The changes in clouds are complex and diverse, playing a significant role in weather forecast and disaster warning, and affecting our daily lives. The observation of clouds is mainly carried out through radar, remote sensing satellites, and all-sky imagers. The recorded cloud images are divided into radar cloud images, satellite cloud images, and ground-based cloud images, all of which are indispensable parts of cloud observation. With the development of machine learning in multiple fields, it has gradually been applied to cloud segmentation and has made great progress. Through extensive research on literature and achievements in related fields, machine learning cloud segmentation was divided into three types: cloud segmentation methods based on neural networks, cloud segmentation methods based on transfer learning, and cloud segmentation methods based on lightweight models. The methods proposed in recent years for each type were compared, and improvement methods for different problems in cloud segmentation were further summarized. Several improvement schemes were provided for reference.

To observe the effects of LPS(lipopolysaccharide)-HDAC3(induced histone deacetylase 3) on the expression of HMGB1(high mobility histone B1) and nuclear translocation in RAW264.7 cells, and the intervention effect of SFI(Shenfu injection). RAW264.7 cells were induced by LPS to establish a cellular inflammatory injury model, and the cells were intervened with SFI at doses of 3, 6, and 12 μL/mL for 24 h. RT-qPCR(real-time fluorescence PCR) was used to detect the transcriptional levels of HDAC3, HMGB1, IL-1β, and TNF-α in the cells, and Western-blot was used to detect the protein expression of HMGB1 and HDAC3, and immune immunoassay to detect the protein expression of HMGB1 and HDAC3.HDAC3 protein expression, immunofluorescence to observe the effect of SFI on the subcellular localization of HMGB1. ELISA to detect the secretion levels of HMGB1, IL-1β, and TNF-α in the cell supernatant. And small interfering RNA(siRNA) after targeting to silence the HDAC3 in RAW264.7 cells. to observe the effect of SFI on HMGB1 subcellular localization. Compared with the control group, the transcription and expression of HDAC3 in RAW264.7 cells in the model group were significantly reduced (P<0.01), and the expression of HMGB1 was significantly elevated (P<0.01) and simultaneously migrated from the nucleus to the cytoplasm. The inflammatory factors in the supernatant of the cells, such as HMGB1, IL-1β and TNF-α, were significantly elevated (P<0.01). And compared with the model group, SFI (6, 12 μL/mL dose group) up-regulated the transcription and expression levels of HDAC3, down-regulated the transcription, expression, and nuclear translocation of the inflammatory factor HMGB1, and inhibited the secretion of HMGB1, IL-1β, and TNF-α in RAW264.7 cells. After targeted silencing of HDAC3, a large amount of HMGB1 was localized in the cytoplasm, and there was no significant change in protein localization after LPS stimulation, and SFI could not reverse the abnormal localization of HMGB1. SFI may inhibit LPS-induced extra-nuclear migration of HMGB1 in RAW264.7 cells by up-regulating HDAC3 expression, which in turn inhibited its downstream inflammatory response.

There are certain requirements for the mechanical properties of paper or paper-based materials during their service. However, existing experimental and theoretical studies of size effects indicate that the mechanical properties of specimens with different sizes are not identical. Therefore, it is necessary to clarify the size effect of their mechanical properties to ensure their safety. The kraft paper, which is easy to obtain and has high strength, was selected to carry out uniaxial tensile tests on with different sizes. And then the size effects of mechanical properties and their dispersions were determined. By analyzing the deformation characteristics and macro-microscopic damage features of different sizes specimens, the intrinsic mechanism of the size effect on the mechanical properties of kraft paper was revealed. Finally, a size effect model of mechanical properties for kraft paper was established. The study finds that the nominal tensile strength and nominal peak strain of kraft paper first increase and then decrease as the sizes increases. This is because the cut edge fibers cause the edges of the kraft paper specimens to have weaker stress and strain capabilities, and the proportion of weakened edges in small-sized specimens is relatively large, leading to an increasing size effect on the nominal tensile strength and nominal peak strain. In large-sized specimens, the proportion of weakened edges can be ignored, and the internal fracture process zone plays a dominant role, leading to a decreasing size effect on the nominal tensile strength and nominal peak strain. The established edge-internal fracture process zone size effect model can well describe the size effect on the nominal tensile strength and nominal peak strain of kraft paper. However, this model cannot capture the nonlinear characteristics of the increasing size effect stage for the nominal tensile strength and nominal peak strain.

