Factors such as processing techniques, daily abrasion, and atmospheric corrosion lead to a specific level of surface roughness in component surfaces. This paper examines the tensile and compressive deformation behavior of circular rods with axisymmetric random rough surfaces. First, a digital reconstruction of the rough circular rod model was conducted, where the rough surface was jointly characterized by two statistical parameters: root mean square height and correlation length. Then, the dimensionless governing differential equation for both tensile and compressive cases of the rough circular rod was derived through the infinitesimal element method. Subsequently, in combination with the perturbation method and the fast Fourier transform, the governing equation was solved, yielding the perturbation solutions for both types of deformation of the rough circular rod. The validity of these solutions was verified through comparisons with analytical and finite element solutions. Finally, to explore the influence of the statistical parameters of rough surfaces on tensile and compressive deformation, the contributions of first-order and second-order perturbation solutions were systematically compared, and an empirical formula for the perturbation amplitude was established. The effect of perturbation on the results gradually increased with root mean square height and correlation length; the proportion of the second-order perturbation solution rose with root mean square height but remained unaffected by correlation length. This work not only expands the research scope of traditional problems in mechanics of materials related to tensile and compressive deformation, but also provides an example of the application of mathematical and physical methods in mechanical practice. Moreover, this study offers a theoretical basis for optimizing the manufacturing processes of components and quantitatively assessing the impact of surface defects on the mechanical properties of components.

Dissimilar metal welds in special vehicles and equipment are essential parts that significantly influence their performance. This study focuses on how different working temperatures affect crack propagation behavior in these welds. The research employs the extended finite element method (XFEM) as its numerical analysis tool. By refining the local mesh at the crack tip, it avoids complex crack-tip field enhancement function found in traditional methods. Temperature effects are integrated into the interaction integral, and its form is simplified to isolate terms related to material properties and temperature. The method for extracting mode I and mode II stress intensity factors is provided. Thus, a numerical calculation method for the stress intensity factor at the crack tip of dissimilar metal welds in special vehicles has been established. Taking a two-dimensional infinite plate with a crack as an example, stress intensity factors are calculated under various temperature loads and crack lengths and compared with the analytical solution. It is found that the relative error between the two is less than 1.3%, and changes in different integration regions have minimal impact on results. The correctness and integral region independence of this method have been verified. Then, based on the maximum circumferential stress criterion and the above research content, a quasi-static crack growth numerical simulation method is established for different temperatures. Simulations are conducted at low, normal, and high temperatures to examine crack propagation paths at various locations. Initial crack growth angles and paths reveal that crack propagation in the welding zone is predominantly mode I at normal temperatures. However, low and high temperatures have opposite effects on crack direction. Additionally, cracks may propagate across weld boundaries. This finding significantly advances the prediction of performance at different working temperatures in dissimilar metal welds of special vehicles and provides crucial guidance for durability and safety design in engineering applications.

Large-area and tunable strain gradients arise from inhomogeneous deformation in wrinkled thin films, making them promising for flexoelectric applications. Consequently, the structure and buckling modes of these films have garnered significant attention. In this paper, an electromechanical coupling model is developed to study the buckling behavior of thin-film-and-finite-thickness-substrate structures with flexoelectric effects. First, the influence of flexoelectric effects on the buckling evolution of thin-film-substrate structures is assessed using the minimum energy method. Two buckling modes, i.e., global buckling and local wrinkling, are distinguished by changing structural parameters and the flexoelectric coefficient. Results show that stronger flexoelectric effects lead to slenderer films and an increased likelihood of global buckling. Additionally, a stronger flexoelectric effect raises the critical strain required for buckling and significantly impacts local wrinkling mode. In local wrinkling, as the amplitude increases, the maximum strain in thin films decreases; sparser wrinkles with greater amplitude occur with a more pronounced flexoelectric effect. When the flexoelectric effect reaches a certain threshold, the buckling mode of the thin film shifts from local wrinkling to global buckling. The flexoelectric effect enhances structural stiffness and stretchability. Moreover, flexoelectric polarization can be continuously adjusted with compressive strain, highlighting its controllability in wrinkled thin films for generating and managing material polarity. These findings will aid in the design and application of micro and nanoscale electromechanical devices.

