3D printing technique, which is based on digital model files and use of computer-aided layer by layer printing to construct 3D objects, has attracted recent attentions. In this review, we introduced recent development on 3D printing glass techniques, including fused deposition, selective laser sintering, stereo lithography, digital light processing, ink direct writing, etc.. In addition, we also discussed the application of 3D printing glass in various aspects, analyzed the current problems of 3D printing glass techniques, and gave a prospect on 3D printing glass techniques.

Additive manufacturing is a worldwide hot issue during the last decade. Compared with counterparts in polymer and metal, additive manufacturing for ceramic had a relatively late breakthrough, but the development in recent years has also make it a highlight as well. In this perspective, based on state-of-the-art of ceramic additive manufacturing and the development history of polymer & metal additive manufacturing, we propose the idea of "additive materialization", that is, making additively manufactured components with customized structure and performance simultaneously. The evolution of the connotation in "customization" in additive manufacturing will be analyzed first together with its essential causes. Then current obstacles in various ceramic additive manufacturing techniques and corresponding embedded potentials to realize additive materialization in ceramic components would be pointed out and summarized. At last, possible approaches and related focuses towards "additive materialization" would be proposed.

In order to investigate the influence of fabrication method on the uniaxial tensile and compressive properties of polyethylene (PE) reinforced engineered cementitious composites (ECC), the axial tensile and axial compressive stress-strain curves of cast-in-place ECC and 3D printed ECC were measured. The results show that the ultimate tensile strength of the printed specimen decreases slightly, while the tensile ductility greatly improves. The uniaxial compressive strength of ECC is not affected by mixing 6 mm and 12 mm PE fibers in ECC at a constant fiber volume content. The compressive strength of printed ECC is 60%-70% of that of cast-in-place ECC. The maximum compressive strength in z-direction and followed by x- and y-direction. The elastic modulus of printed specimen has a slight change. Moreover, the Poisson ratio in x- and y-directions is greater than that of cast-in-place ECC. A uniaxial compression stress-strain constitutive model suitable for cast-in-place ECC and printed ECC was established, and the accuracy of the model was verified by comparing with the measurement results. The model provides a theoretical basis for the calculation and analysis of 3D printed ECC components and structures.

The manufacture of new energy technology and devices is one of the effective ways for sustainable development. Most of the existing materials used in new energy devices are based on ceramics and composite materials, etc.. The efficient and reliable manufacture is to obtain and use high-performance devices. This paper represented the performance requirements of ink-jet printing technology in the preparation of new energy devices, and reviewed research progress on ink-jet printing technology in the manufacture of new energy storage devices (i.e., supercapacitors and lithium ion batteries) and new energy conversion devices (i.e., solar and fuel cells). In addition, some problems and the corresponding solutions to the problems from raw materials to printing technology were also discussed, and the future development on inkjet printing of new energy devices was forecasted as well.

Ceramic materials have excellent properties such as high strength, high compressive strength, wear resistance, acid and alkali resistance, etc.. They are indispensable materials for the development of modern technology. However, it is difficult for the conventional ceramic processing methods to meet the requirements of individualization, light mass and complexity. Additive manufacture technology as a forming method has a wide range of application prospects. Among them, photopolymerization three-dimensional printing technology has some advantages of high precision and fast speed. This paper represented several commonly stereolithography printing technologies and their main applications. In addition, the prospect and application of ceramic photopolymerization three-dimensional printing technologies were also discussed.

Concrete 3D printing technology is one of the current research hotspots in the field of civil engineering. The strengthening and toughening technologies for 3D printing concrete materials and structure are particularly important since the failure of concrete is brittle. According to the sequence of printing and reinforcing, the advantages and disadvantages of existing strengthening and toughening methods for 3D printing concrete materials and structure were reviewed. In addition, some technical and scientific problems for the further study and application of 3D printing concrete were also prospected.

