In order to solve the problem of uneven data distribution or confusion of characteristics in material supply chain under multi-source data, a data balance processing method of material supply chain based on multi-source data was proposed. The data distribution space of material supply chain was established, non-boundary and boundary areas were set, the center of the area was calibrated, the distances between different characteristic data and the center point were calculated respectively, the unbalanced data was searched in advance by using the edge mixed sampling algorithm, and the boundary area to which it belongs was determined according to the data distance characteristics. The unbalanced data was regarded as the working nodes in the supply chain cluster. When the number of working nodes in the cluster changes, the load generated by each cycle execution node was obtained by flow calculation, and the load value was converted into the execution thread score. The unbalanced data was obtained by comparing the scores, the threshold of data memory and CPU resource consumption in the material supply chain was calculated, and the parallel task thread was established. The scheduler was used to transfer the execution thread in the working node to the next node to achieve the purpose of load balancing. The experimental results show that the proposed method has the advantages of short response time, large data throughput, good processing effect and strong stability, and has good practical application value.

In deep heavy oil reservoirs, substantial heat losses during steam injection are often associated with suboptimal steam chamber development, significantly reducing the efficiency of steam flooding. A novel steam chamber expansion model was introduced, incorporating a wellbore heat loss coefficient derived from vapor-liquid interface theory and heat transfer principles. Compared to existing models, the modified model was shown to predict a more pronounced steam override and a larger steam-swept area at the reservoir top. Validation against field monitoring data reveals a deviation of only 7.61%, demonstrating strong agreement with actual development conditions. Further analysis of the wellbore heat loss rate and steam chamber morphology shows that the heat loss rate peaks early in the injection process and subsequently decreases over time. It is observed that the wellbore heat loss rate increases with greater reservoir depth. Additionally, the mobility ratio is found to be negatively correlated with steam chamber development, while the shape factor is positively correlated, with larger shape factors resulting in a wider steam-swept area and a reduced impact of steam override. The research is closely integrated with theoretical concepts and practical applications, enabling rapid and accurate predictions of steam chamber front positions, optimizing steam injection parameters, and informing the design of development strategies for medium to deep heavy oil reservoirs.

In order to solve the safety problems encountered when aircraft land and taxi on runway surfaces with accumulated water, three-dimensional random uneven half-runway surfaces with different flatness grades were established. The distribution of accumulated water in the landing strip under the influence of runway unevenness was used to investigate the accumulated water distribution characteristic matrix. Moreover, a theoretical model for aircraft landing and taxiing on runways with accumulated water was established, and dynamic simulations were carried out using the Simulink tool to analyze the impact of runways on aircraft landing performance under different accumulated water distribution conditions. The results show that compared with “good” (international roughness index, IRI=1), the landing distance of the runway with “poor” (IRI=5) increases by about 29 m, and the landing distance of the runway with “poor” (IRI=1) increases by 3.7% compared with the ideal smooth road. Moreover, the decrease of road smoothness would aggravate the risk of tire water skiing. If the ground speed of the aircraft is increased from 62 m/s to 82 m/s, the landing distance will directly increase by about 520 m, an increase of about 87%. When the rainfall intensity of 1 mm/min increases from 1 mm/min to 3 mm/min, the landing distance increases by 6.5 m and 7.4 m for each increase in rainfall intensity of 1 mm/min. It is concluded that at the uneven position of the pavement, the greater the grounding speed, the greater the speed when reaching the same position, and the greater the reduction of the adhesion coefficient of the position, up to 11.3%. With the increase of rainfall intensity, the adhesion coefficient decreases gradually. When the rainfall intensity reaches 3 mm/min, the adhesion coefficient decreases by about 20% compared with the dry pavement.

