To improve the prediction accuracy of Fusarium head blight (FHB), Fusarium spores were collected and identified in the experimental fields in Yixing, Jurong, Jiangyan, Yandu, Suyu, and Tongshan in Jiangsu Province during the heading and flowering period of wheat. Disease index (DI) was investigated and Fusarium mycotoxins in harvested seeds were tested in various fields. The effect of composition of Fusarium spores on FHB and associated mycotoxins in wheat was assessed. The results showed that among the 650 Fusarium spores collected from the six regions in 2020, the ratio of Fusarium graminearum species complex (FGSC) to all the collected spores was 35.5%. In addition, the ratio of FGSC to all the collected spores in the south of the Huai River was more than 35%, followed by that in the north of Huai River (less than 27%). Moreover, DI and the content of Fusairum mycotoxins in the harvested seeds in the south of Huai River were significantly higher than that in the north of Huai River (P<0.05). Among these fields, DI and the content of Fusarium mycotoxins were significantly positively correlated with the number of FGSC (P<0.01), yet they had no correlation with the number of total spores. The composition of FGSC spores are suggested to be confirmed when the spore dispersal model was used to predict the prevalent of FHB of wheat.

Research on Fusarium head blight holds significant importance for agricultural production and global food security. To gain a comprehensive understanding of the research progress and emerging trends in this field, this study used CiteSpace software to systematically analyzed 1 236 literatures on Fusarium head blight in the Web of Science core collection in the past 20 years. The results indicate that the overall publication output in Fusarium head blight research had shown an upward trend, with the United States leading the field with 345 publications. International collaboration networks were relatively tight, such as those between China and the United States, China and the United Kingdom, and China and Canada. The research content primarily revolved around pathogen characteristics, disease control techniques, and the breeding of resistant varieties. Current research hotspots centered on disease resistance identification, molecular marker-assisted selection, and the development of innovative biological control agents. The prevalent technical methods primarily encompassed metabolomics, genomics, and remote sensing monitoring technologies. Looking ahead, Fusarium head blight research will place greater emphasis on interdisciplinary collaboration, aiming to develop efficient and environmentally friendly disease control strategies to address the challenges posed by global food security.

In order to improve the construction of wheat DH lines, the F₁ generation of 11 wheat hybrid combinations was used as materials to compare and analyze the induction efficiency of wheat anthers under two media (NPB-99 and CHB) and the chromosome doubling efficiency of haploids under three concentrations of colchicine treatments (4, 6 and 8 g·L^-1). The high-molecular-weight glutenin subunits (HMW-GS) of the obtained DH lines were identified by SDS-PAGE. The results showed that the anther induction efficiency of CHB medium was better than that of NPB-99 medium. The concentration of 6 g·L^-1 colchicine was more efficient in inducing haploid doubling. A total of 16 lines carrying prior HMW-GS combinations (1/7+8/5+10 or 1/7+9/5+10) were identified from the 33 DH lines, with good baking quality, which could provide genetic resources for subsequent wheat quality breeding research.

In order to study the species composition and differences in pathogenicity of Fusarium crown rot of wheat pathogens in Shaanxi and Shanxi Provinces, 663 strains displaying crown rot symptoms were systematically collected from 35 sampling sites in Shaanxi and Shanxi provinces in the spring of 2023. Subsequently, five strains were randomly selected from each sampling site for pathogen isolation, and morphological observation and the molecular identification of ITS and trichothecene biosynthetic 1(Tri1) sequences were carried out. 138 strains were isolated from 175 cultures, and 85 strains of Fusarium spp. were identified by morphological and sequence analysis: including 72 strains of Fusarium pseudograminearum (84.71%), 7 strains of F. tricinctum (8.24%), 3 strains of F. graminearum (3.53%), 2 strains of F. avenaceum (2.35%), and 1 strain of F. verticillioidis (1.18%). The results showed that F. pseudograminearum was identified as the dominant pathogen causing Fusarium crown rot of wheat in Shaanxi and Shanxi Provinces. Furthermore, 32 strains of F. pseudograminearum were randomly selected to identify the pathogenicity of wheat seedlings. It was found that there were significant differences in pathogenicity among different strains. In addition, the Tri1 gene specific marker was developed in this study. Although the polymorphism of Tri1 did not directly correspond to the difference in pathogenicity, the marker effectively distinguished between F. pseudograminearum and F. graminearum. In summary, this study confirmed that the dominant strain of Fusarium crown rot of wheat in Shaanxi and Shanxi Provinces were F. pseudograminearum, and the isolates of F. pseudograminearum from different samples had significant differences in pathogenicity at seedling stage of wheat.