Under mechanical loading, metallic materials can fail in various ways, including yielding, fracture, buckling, wear, fatigue, and so on, with fracture being particularly destructive. Ductile fracture, characterized by dimples on the fracture surface, is commonly observed in pure metals and alloys. From the microscopic point of view, the ductile fracture of metals and alloys is closely associated with the nucleation, propagation, and coalescence of voids, influenced by factors such as stress state, void size, void volume fraction, void shape, and temperature. Micromechanics-based models developed for ductile damage considering the void evolution, such as the Gurson model and its extensions, usually presume spherical voids, but creating models that consider realistic void shapes and their evolution presents significant challenges. Moreover, conducting mechanical analyses of ductile failure across specimen and component scales requires addressing cross-scale issues. This study first constructed representative volume element models incorporating isolated voids of different initial shapes. Finite element simulations were carried out based on the representative volume elements by adopting a J2 plasticity model for the matrix, systematically analyzing how initial void shape affects stress-strain responses and ductile damage under triaxial tensile and shear loading conditions. A neural network-based surrogate model was trained with the numerical data generated by the simulations to approximate stress-strain responses and damage evolution. This model effectively predicted how initial void shape influences ductile damage. Subsequently, a user-defined material subroutine was developed and integrated into a commercial finite element code to simulate the impact of initial void shapes on the ductile failure process in notched specimens. Results indicated that a reduced aspect ratio for the voids decreased the damage rate, leading to delayed softening at the specimen level. This work demonstrates the potential of using surrogate models to predict ductile damage involving complex microstructural features.

Simulating three-dimensional (3D) crack propagation in solid structures poses significant challenges due to the unpredictability of crack paths, complicating both computation and solution strategies. Traditional methods often face difficulties in accurately capturing arbitrary crack propagation during large deformations. The finite particle method (FPM), based on vector mechanics, offers a novel numerical approach for analyzing complex behaviors in solid mechanics. Different from conventional continuum-based methods, FPM discretizes the solid domain into a collection of finite particles, each governed by Newton's second law of motion. This particle-based formulation enables seamless transitions between continuum and non-continuum behaviors by dynamically adding or removing particles, providing significant advantages for crack propagation analysis in both static and dynamic scenarios. In this study, the FPM is extended to address the dynamic fracture in 3D solids, focusing on the challenges related to crack initiation, propagation, and branching. The FPM is combined with an extrinsic cohesive zone model (CZM) to capture the complex behaviors of fractures, avoiding the need to pre-define crack paths and effectively managing discontinuities caused by crack propagation. A discriminant criterion is developed to identify the onset of crack initiation, and an automated embedding process for cohesive elements is implemented to enable real-time simulation of fracture surfaces. To manage the evolving topologies that arise from crack propagation, we propose a general strategy based on an ergodic search algorithm, which updates the connectivity of the discretized solid model dynamically as cracks evolve. In addition, we develop a GPU-based parallel solver using the CUDA toolkit to significantly accelerate fracture computations. The accuracy and applicability of the proposed method are validated through several numerical examples, including fracture simulations of plates and beams subjected to dynamic loading. The results demonstrate the capability of the method to accurately capture the intricate details of crack initiation, growth, and interaction in 3D solids. This extended FPM framework serves as a robust tool for analyzing dynamic fractures in engineering applications, providing a versatile framework for studying delamination, material failure, and structural collapse in both research and practical settings.