The tectonic activities at the bottom and surrounding the sedimentary basin will inevitably lead to changes in the sedimentary filling characteristics and evolution of the basin. These changes serve as records of the sedimentary strata’s response to tectonic activities. Based on logging interpretation and outcrop data, the sedimentary evolution of the Middle and Late Jurassic to Early Cretaceous in the Ordos Basin was analyzed through paleogeography and sedimentary facies restoration. The results indicate that the southern part of the basin developed multi-phase depositional systems, including alluvial fan, river-delta-lake, and desert phases. There was a sedimentary divergence from east to west, with the sedimentary center migrating from east to west. During this period, the basin was primarily influenced by the Yanshan Movement, with strong tectonic activities occurring around it. Consequently, a tectonic pattern emerged within the basin, characterized by uplifting and tilting in the east and sinking and depression in the west. The intense tectonic activities at the western edge of the basin also led to the development of an intralittoral foreland basin at the southwestern edge during the Late Jurassic Fenfanghe Stage. Additionally, multiple sets of molasse formations and unconformity contacts were present during the Late Jurassic and Early Cretaceous periods. Based on these insights, a model map of the Middle and Late Jurassic to Early Cretaceous tectono-sedimentary evolution has been established. The occurrence of these sedimentary events serves as a record of the basin’s response to the early and middle stages of the Yanshan Movement, proving a close relationship between sedimentary evolution and the uplift of the Qinling-Qilian Mountain orogenic belt and the Lvliang Mountains. These insights not only complement and improve the theory of tectonic-sedimentary response in the southern basin during the Yanshan Movement but also have practical significance for the exploration and development of mineral resources such as oil, gas, and uranium in the southern basin.

Laser 3D scanning technology rapidly acquires point cloud data of target surfaces, including spatial point coordinates that describe the geometric features of the target and laser reflectance intensity that characterizes the material’s reflectivity. The application of automatic semantic segmentation techniques for 3D point clouds in geological exploration research lays the foundation for depicting regional geological features. To demonstrate the recent advancements of 3D laser scanning technology in large-scale semantic segmentation within geological scenarios, firstly, photogrammetry and LiDAR as two methods for acquiring 3D point clouds were compared, highlighting the advantages of LiDAR in terms of accuracy, versatility, and insensitivity to lighting conditions. By elucidating the principles of lithological semantic segmentation, a comprehensive review and summary of recent methods based on geometric or intensity features were provided. Common large-scale point cloud datasets and evaluation metrics were introduced, and the segmentation performance of different algorithms was compared. Finally, the limitations of existing methods were summarized, and future research directions for lithological semantic segmentation tasks were outlined.

Land ecological security is the core of sustainable use of land resources, and land use changes caused by human activities change the structure and function of ecosystems, which have a serious impact on the regional ecological security system. In order to explore the changes in ecological security in Chongqing in recent years and in 2030, Chongqing was taken as the research object and PLUS (patch-level land use simulation) model was employed to simulate land use changes under the scenarios of natural development, ecological priority and development priority in 2030. Based on the ecological perspective, an ecological security evaluation index system was constructed, and the mutation model was combined to quantitatively evaluate the level of land ecological security. The results show that the spatial distribution of land use types in Chongqing is quite different, the cultivated land area decreased by 3 995.14 km², and the construction land area increased by 1 147.36 km², realizing rapid urban development. At the same time, 64.53%, 67.31% and 55.97% were relatively safe or above under the three scenarios. The spatial pattern of ecological security in Chongqing is opposite to the spatial pattern of population density and GDP, and consistent with the spatial pattern of natural data such as vegetation cover and slope. Through the ecological assessment of land use changes in previous years and under different scenarios, it provides a basis for high-quality coordinated development of ecology and economy.