Qinghai Province is one of China's over-summering pathogen source areas of wheat stripe rust. To explore the resistance level and the distribution frequency of stripe rust resistance genes of the wheat varieties and germplasm resources in Qinghai Province, the resistance of 208 wheat resources at seedling and adult stages was identified using the physiological race CYR31 and dominant physiological races CYR32, CYR33, CYR34 of wheat stripe rust. The stripe rust resistance genes were detected by gene array. The results showed that 80 wheat varieties (accounting for 38.5% in total) were resistant to CYR31, CYR32, CYR33, and CYR34. Combined with the results of disease resistance identification at the adult stage, 125(accounting for 60.1% in total) materials showed adult plant resistance to stripe rust, 74(accounting for 35.6% in total) materials showed resistance during the whole growth period. The results of molecular detection showed that 204(98.1%), 114(54.8%), 70(33.7%), 66(31.7%), 59(28.4%), 54(26.0%), 45(21.6%), 31(14.9%), 16(7.7%), 1(0.5%), 193(92.8%), 168(80.8%), 147(70.7%), 124(59.6%), 107(51.4%), 86(41.3%), 77(37.0%), 36(17.3%), 26(12.5%), 20(9.6%), and 18(8.7%) materials carried Yr29, Yr78, YrZH58, Yr5, Yr75, Yr80, Yr30, Yr30, Yr26, Yr82, YrSP, QYrqin-2AL, QYr.nwafu-3BS, QYrsn.nwafu-1BL, QYrqin-6BS, QYrxn-1BL, QYrqin-2BL, QYrsn-6BS, QYrsn-2AS, QYrsn-3DL, QYrhm-2BC and QYr-4BL, respectively. This study systematically revealed the current level of disease resistance and the resistance genes carried by wheat germplasm resources in Qinghai Province. It provides a theoretical basis for wheat disease resistance breeding and the rational distribution of disease resistance genes.

As a special plant type, the erect plant type of wheat is characterized by upright tillering growth, tight canopy, large inter-row gaps in conventional row spacing planting, and large spike capacity in the wheat canopy. If the sowing rate increased and the row spacing reduced, wheat yield can be improved. Therefore, it is necessary to explore the unique agronomic characteristics of this type of wheat germplasm under dense planting conditions. In this study, 15 wheat lines with erect plant type derived from different parents were used as experimental materials. The wheat lines were planted under two higher planting densities. Nine main agronomic characters were investigated and the density tolerance coefficients (DTC) was calculated. DTC of the nine agronomic traits were transformed into comprehensive indicators through principal component analysis and the comprehensive density tolerance evaluation value D was calculated to evaluate the density tolerance of the erect plant type wheat. A mathematical model was established using stepwise regression analysis method, and suitable density identification indicators were screened. The results showed that under appropriate high planting density conditions, erect plant type wheat achieved higher grain yields. The cumulative contribution rate of three comprehensive indicators was 85.24%. Based on D value clustering analysis, 15 materials can be divided into extremely strong, strong, moderate, and weak tolerant lines to planting density. Six core evaluation traits, including fresh weight (X₇), thousand grains weight (X₄), lodging degree (X₉), number of ears per hectare (X₂), plant height (X₅), and mechanical strength (X₈) were screened as indices to identify the planting density tolerance of erect plant wheat. The mathematical model for evaluating the planting density tolerance of upright wheat is D=4.330X₇+8.838X₄-0.325X₉+0.463X₂+4.501X₅+2.092X₈-18.499, with an estimation accuracy of over 89.20%.