Two schemes, hollow shaft and solid shaft were proposed for the cantilever high-speed rotor of a turbofan engine during the structural design stage. Based on the beam element finite element method, rotor dynamic analysis models with hollow shaft and solid shaft were established, and critical speed and vibration mode calculations were carried out. The calculation results show that hollow shaft structure is suitable for the rotor. Then, an analysis was conducted on the sensitivity of the unbalance response of a rotor with a hollow shaft to the unbalance amount at the characteristic position, providing a basis for the selection of balance surfaces in high-speed dynamic balance test. Finally, the dynamic characteristics test of the simulated rotor with hollow shaft within the full speed range and the high-speed dynamic balance test research at the working speed were completed. The rotor smoothly crossed the two orders bending critical speed and safely operated to the working speed, verifying the rationality of the rotor’s hollow shaft structure and dynamic design. Compared with the experimental results, the calculation error of the established finite element model is not more than 4.08%, which well reflects the dynamic characteristics of the rotor. After high-speed dynamic balancing, the deflection of the rotor at the working speed is significantly reduced, not less than 33.33%. The research results provide reference and technical support for the structural, dynamic design, and experimental research of real low-pressure rotors, and has important engineering value.

With the rapid development of railway networks in cold regions, frequent subgrade diseases are observed. To investigate the freeze-thaw characteristics and mechanical properties of subgrade soils in cold regions, a series of laboratory tests were conducted. The effects of moisture content, freezing temperature, and freeze-thaw cycles on soil behavior were systematically investigated. The experimental results indicate that the frost heave ratio and thaw settlement coefficient increase consistently with higher moisture content, lower freezing temperatures, and more freeze-thaw cycles. More pronounced moisture migration is observed under conditions of higher initial moisture content and higher freezing temperatures. The upper part of soil samples shows gradual moisture reduction while the lower part exhibits moisture accumulation with increasing freeze-thaw cycles. The freezing temperatures are measured as -1.96, -1.89, -2.17, -2.06 ℃ for initial moisture contents of 8%, 10%, 12%, and 14% respectively, with the lowest freezing temperature occurring at 12% moisture content. The strength variation ranges are determined as 3.63~6.15 MPa with increasing moisture content, 3.26~6.05 MPa with decreasing freezing temperatures, and 4.49~3.68 MPa with increasing freeze-thaw cycles. These findings are considered significant for ensuring the stability and safety of transportation infrastructure in cold regions.

Large section tunnel in-situ expansion excavation is prone to induce ground settlement, posing a threat to the service safety of surrounding structures. However, the settlement evolution of the overlying strata during tunnel expansion excavation are not yet clear. A method combining theoretical analysis, physical model testing, and engineering practice was adopted to investigate the settlement evolution of the overlying strata during expansion excavation of tunnels. A theoretical model for tunnel expansion excavation settlement was established. The research findings indicate that the settlement of the overlying strata above the tunnel exhibits a sudden increase characteristic, with the expansion excavation settlement zone showing a parabolic distribution, which is primarily related to the cohesive force of the rock mass and its brittle fracture characteristics. The strata settlement shows a nonlinear increasing relationship with the distance from the tunnel, mainly influenced by the non-uniform attenuation of excavation unloading disturbance. The theoretical model curves can reflect the settlement evolution consistent with the physical model tests, with an average deviation of 4.8% between the experimental and theoretical values. Considering the influence of the correction coefficient α for tunnel support on the measured engineering values, the model with α=0.7 and α=0.4 can better predict the range of surface settlement after tunnel expansion excavation and support. The research results provide a theoretical method for calculating strata settlement during tunnel in-situ expansion excavation.