The study of data-driven predictions for constraint-related fracture toughness is an interdisciplinary scientific problem relevant to mechanics, mechanical engineering, as well as computer science and technology, and is of great significance for accurate structural integrity assessment. This research focused on nuclear power steel A508. The predictive capabilities of four algorithms, namely the K-nearest neighbors (KNN) regression, kernel regression (KR), linear regression (LR), and random forest (RF) regression, for constraint-related fracture toughness predictions were investigated. The RF algorithm outperformed the others, while the KR algorithm had the least effective predictions. The prediction accuracy ranked as follows: RF>LR>KNN>KR. Furthermore, based on the RF algorithm, data under plane strain conditions were added for data enhancement, enabling the prediction and verification of constraint-related fracture toughness for single-edge notch bending (SENB) specimens. The validated model was successfully transplanted to single-edge notch tension (SENT), compact tension (CT), and central crack tension (CCT) specimens. Results indicated that the RF algorithm with data augmentation improved prediction accuracy and capability, particularly at boundary points. The RF-based model, enhanced with additional data strategies, demonstrated strong generalization across different specimen types. For SENB and CT specimens, bending loads dominate at the crack tip; thus, altering a/W and B/W enhances restraint. For SENT and CCT specimens, where shear loads predominate at the crack tip, adjusting a and B proves more effective. Finally, a unified, high-accuracy prediction model was developed by incorporating sample category features using the RF algorithm and data enhancement strategies.

This study presents a two-dimensional (2D) bond-based peridynamics (BBPD) model based on the incompressible neo-Hookean (NH) constitutive model for simulating the tensile large deformation and failure behavior of incompressible hyperelastic membranes. First, the force density vector and micropotential function of the PD bond are derived by equating the strain energy density of the 2D BBPD model with that of the NH hyperelastic constitutive model. The model parameters are found to be related to the ratio of principal stretches in the neighborhood of the PD bond. Then a bond-associated horizon is introduced, and principal stretches are calculated based on the calculation of the deformation gradient within this horizon. A 2D BBPD model for NH hyperelastic materials is thus established. To validate the model, the nominal stress-stretch curves for a square hyperelastic membrane under uniaxial tension and biaxial tension with different biaxial tension speed ratios are calculated using the proposed BBPD model, and compared with theoretical curves. The deformation and load-displacement curves of a hyperelastic membrane with a central circular hole under uniaxial and biaxial tensile loads are also calculated and compared with finite element method (FEM) predictions. Finally, the deformation and failure processes of the hyperelastic membrane with a central circular hole under different tensile loads are calculated, and the influences of loading conditions on the mechanical properties and failure behavior of the NH hyperelastic membrane are analyzed based on the evolution analysis of strain energy density and damage of material points at the crack tip. It is found that the proposed BBPD model achieves less than 10% error in calculations. The failure load of the hyperelastic membrane with a central circular hole decreases while the failure displacement increases with rising biaxial tension speed ratios. Crack bifurcation occurs in the hyperelastic membrane with a central circular hole, with the bifurcation angle increasing alongside the biaxial tension speed ratio.

The negative Poisson's ratio honeycomb structure is widely used in the field of impact protection because of its unique mechanical properties and excellent energy absorption capacity. The evolution of local dynamic stress in this structure is closely related to changes in its cellular microstructure under dynamic impact. Current research on negative Poisson's ratio structures mainly focuses on improving overall energy absorption capacity of the structure by designing cells with concave deformation mechanism, often ignoring the structural optimization of existing models and lacking exploration of other energy absorption mechanisms of rotary deformation. To further improve the dynamic response of star-shaped honeycomb structures with negative Poisson's ratio under in-plane impacts, the rotation characteristics of cells are studied in this paper. Building on traditional designs, the star-shaped honeycomb structure is further optimized, and the deformation energy absorption mechanism of star-shaped honeycomb cell is endowed with the coupling idea. Based on the principle of relative density equality, two types of rotating star-shaped cellular cells with double negative Poisson's ratio effect are obtained by internal rotation and external rotation: internal star-shaped cellular cells and external star-shaped cellular cells. The energy absorption characteristics of different honeycomb structures under in-plane impact loads are studied using numerical simulations, and the influences of both concave and rotating deformation mechanisms on the energy absorption characteristics of honeycomb structures are investigated. Based on one-dimensional shock wave theory and energy absorption efficiency method, empirical formulas for dynamic platform stress and dense strain of star-shaped honeycomb structures are given, and the formulas for calculating their relative density are established. According to the theory of critical velocity, the first and second critical velocities of the star-shaped honeycomb structure are determined. The dynamic response of the rotating star-shaped honeycomb structure under different impact velocities is analyzed using the explicit dynamic finite element method. Simulation results are compared and analyzed with the evaluation indexes of model macro and micro deformation modes, platform stress, and specific energy absorption. The results show that when the new structures are impacted, their cells first rotate and then recess, exhibiting a stronger negative Poisson's ratio effect. Under the impact at a medium speed of 20 m/s, the platform stress of the internal honeycomb structure is higher and the stress stability is better. In the platform stage, the stress fluctuation of the external spiral honeycomb structure is more severe, but it has higher specific absorption energy under the impact at a high speed of 120 m/s. This study shows the relationship between the concave mechanism and rotation mechanism of the star-shaped honeycomb structure and its energy absorption characteristics, providing new insights for optimizing the impact dynamic performance of honeycomb structures.