In order to quantify the water demand and water deficit indices of drought-alkali wheat in Hebei Province at each growth stage, using the meteorological observation data of the main production areas of drought-alkali wheat, the Pearson Ⅲ type curve was used to determine the four hydrological annual types of wet year, average year, dry year and extreme dry year and the corresponding effective precipitation. Characteristics of water deficit and irrigation demand index and their spatial and temporal distribution characteristics were determined using the Penman-Monteith model, combined with the crop coefficient method and the soil correction coefficient method. The results showed that from 1988 to 2022, the water demand of drought-alkali wheat increased significantly during the whole growth period, and the precipitation, effective precipitation, and water deficit showed an increasing trend. The water deficit and irrigation demand indices increased significantly with the decrease of annual precipitation. For the four hydrological annual types, the water deficit were 97.7, 106.5, 126.2 and 149.7 mm, respectively; the irrigation demand indices were 0.56, 0.60, 0.70 and 0.79, respectively, while the difference in water demand was 181.0 mm among different year patterns. Spatially, the water demand was more in the north and less in the south, and the water deficit was more in the northwest and less in the southeast. There were obvious differences in the characteristics of water demand at different growth stages, and the water demand from the reviving stage to the grain filling stage was larger, and the water deficit was more serious. The deficit was the most serious at the reviving stage, with the water demand, water deficit and irrigation demand indices were 48.1 mm, 38.7 mm, and 0.80, respectively. As a whole, the irrigation of drought-alkali wheat can be carried out according to the hydrological year with different proportions, which can save irrigation costs and ensure the stable and high yield of drought-alkali wheat. Expansion to Mengcun, Yanshan, and Haixing counties and cities in the south can effectively expand the sowing area of drought-alkali wheat and strengthen the comprehensive utilization of saline-alkali land.

In order to investigate the regulatory effects of sowing date and nitrogen topdressing stage and their interaction on the population structure and grain yield of winter wheat, the field experiment was carried out using winter wheat cultivar Zhongmai 108, In this study, different sowing dates ( S1: September 29; S2: October 31 ) and nitrogen topdressing stage ( N1: Regreening stage; N2: Jointing stage ) was conducted to analyze difference of growth process, normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI), population dynamics, dry matter accumulation, agronomic traits, grain yield and its components of winter wheat among different treatments. The results showed that days from seeding emergence to regreening of S2 was 35 days less than that of S1, but days from regreening to maturity was only 1 day less than that of S1. The normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI), tillers number and dry matter accumulation amount of S1 were higher than those of S2 at each growth stage, while dry matter amount differences between S2 and S1 gradually narrowed following the growth process. The grain yield and spikes number of S1 were significantly higher than those of S2, however, the spike stem ratio, fertility rate of spikelets and grain number per spike were opposite. NDVI at jointing and late filling stage was significantly affected by nitrogen topdressing stage, which in N1 treatment was significantly higher than in N2. Nevertheless, dry matter accumulation amount at flowering and maturity stages of N2 was higher than that of N1, which increased by 6.9% and 11.4% under S1 conditions, and increased by 4.4% and 4.9% under S2 conditions, respectively. There was no significant difference in productive tiller percentage, grain yield and its components between N1 and N2. In general, under the condition of late sowing (S2), winter wheat can accelerate the growth process through self-regulation, increase dry matter production rate, spikelet seed setting rate and grain number per spike to ensure a certain yield; nitrogen topdressing at regreening stage was beneficial to improve the spring vegetation index and tillers number of late sown wheat, and nitrogen topdressing at jointing stage was favourable for promoting dry matter accumulation after anthesis.