Micro-cubes of hardened cement paste with the lengths of 100 μm and 200 μm were prepared by micro-dicing and thin-sectioning techniques. The compressive strength and splitting strength of these specimens were measured by a nanoindenter equipped with different types of tips. Considering the heterogeneity nature of the material in a micro-scale, we examined 100 specimens via a statistic analysis. The results show that the two-parameter Weibull distribution can be used to represent the probability distribution of both compressive strength and splitting strength in a micro-scale. The specimens with a higher water-to-binder ratio have a higher strength and a lower variability. Furthermore, the specimen size has an influence on the measured strength. The bigger specimens have lower strength and variability. The reported average value and variability of strengths obtained in this work are greater than those of the concrete in a meso-scale, but lower than those of the hydration product in a nano-scale.

The hybrid effect of citric acid with polycarboxylate water-reducing agent (PCE) on the fluidity, setting time and mortar strength of high belite sulphoaluminate (HB-CSA) cement paste was investigated. The results show that citric acid with PCE prolongs the setting time of HB-CSA cement, but reduces the initial fluidity and early strength of the cement, and has no adverse effect on the later strength of the cement. The mechanism of citric acid with PCE to delay the early hydration of HB-CSA cement was analyzed by cement hydration microcalorimeter, X-ray diffractor and scanning electron microscope, and the adsorption behavior of citric acid with PCE in the early stage of hydration of HB-CSA cement was analyzed via organic carbon adsorption. It is indicated that the combined use of citric acid and PCE could delay the hydration heat release rate of the cement, inhibit the formation of ettringite, the early hydration product of cement, and change ettringite as a main hydration product of HB-CSA cement in the early stage. The morphology changes from rod-like or tubular to fine needle-like. The use of citric acid with PCE will produce a competitive adsorption in cement, thus reducing the effect of PCE dispersion in HB-CSA cement and cement fluidity.

The nano-structural change of hydrated calcium silicate gels (C-(A)-S-H) in Portland cement (PC) and high-sulphate resistance cement (HSR) mortars under wetting-drying cycling conditions in 5% (mass fraction) MgSO₄ solution was investigated by Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), thermogravimetry-tifferential scanning calorimetry (TG-DSC), ²⁹Si magic-angle spinning nuclear magnetic resonance (MAS-NMR), and transmission electron microscopy-energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (TEM-EDX). The results show that Al-tetrahedra in C-(A)-S-H phase is plausibly the weakness during sulphate attack, the Q¹ (dimer or end-member in the chain) in the main aluminosilicate tetrahedral chain can be easily attacked by MgSO₄ to form M/C-(A)-S-H, and sulphate ions are easily absorbed on the surface of C-(A)-S-H through -Si-O-M²⁺-1/2SO₄^2-. The chemical compositions of C-(A)-S-H in all the samples before and after sulphate attack were simulated by the tobermorite/jennite (T/J) model. The difference between the nano-structural and the average compositional formulas of C-(A)-S-H gels in two cements after sulphate attack was derived from the (T/J) model. It is necessary for the improvement of the resistance of motors against MgSO₄ attack to restrict the expansive corrosion products (i.e., gypsum and AFt) and Al-tetrahedra in the aluminosilicate chain of C-(A)-S-H phase.

Polyphosphate superplasticizer (PPS) was synthesized via free radical polymerization of isopropenyl-phosphonic acid (IPPA) and isopentenyl polyethylene-polypropylene glycol (IPEPPG) in the presence of ammonium persulphate (APS) as an intiator and sodium hypophosphite (SHP) as a chain transfer agent. The effects of n(IPPA)∶n(IPEPPG) molar ratio, APS amount, SHP amount and IPEPPG average molecular mass on the properties of polyphosphate superplasticizer were investigated to obtain the optimum parameters of technology and the appropriate proportion of raw materials. The molecular structure of polyphosphate superplasticizer was characterized by gel permeation chromatograph, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, and ¹H nuclear magnetic resonance, respectively. The surface tension, hydrodynamic radius, adsorption behavior on MMT, heat flow evolution over time during cement hydration, rheological behavior of cement pastes and application performance in concrete were determined. The results show that polyphosphate superplasticizer has viscosity-reducing effect, clay tolerance and retard cement hydration.