This article explores the disciplinary system of artificial intelligence. Firstly, starting from the definition of AI, then proposes that the disciplinary system structure of artificial intelligence consists of three parts: the scientific foundation of AI, the technical methods of AI, and the applications of AI. It believes that the scientific foundation of AI is symbolism, connectionism, and behaviorism. The main technologies of AI are knowledge−based artificial intelligence technology, data−driven AI technology, algorithms of AI, and computing power of AI. The elements of AI technology are knowledge, data, algorithms, and computing power. The development and application of AI involves economic, technological, livelihood, social, and other fields.

Searching for extraterrestrial life and achieving long−term extraterrestrial survival are fundamental philosophical question and technical challenges to be addressed by humankind. Life on Earth, especially in extreme environments, provides a unique analog for the study of extraterrestrial life. There are many natural extreme environments on Earth that resemble conditions on exoplanets. By studying life in similar environments, we can uncover the mechanisms of adaptation and survival strategies, deepen our understanding of the essence and boundaries of life, expand the category of habitable planets, and enrich our knowledge of human adaptation and survival limits. Focusing on the life survival strategies in the extreme extraterrestrial analogue environments such as extraterrestrial ocean analogues, Mars analogues, thoughts on core scientific questions, scientific goals and important research directions are presented. It is suggested that through the interdisciplinary intersection of life science, earth science, marine science and astrobiology, investigate the diversity of microorganisms in extraterrestrial extreme environments and the multi−level environmental adaptation mechanisms at the molecular, metabolic, cellular, and community levels; explore the metabolic patterns and survival strategies of the organism in extreme environments; develop a number of key generic technologies and platforms and promote the change of research paradigm in related fields based on big data and artificial intelligence. The study of survival strategies in extreme environment benefit to support national human spaceflight and deep space exploration missions, and provide fundamental and forward−looking scientific and technological reserves for the detection of extraterrestrial life and long−term extraterrestrial survival.

In order to improve the efficiency and benefit of transportation and energy integration, explore its development path, this paper generalizes the characteristics of various transportation modes and energy sources, proposes the key fields and basic framework of the transportation and energy integration development, summarizes the main characteristics of the transportation and energy integration development in China, and analyzes the key shortcomings and problems that restrict the improvement of transportation and energy integration efficiency. According to the requirements of the new development situation, this paper puts forward the integration path of maximizing the comprehensive benefits of economic and social benefits, comprehensive service level and resource utilization efficiency of transportation and energy input, focusing on spatial layout coordination, construction coordination, mode and technology innovation coordination, and puts forward "planning−operation−opening−mechanism" coordinated development proposal.

China's population mostly resides in its cities. Large scale, quick growth, and challenging decarbonization are the characteristics of carbon emissions from the urban transportation sector. Future urban travel patterns will be significantly impacted by new transportation forms like sharing and intelligence, which are also a key component of the urban passenger transport emission reduction strategy. In order to forecast future urban passenger transport demand and quantify the emission reduction effects of shared and intelligent transportation, this paper applies the T3E−SAM model and set up dual carbon target scenarios and technological transformation scenario. The findings indicate that, between 2025 and 2040, China's urban passenger traffic is expected to grow at an average annual rate of 2.7%. After 2040, the growth rate will exhibit a declining trend, averaging 0.4% yearly decrease from 2041 to 2060. In the dual carbon target scenario, carbon emissions from urban passenger transportation will peak in 2027, and by 2060, carbon emissions from private vehicles will be the only source of emissions. Urban passenger transport carbon emissions are predicted to peak in 2025 and reach zero in 2057 under the technological transformation scenario. The widespread adoption of shared, electric, and intelligent technologies will support the achievement of urban transportation zero−emission goals, reduce the number of private vehicles, and significantly improve urban transportation efficiency. Based on the results of the model, this article puts forward a series of policy collaborative development suggestions: "Technological empowerment to accelerate the application of intelligent vehicles; Concept empowerment to promote the popularization of sharing concepts such as use rather than ownership; Management empowerment to support intelligence and sharing Transform travel into reality".

In order to promote the application of meteorological disaster risk survey results in professional meteorological service, develop digital and intelligent highway traffic meteorology and optimize meteorological service supply, "Highway Traffic Meteorological Disaster Risk Survey Service Platform" based on the digital earth has been developed in response to the demand for highway traffic meteorological disaster risk service. This platform integrates multi−source data such as meteorological disaster risk survey results, impact information of the highway transportation industry, basic geographic information of roads. By utilizing multi−source data access, visualization, and 3D−GIS technology, the platform has integrated comprehensive analysis functions such as real−time monitoring, early warning, and risk assessment. We have achieved digitization and layering of highway traffic meteorological service information, and integrated it into transportation management departments to carry out intelligent traffic meteorological support services based on application scenarios. This platform not only achieves the integration of meteorological disaster risk survey results and highway transportation industry data, further enhancing the meteorological disaster risk warning service capabilities, but also effectively improving the "digital+intelligent" ability of highway transportation meteorological services, demonstrating good application prospects in traffic meteorological services.

In the paper, the basic structure, working principle and recycling status of lithium−ion battery are introduced, and the main recycling methods of positive electrode materials are discussed in detail. The latest progress of waste lithium−ion battery recycling technology was reviewed, including the development of recycling process, the products recovered and the impact of recycling on the environmental burden, as well as the options for decommissioning ion batteries, including battery secondary utilization, direct regeneration and repair of electrode materials, hydrometallurgical or pyrometallurgical recovery materials. This study suggests several future research directions for recycling technologies that will help academics and policymakers take the necessary steps to achieve a circular economy in the lithium battery value chain.Improvement suggestions have been proposed for the existing recycling and reuse technologies of waste lithium−ion batteries in terms of battery material recovery rate, recycling system, comprehensive recycling of electrolytes, separators, and negative electrode materials.