In order to determine the effect of nitrogen application rate on the yield formation ofextremely late sowing winter wheat in northern Xinjiang, Xindong 18 was selected as the material and randomized block experimental design was adopted. Five nitrogen treatments of 0 kg·hm^-2 (N₀), 75 kg·hm^-2 (N₁), 150 kg·hm^-2 (N₂), 225 kg·hm^-2 (N₃) and 300 kg·hm^-2 (N₄) were set up in the field. The leaf area index, dry matter accumulation, plant nitrogen accumulation, nitrogen fertilizer absorption and utilization efficiency and their relationship with yield were systematically studied. The results showed that: with the increase the amount of nitrogen application, the leaf area index, total photosynthetic potential, the accumulation of dry matter, and the number of days of rapid accumulation of dry matter increased, among which maximum leaf area index (4.57-4.76 and 4.58-4.79) and total photosynthetic potential (181.50-206.43 m²·d·m^-2 and 185.09-208.13 m²·d·m^-2), maximum dry matter accumulation (19 903.28-21 821.78 kg·hm^-2 and 20 519.38-22 249.95 kg·hm^-2) and duration of rapid dry matter accumulation (26.2-27.3 d and 26.6-27.3 d) were significantly higher under N₃ and N₄ treatments than those under the remaining treatments. There was no significant difference between N₃ and N₄ treatments. With the increase of N application rate, nitrogen accumulation in grains at maturity was increased; nitrogen transfer before anthesis was increased, with all organs ranking as leaf > stem sheath > spike. Soil nitrogen contribution rate, nitrogen fertilizer utilization efficiency, nitrogen fertilizer absorption efficiency and nitrogen harvesting index all showed a downward trend with the increase of nitrogen application amount. The utilization efficiency of nitrogen fertilizer and nitrogen fertilizer agronological efficiency has a tendency to rise first and then decline, among which N₃ treatment was the largest (60.52%-65.64% and 6.35-12.48 kg·kg^-1). The grain yield of N₃ treatment was highest, 21.27%-40.51% higher than that of N₀ treatment. Under the conditions of this experiment, the optimum nitrogen application rate of winter wheat in extremely late sowing in northern Xinjiang was 225 kg·hm^-2 (150 kg·hm^-2 at jointing stage + 75 kg·hm^-2 at booting stage).

To evaluate the intercropping effects of different spring wheat varieties, four intercropping methods with different row ratios (4A∶5B, 5A∶4B, 3A∶6B, 6A∶3B) and a mixed cropping of 1∶1 seed mass ratio (ABmix) were set up, using a high stem variety Neimai 17(plant height 110 cm, A) and a dwarf stem variety Nongmai 482(plant height 76 cm, B) as materials. Two different intercropping methods were compared and analyzed for flag leaf SPAD values, net photosynthetic rate (NCP), dry matter accumulation, grain yield, and water content under different planting methods, with two varieties as controls (ACK and BCK). The results showed that the SPAD values of flag leaves in intercropped wheat were higher than those in monoculture at 18 days after flowering. The net photosynthetic rate of the post flowering population in each treatment showed a trend of first increasing and then decreasing, reaching its maximum at 6 days after flowering. Among them, the net photosynthetic rate of the population in the 4A∶5B treatment was consistently significantly higher than that in other treatments. There was no significant difference in thousand-grain weight among different intercropping treatments, but they were all significantly higher than ACK. Compared with monoculture treatment, the grain yield of ABmix treatment showed no significant change, but the grain yield of four intercropping treatments increased significantly. The 4A∶5B treatment had the highest grain yield, increased by 7.94% and 6.31% compared to ACK and BCK, respectively. The land equivalent ratio of the four intercropping methods was greater than 1. The soil water consumption and total water consumption during the entire growth period of wheat were the lowest under the 4A∶5B intercropping method, but the water use efficiency was the highest, with an increase rate of 21.0% and 20.8% compared to ACK and BCK, respectively. Under the conditions of this experiment, the high stem variety Neimai 17 and the drawf stem variety Nongmai 482 had the best yield and water saving effects under the row ratio of 4∶5 intercropping.