at the adult stage, 125(accounting for 60.1% in total) materials showed adult plant resistance to stripe rust, 74(accounting for 35.6% in total) materials showed resistance during the whole growth period. The results of molecular detection showed that 204(98.1%), 114(54.8%), 70(33.7%), 66(31.7%), 59(28.4%), 54(26.0%), 45(21.6%), 31(14.9%), 16(7.7%), 1(0.5%), 193(92.8%), 168(80.8%), 147(70.7%), 124(59.6%), 107(51.4%), 86(41.3%), 77(37.0%), 36(17.3%), 26(12.5%), 20(9.6%), and 18(8.7%) materials carried Yr29, Yr78, YrZH58, Yr5, Yr75, Yr80, Yr30, Yr30, Yr26, Yr82, YrSP, QYrqin-2AL, QYr.nwafu-3BS, QYrsn.nwafu-1BL, QYrqin-6BS, QYrxn-1BL, QYrqin-2BL, QYrsn-6BS, QYrsn-2AS, QYrsn-3DL, QYrhm-2BC and QYr-4BL, respectively. This study systematically revealed the current level of disease resistance and the resistance genes carried by wheat germplasm resources in Qinghai Province. It provides a theoretical basis for wheat disease resistance breeding and the rational distribution of disease resistance genes.

Nulli-tetrasomic materials are the important chromosomal genetic wheat materials, which have been used for target gene localization. However, fewer studies reported on the agronomic and quality traits of nulli-tetrasomic materials. In order to analyze the effects of chromosome deletions and duplications on major agronomic and quality traits of wheat, the agronomic, grain and flour processing quality traits of 38 nulli-tetrasomic materials were investigated. The results showed that coefficients of variation of agronomic traits showed grain number per spike>tiller number>spike length>spikelet number>plant height. Compared with the control（Chinese spring）, the number of spikelets of N7D-T7A increased significantly; the number of grains per spike of N2A-T2B and N6B-T6A decreased significantly; the plant height of N4B-T4A and N7D-T7A increased significantly; the plant height of N6D-T6B decreased significantly; the spike length of N4A-T4B and N7A-T7B decreased significantly; yet there was no significant difference in the number of tillers between all nulli-tetrasomic materials and the control. The coefficients of variation of grain traits of the nulli-tetrasomic materials ranked as 1 000-grain weight>grain area>length-width ratio>grain width>grain length>perimeter; compared with the control, the grain area of N3B-T3D, N3D-T3A, N3D-T3B, N6A-T6B, and N6B-T6A increased significantly; the grain width of N3B-T3A, N3B-T3D, N3D-T3B, N6A-T6B, and N6B-T6A increased significantly, and the length-width ratio of N1B-T1A, N1B-T1D, N3A-T3D, N4A-T4B, N4A-T4D, N5B-T5A, N5B-T5D, N6A-T6D, N7A-T7B, and N7A-T7D decreased significantly. The 1 000-grain weight of N2A-T2B was significantly reduced, and there was no significant difference in circumference and grain length between all nulli-tetrasomic materials and the control. The variation coefficients of flour quality traits of the nulli-tetrasomic materials ranked as Zeleny>wet gluten content>protein content>moisture content>starch content; compared with the control, the nulli-tetrasomic materials had differences in flour quality traits, which are not significant. The coefficients of variation of nulli-tetrasomic materials ranked as stability time>development time>farinograph quality number>weakening value>water absorption; compared with the control, only the first homologous group nulli-tetrasomic materials showed significant differences in dough development time and stability time. Among them, the stability time of N1A-T1B dough reached significant differences, the dough development time and the stability time of N1A-T1D reached extremely significant differences, while there was no significant difference in other indices between the nulli-tetrasomic materials and the control. The results of this study lay a foundation for further analysis of the genetic effects of nulli-tetrasomic materials.