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Outline
Post−quantum cryptography (PQC) is emerging as a critical technology for protecting financial systems against the threats posed by quantum computing and is expected to gradually replace conventional public−key cryptography. This paper systematically examines the systemic quantum threats facing the financial sector, the evolution of global PQC regulatory frameworks and standardization efforts, and the critical role of crypto−agility in facilitating a secure and timely transition. With major economies targeting the 2030–2035 period for phasing out vulnerable public−key cryptographic schemes, crypto−agility is becoming essential for financial institutions to meet emerging regulatory and compliance requirements. We further examine PQC migration across critical financial infrastructures, including central−bank payment systems, the SWIFT network, and major commercial banks, with particular attention to key technical challenges such as message−size expansion, computational overhead under hybrid cryptographic schemes, and out−of−band certificate distribution. The BIS Project Leap experiments demonstrate the functional feasibility of integrating PQC into central−bank payment infrastructures. However, the substantial message expansion caused by post−quantum signatures such as ML−DSA, along with the additional verification overhead of hybrid schemes, poses significant constraints for high−throughput clearing and settlement systems. SWIFT, meanwhile, has laid out a migration plan with SwiftNet 8.0 as its key transition node. Finally, we analyze enterprise−level migration strategies, timelines, and broader implications, showing that a comprehensive PQC transition may require 5–15 years. The analysis highlights crypto−agility and effective cross−institutional and cross−jurisdictional coordination as key factors for successful migration, providing insights into the evolution of financial infrastructures and digital trust systems in the post−quantum era.
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| 科 Family | 属数 Number of genus | 种数 Number of species | 占总种数比例 Percentage of total species (%) | 属 Genus | 种数 Number of species | 占总种数比例 Percentage of total species (%) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae | 2 | 11 | 5.26 | 鹅膏菌属 Amanita | 10 | 4.78 |
| 小菇科 Mycenaceae | 2 | 12 | 5.74 | 丝盖伞属 Inocybe | 5 | 2.39 |
| 多孔菌科 Polyporaceae | 8 | 14 | 6.70 | 蜡蘑属 Laccaria | 5 | 2.39 |
| 红菇科 Russulaceae | 3 | 23 | 11.00 | 小皮伞属 Marasmius | 6 | 2.87 |
| 小菇属 Mycena | 11 | 5.26 | ||||
| 光柄菇属 Pluteus | 5 | 2.39 | ||||
| 红菇属 Russula | 17 | 8.13 | ||||
| 栓菌属 Trametes | 5 | 2.39 |
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