The evaluation of expressway network resilience has been emphasized due to significant global emergencies. Utilizing complex network theory and the resilience triangle model, a dynamic system was developed to assess the comprehensive performance of nodes, incorporating local, global, and social attributes. A method for evaluating the resilience of expressway networks was proposed, consisting of four stages: initial, disruption, recovery, and stabilization. Six disruption and recovery strategies (node degree, eigenvector, betweenness, accessibility, social attributes, and random selection) were applied to analyze the network’s performance using three key indicators: the number of independent paths, network efficiency, and network connectivity. A topological map of the expressway network spanning the provinces of Shanxi, Shandong, Henan, and Hebei were constructed, and the resilience changes under various disruption and recovery strategies were analyzed. The findings indicate that in the initial stage, the expressway network exhibits a relatively high number of independent paths, suggesting robust anti-risk capabilities. During the disruption stage, network efficiency, the number of independent paths, and network connectivity decrease by 94.32%, 98.18%, and 99.63%, respectively, demonstrating the network’s ability to absorb disruptions. In the recovery stage, the accessibility restoration strategy, which results in the smallest resilience triangle area, exhibits the strongest resilience, whereas the random restoration strategy shows the slowest recovery rate, indicating that it should be avoided whenever possible. In the stabilization stage, network efficiency resilience is found to be superior to that of network connectivity and independent path resilience in the expressway network of the four provinces. It is recommended that urban nodes with higher degree values, such as Xinxiang and Puyang, be prioritized for protection to enhance the overall resilience of the expressway network.

A numerical simulation of groundwater dynamics in the Sugan Lake Basin was conducted by using MODFLOW, and 50-year predictions were made for four different water diversion schemes. The results from MODFLOW simulations fit well with the measured data, indicating that the established model can be used for predicting the groundwater dynamics in the Sugan Lake Basin. The MODFLOW simulation results under different water diversion schemes reveal that over a period of 50 years, as the amount of diverted water increases, the shrinkage rate of the large Sugan Lake’s area also increases, and the groundwater level in the Sugan Lake Basin shows a general declining trend. The impact of inter-basin water transfer exhibits certain time lags and spatial heterogeneity. Considering both the water diversion requirements and the effects of the water diversion project on the ecological environment of the Sugan Lake Basin, it is suggested that a water diversion scheme of 1.0×10⁸ m³/a is more appropriate. The research results provide important scientific theoretical support for assessing the impacts of inter-basin water transfer projects on the ecological environment of the Sugan Lake Basin and for determining suitable water diversion schemes.

A large amount of dredged silt is produced in Taihu Lake every year. In order to realize the resource utilization of solid waste, the feasibility of preparing dredged mud and attapulgite into vertical cutoff wall material was explored, and its impermeability was studied. The permeability resistance and micro-pore structure of dredged mud-attapulgite engineering cutoff wall materials were studied by flexible wall infiltration, water centrifugation and low field nuclear magnetic resonance test. The results show that with the increase of consolidation pressure, the proportion of small holes increases, the proportion of mesoporous holes decreases, the content of free water decreases, and the content of bound water is basically unchanged, and the porosity and hydraulic conductivity of dredged silt-attapulgite decrease gradually with the increase of consolidation pressure. At the consolidation pressure of 100 kPa, the porosity and hydraulic conductivity of the dredging silt-attapulgite cutoff wall material using zinc chloride and butyric acid as the contaminated permeate increase compared with the test using water as the permeate. The reason is that the addition of the polluted permeate reduces the small hole proportion, increases the mesoporous proportion, increases the free water content, and basically keeps the bound water content unchanged.

With the rapid development of the global aviation industry, airport ground operations management is increasingly challenging. Ensuring safety, improving efficiency, and reducing environmental impacts constitute critical tasks. To address this, a mixed-integer linear programming model incorporating taxiway conflict prevention was developed. This model aimed to minimize taxi time and CO₂ emissions through dynamic optimization with the non-dominated sorting genetic algorithm II (NSGA-II). Implementation was conducted in Python for a major Chinese hub airport, with results compared against the commercial optimizer Gurobi. Computational findings reveal a 17.46% reduction in total taxi time and an 18.35% decrease in CO₂ emissions across 14 aircraft. The NSGA-II solution is found to be within 1.083% of Gurobi’s optimal solution, while a 95.0% faster computation time is achieved. The capability of NSGA-II in handling large-scale multi-objective taxi path optimization problems is demonstrated. Operational efficiency is enhanced, and CO₂ emissions are significantly reduced by the proposed approach.