The Domain Name System, as a core foundational resource of the internet, relies on the stability of its Root Zone to ensure the operational security of the global domain name system. Based on Root Zone top−level domain data released by the Internet Assigned Numbers Authority this study analyzes resolution service addresses of top−level domain authoritative servers to reveal the centralized characteristics of current Top−level domain name registration and hosting practices. The research findings indicate that resolution services for 1,458 active Top−level domain name s exhibit significant dependency on a limited number of Top−level domain name hosting institutions. Specifically, Afilias and Identity Digital Limited host 32.58% and 32.17% of Top−level domain name s respectively, with the top three institutions collectively accounting for over 90% of hosted Top−level domain name s. Quantitative evaluation using the Gini coefficient shows that Top−level domain name hosting resources reach a centralization degree of 0.83, substantially higher than the 0.44 measured for registry management, indicating severe oligopolistic risks in the hosting sector. The study warns that overly concentrated hosting architectures may introduce single points of failure risks (such as regional cyberattacks affecting multiple Top−level domain name resolution services) and undermine the diversity of the domain name ecosystem. To address these challenges, the research suggests promoting self−built authoritative servers by Top−level domain name registries, optimizing hosting institution qualification mechanisms, and exploring blockchain−based decentralized domain name resolution technologies, aiming to enhance the Root Zone's risk resilience and long−term stability.

To establish a stable and reliable non−invasive method for evaluating the right heart structure and function in rats with pulmonary hypertension (PH) using small animal echocardiography. Male SD rats were randomly divided into a control group and a model group. The model group was injected subcutaneously with the vascular endothelial growth factor receptor inhibitor SU5416 (20 mg/kg body weight) in the neck and placed in a hypoxia chamber with 10% oxygen concentration for 3 weeks, then transferred to a normoxia environment for another 3 weeks to construct a severe PH rat model. The control group was raised in a normal environment. Six weeks after modeling, animals were anesthetized, and echocardiographic measurements and right heart catheterization were performed to collect relevant hemodynamic indices. Echocardiographic indices of the rat hearts were analyzed for uniformity and retest reliability, correlated with the right ventricular systolic pressure measured by right heart catheterization, and their diagnostic value for PH rats was evaluated. The right heart structure and function evaluation indices established in PH rats using small animal echocardiography showed good uniformity and retest reliability. The end−diastolic right ventricular free wall thickness, end−systolic right ventricular free wall thickness, tricuspid annular plane systolic excursion, and pulmonary artery flow acceleration time/ejection time and pulmonary artery flow acceleration time were significantly correlated with the right ventricular systolic pressure measured by right heart catheterization (P<0.001) and had high diagnostic value. Small animal echocardiography provides a non−invasive, stable, and reproducible method for evaluating the right heart structure and function in PH rats, which can be used to assess the severity of the disease in PH rat models.

Amidst complex and severe internal and external shocks, China and the US have both recognized the importance of enhancing the resilience of basic research innovation. This paper defines the concept of resilience in basic research innovation and measures it for China and the US using the core variable method, based on Web of Science publication data from 2002 to 2022. It further explores the characteristics, regional differences, and dynamic evolution of this resilience using the Dagum Gini coefficient and kernel density analysis. Key findings include: the US experiencing a downward trend in resilience, while China's resilience remains relatively stable and stronger overall; the US showing a more balanced regional distribution of resilience under financial and pandemic shocks, whereas China exhibits greater regional disparities; the US witnessing declines in both resistance and recovery capabilities over time, while China sees an increase in resistance but a decrease in recovery capabilities, with a significant positive correlation between resistance and recovery in China, unlike in the US. Additionally, the US has a more balanced distribution of published papers across major regions, while China shows a polarized trend. The resilience performance of major regions in both countries varies under different shocks. The Dagum Gini coefficient indicates that the overall gap in resilience between China and the US is widening, driven by domestic differences during the resistance period and by inter−country differences during the recovery period. Kernel density estimates reveal that the US has declining resilience with increasing inter−state differences, polarization during the resistance period, and convergence towards lower levels during the recovery period. In contrast, China has higher resilience with decreasing inter−provincial differences and a reduced proportion of low−level regions.

Basic research is the wellspring of major technological innovations. Against the backdrop of the increasingly fierce international competition in science and technology, it is urgent to scientifically evaluate the position of basic research in China's key technology fields within the global competitive landscape. Based on 26 million high−level scientific and technological documents collected by international authoritative databases over the past decade, this study comprehensively applies bibliometric, topic evolution and visual analysis methods. By independently constructing evaluation indicators for competitive concentration, leadership, and influence, it quantitatively characterizes the competitiveness of global key technology fields. This research reveals that the competitiveness of basic research in China's key technology fields has been significantly enhanced, and a "two−peak pattern" between China and the United States has initially taken shape. Meanwhile, China also faces practical challenges such as insufficient originality of basic research achievements, and the directions of a substantial increase in potential advantages and competitive concentration being more vulnerable to external shocks. Therefore, in line with the requirements of the 20th National Congress of the Communist Party of China, it is necessary to start by improving the institutional mechanisms for sci−tech innovation, strengthen the "twin−wheel drive" of sci−tech innovation and national security, and accelerate the shift of basic research in key technological fields from "high quantity" to "high quality", thus solidifying the foundation for fostering new forms of productive forces and attaining high−level self−reliance and strength in science and technology.