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Outline
To elucidate the application effects of biochar in the cultivation of dryland wheat, a field experiment initiated in 2012 was conducted to compare the yield, water and nitrogen utilization, and soil nutrient differences of dryland winter wheat under the four biochar application levels of 0, 10, 30, and 50 t·hm-2 (designated as B0, B1, B2, and B3, respectively, with biochar applied in 2012 and no further application thereafter). The results indicated that, compared to the control without biochar application (B0), B2 and B3 treatments showed a significant increase in the yield and dry matter accumulation at maturity of winter wheat, with yield increase rate of 4.9% and 11.3%, and dry matter increase rate of 16.3% and 20.0%, respectively. The application of high amounts of biochar (B2 and B3) promoted the accumulation of nitrogen after flowering in winter wheat, by significantly enhancing the accumulation of nitrogen in the aerial parts and various organs, with increase rates in nitrogen accumulation in the stem, leaf, and grain by 11.3% to 18.2%, 4.9% to 16.5%, and 4.2% to 10.9%, respectively. The addition of biochar significantly reduced the apparent nitrogen loss (by 34.5% to 38.5%) and improved the nitrogen and water use efficiency, with the highest nitrogen use efficiency and water use efficiency observed in the B3 treatment, at 12.3 kg·kg-1 and 9.1 t·hm-2·mm-1, respectively. Additionally, the application of biochar significantly increased the content of soil organic matter, ammonium nitrogen, total nitrogen, and available phosphorus. Under the conditions of this experiment, the application of biochar at 30 and 50 t·hm-2 effectively promoted the dry matter accumulation, nitrogen absorption and utilization, increased yield and nitrogen and water use efficiency, as well as increased in soil nutrient content, which is beneficial for high yield and efficiency in dryland wheat cultivation.
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| 科 Family | 属数 Number of genus | 种数 Number of species | 占总种数比例 Percentage of total species (%) | 属 Genus | 种数 Number of species | 占总种数比例 Percentage of total species (%) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae | 2 | 11 | 5.26 | 鹅膏菌属 Amanita | 10 | 4.78 |
| 小菇科 Mycenaceae | 2 | 12 | 5.74 | 丝盖伞属 Inocybe | 5 | 2.39 |
| 多孔菌科 Polyporaceae | 8 | 14 | 6.70 | 蜡蘑属 Laccaria | 5 | 2.39 |
| 红菇科 Russulaceae | 3 | 23 | 11.00 | 小皮伞属 Marasmius | 6 | 2.87 |
| 小菇属 Mycena | 11 | 5.26 | ||||
| 光柄菇属 Pluteus | 5 | 2.39 | ||||
| 红菇属 Russula | 17 | 8.13 | ||||
| 栓菌属 Trametes | 5 | 2.39 |
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