Metal structures are widely used in modern industrial fields, but their manufacturing and service processes often produce composite defects that affect the mechanical properties and service life. Defects can appear both on the surface and beneath the structure, making it challenging for a single nondestructive testing (NDT) method to address all issues. Furthermore, using multiple NDT methods can result in low efficiency and high costs. To address this, a novel electromagnetic-acoustic integrated testing method, called PECT-EMAT, has been developed in this study, with its detection capability evaluated based on the theory of probability of detection (POD). Firstly, we established a simulation method and experimental system for PECT-EMAT to test aluminum alloy specimens with both surface cracks and bottom thinning defects, and explored a signal separation method using spectrum analysis. Next, we built a POD model based on statistical methods and created a signal database for composite defects. Finally, we conducted a statistical analysis of this database to determine the minimum detectable size of the PECT-EMAT hybrid testing method. The research findings indicate that: (1) For metal structures with both surface cracks and bottom thinning defects, the proposed PECT-EMAT method can effectively identify composite defects through signal separation. (2) The PECT signals and EMAT signals separated from the original detection signals exhibit distinct characteristics for detecting surface cracks and bottom thinning defects, respectively, leading to the establishment of a signal features' database for composite defects. (3) POD analysis reveals that the minimum detectable lengths for surface cracks are 2.72 mm in simulation and 2.12 mm in experiments, while for bottom thinning defects, they are 4.13 mm and 1.92 mm, respectively. This study provides a theoretical foundation for the adoption of the PECT-EMAT hybrid testing method and offers a reliable technical means for detecting complex defects in engineering structures.

Self-sustained motion has proven to be an effective approach for tackling complex problems and addressing various challenges across a variety of disciplines, such as bionics, soft robotics, and engineering, owing to its efficiency, resourcefulness, and flexibility. However, traditional single-mode self-sustained systems are often limited to specific tasks and lack adaptability to environmental changes. This study addresses these limitations by developing a multi-modal self-sustained system using circular silicone oil paper. It demonstrates that hot steam drives the silicone oil paper to achieve self-sustained motion, thereby constructing a self-sustained system. In this system, the circular silicone oil paper placed on a steam-supported surface continuously oscillates and tumbles under the influence of hot steam. The study analyzes the mechanisms behind these motions and establishes a geometric model for the self-sustained behavior of the circular silicone oil paper. Computational programming examines how the oscillation frequency and amplitude of the circular silicone oil paper relate to steam temperature and structural dimensions. Critical conditions for motion pattern transitions and phase diagrams are identified, with experimental studies validating theoretical predictions. The research findings reveal that by adjusting structural size and steam temperature, the circular silicone oil paper can freely switch among three modes: stationary, self-sustained oscillation, and self-sustained tumbling. The frequency and amplitude of self-sustained oscillation increase with higher steam temperatures, larger outer diameters, and an increased inner-to-outer diameter ratio. The multi-modal self-sustained system developed in this study can better adapt to diverse tasks and environments while reducing costs and energy consumption. Therefore, it holds significant potential for applications in fields such as autonomous robotics, medical devices, waste heat recovery, and thermo-mechanical conversion.