To study the effect of anchor length on anchorage effect of weak rock masses in a deep tunnel, the indoor similar model tests were carried out on failure test of rock masses during the excavation opening. The variation characteristic on the failure, displacements and stress of the rock mass after excavation were analyzed comparatively under three conditions (without anchors, with short anchors and long anchors).In the loading test, the failure process of rock mass around the opening shows that the failure process of surrounding rock occurs first at the side wall, then the arch waist and the arch collapse. The surrounding rock in the arch roof after reinforcing rock bolts forms the effect of strengthening beam because of the reinforcement of rock bolts, which leads to the significant increase in the maximum settlement and failure load of the arch roof. The length of rock bolts need to pass through the plastic loosening zone of the arch roof. If the length of anchor rod is not enough to anchor the whole plastic loosening zone, there will be stratification between the anchored surrounding rock and the unanchored surrounding rock. Based on the theory of homogenization strength of rock mass, the short bolt mainly increases the effective support force of surrounding rock at shallow tunnel wall, thus improving the strength of surrounding rock, and the long bolt (cable) can regulate the stress in the elastic zone of deep surrounding rock. Therefore, the combination of the long bolt (cable) effectively regulates the stress state of surrounding rock.

In order to reduce the panalkalisation of alkali-inspired materials for repair, the inhibition of panalkalisation of alkali-inspired materials for repair was investigated by means of surface spraying of admixtures, doping of glass powder, and doping of red mud. The inhibition mechanism was also analysed by scanning electron microscopy, nitrogen adsorption analysis and super depth of field image analysis. The results show as follows. After brushing PNC401 waterproof coating or organosilicon waterproofing agent on the surface of mortar specimen, the amount of alkali flooding is reduced by 61.3% and 26.7%, respectively. The dosage of glass powder and red mud within 15% meets the requirements of the performance of the repair mortar. The amount of alkali flooding was reduced by 60.7% and 52.0% after doping of 15% glass powder and red mud, respectively, and the number of pore spaces inside the mortar was less, no obvious cracks were produced, which reduced the dissolution of alkaline ions. The number of pores inside the mortar is less, and there is no obvious crack, which reduces the dissolution channel of alkaline ions, and it has a good inhibition effect on the alkaline flooding of alkaline stimulating materials for repairing.

Content Aiming at the problems of single convolution model, insufficient Receptive field and inaccurate feedback information of single discriminant network in current face image super-resolution reconstruction algorithm, an algorithm based on adaptive convolution and joint Loss function was designed. A generation adversarial network architecture was used by the model. On the generator side, adaptive convolution was used to construct dual path residual blocks and further form efficient residual groups. It can independently learn feature weights extracted under different receptive fields and supplement missing information from a single branch. The subpixel convolution layers were used to complete quadruple reconstruction of face images. In terms of discriminators, Vgg and U-net architecture networks were used as dual discriminant networks, and dual discriminant results were used to calculate adversarial losses. The losses, content losses, and perceptual losses form a joint loss function. Experiments on the Celeba dataset show that compared with RWSA, this algorithm improves PSNR by 1.166 dB, SSIM by 0.037, LPIPS by 0.033, and PI by 0.119, compared with other mainstream algorithms, it has advantages in image detail clarity.

To analyze the hydrodynamic characteristics of light beacons in wind-wave environments and propose an optimization scheme based on stress concentration points, the VOF (volume of fluid) method was used to calculate the pressure distribution on the surface of the light beacon under wave and wind conditions and the resulting deformations. The results indicate that stress concentration occurs at the base of the central support of the light beacon, with the maximum displacement at the top of the light beacon. Two optimization schemes were investigated based on these findings. In the slanted support scheme, stress concentration shifted to the top of the support, reducing by 32.2% compared to before optimization. The maximum deformation was at the base in the middle, a 40.1% reduction compared to before optimization. In the end-strengthened scheme, stress concentrated at the bottom, with a reduction of 0.08% compared to before optimization, while the maximum deformation was at the top of the light beacon, which was reduced by 23.1% compared to before optimization. It is evident that the light beacon structure with slanted supports can effectively reduce stress intensity and disperse the impact of wind and waves on other parts of the light beacon, representing a better structural optimization scheme.