In recent years, with the comprehensive transformation and upgrading of the national economy, Beijing's urban development model has shifted towards a more scientific, sustainable, and highquality approach. The relationship between rail transit and urban development has been reevaluated, leading to the emergence of the "urban followtrack construction" planning concept. This study examines the current issues in Beijing's rail transit system, summarizes the experiences of integrating and developing rail transit station cities, reviews recent policy guidelines related to stationcity integration in Beijing, and offers new insights and perspectives on the station planning concept for rail transit lines. In terms of urban rail transit network planning, the focus is on selecting appropriate corridors and nodes to enhance interaction with urban planning. For route planning, attention is given to resource matching between stations and surrounding land, aiming to balance the planning and construction processes for mutual benefit. By integrating the lessons learned from actual engineering projects, this new planning concept is applied to practical engineering, providing a reference for the integrated development of Beijing's rail transit station cities.

Intercity railways in the GuangdongHong KongMacao Greater Bay Area (GBA) face operational challenges when used for public transit. These challenges include unclear functional specialization, misalignment with urban development plans, and insufficient network operation, leading to low service efficiency. This study proposes a reorganization strategy informed by successful regional rail transit practices globally. The strategy focuses on three key areas: (1) Reorganizing intercity railways, urban express lines, and other rail lines based on distinct functional levels for optimized service allocation. (2) Optimizing the network layout based on urban travel demand characteristics. This includes optimizing external corridors, strengthening fast and direct connections within the core area, and further strengthening urban rail interconnection through station wiring and connecting lines. (3) Optimizing intercity station and transfer services to improve passenger experience. Implementing these strategies is expected to provide valuable insights for improving operational service levels and promoting the sustainable development of intercity railways in the GBA.

To address the challenge of effectively managing APT in urban rail transit scenarios, this paper proposes a method that combines attack source graphs with deep traffic learning. This integrated approach merges attack reconstruction with traffic monitoring to facilitate identifying and detecting APT attacks. Experimental results demonstrate that this model can effectively trace the sources of APT attacks. Compared to traditional APT attack detection models based on sandboxes or abnormal characteristics, this combined model significantly improves detection accuracy, precision, recall rate, and other performance indicators.

This study focuses on a straightline section of a subway line to analyze the factors influencing the vibration source strength in subway tunnels. Vehicleinduced vibration signals and velocity signals were collected synchronously, and the timedomain and frequencydomain characteristics of allday test samples were statistically analyzed. The results showed that during peak hours in the morning and evening, the vibration response inside the tunnel may not be completely maximized, and the degree of dispersion of the vibration source intensity is directly related to the vehicle state. The study found an average difference of 6.7 dB in the VLZ of the tunnel wall measurement points caused by V₁ and V2 vehicles. Using more than 40 sets of test samples to calculate the vibration source intensity yielded results closer to the daily sample mean. The main frequency of tunnel vibration caused by the wheelrail system shifts with changes in vehicle speed. A strong linear positive correlation was observed between vehicle speed and the vibration acceleration levels of the track bed and tunnel wall. Specifically, for every 10 km/h increase in vehicle speed, the vibration increases by about 1.7 dB and 2.6 dB, respectively. When the speed difference is within 10 km/h, the vibration source intensity changes within 1 dB; when the speed difference is between 10~20 km/h, the increase is about 1.5~2.2 dB. The coefficient of speedcorrected CV was calculated to be 18.5, aligning closely with the coefficient used for train speed correction in the vibration prediction formula. Tunnel wall vibration was more discrete in the lowfrequency band below 40 Hz, but this band contributed minimally to the source strength of vibration, accounting for 15.29%. The dominant frequency band was 5063 Hz, contributing 59.55% to the source strength of vibration. These research findings can provide a reference for further refining the vibration prediction formula and offer a theoretical basis for improving the accuracy of metro tunnel source strength test results.

To investigate the sources and distribution patterns of PM2.5, PM10, and total suspended particulates (TSP) in subway stations, this study conducted particulate matter concentration tests at 11 stations along two subway lines in a city. The test areas included outdoor locations, station public areas, equipment management rooms, and corridors inside the platform end doors. The concentrations of PM2.5, PM10, and TSP in each area were measured, and elemental analysis of the outdoor and platform particulates was performed. Subsequently, the distribution patterns of PM2.5, PM10, and TSP in various areas at different outdoor concentrations were analyzed. Based on the test results, suggestions for subway particulate matter prevention and control measures were proposed. The research revealed a significant increase in iron content in particulate matter within stations compared to outdoor areas. Particulate matter containing iron in subway stations often exhibits irregular sheetlike shapes, differing from those found outdoors, indicating that railwheel friction is the source of these particulates. When outdoor particulate matter concentration levels were low, the distribution patterns of particles of various sizes were similar, generally exhibiting higher concentrations in the tunnels than in the stations and outdoors. However, when outdoor particulate matter concentration levels were high, PM2.5 and PM10 concentrations were higher in tunnels than in outdoor areas and stations. Regardless of outdoor particulate matter concentration, TSP concentrations in public areas and carriages were consistently higher than outdoors. These findings provide valuable insights for developing effective particulate matter prevention and control measures in subway systems.

The concept of speed efficiency was proposed to measure the travel speed efficiency of urban rail transit lines. This study analyzed the operating data of 170 urban rail transit lines in China, including fully closedoperated subway, light rail, and monorail systems, considering only the train operating mode at station stops. The analysis covered various factors such as average station spacing, line design speed, and travel speed. The results showed that most lines (approximately 64%) have a design speed of 80 km/h, with average station spacing ranging from 1.0 to 2.5 km. Among these lines, about 90% have a travel speed between 30 and 40 km/h, with speed efficiency distributed between 37.5% and 50.0%. Additionally, the study quantitatively analyzed the relationships between travel speed, average station spacing, and design speed, finding both positive and negative correlations. Finally, based on fitted travel speed and speed efficiency formulas and actual data, the corresponding distribution relationships of average station spacing, design speed, travel speed, and speed efficiency were calculated. These findings provide a reference for determining a reasonable travel speed range and speed efficiency for urban rail transit lines.

To identify key stations in urban rail transit networks and study their evolution over multiple years, we developed a key station recognition method based on truncated singular value decomposition (TSVD). We selected origindestination (OD) data from the morning peak hours between 2011 and 2019 in Beijing as the dataset. The analysis involved evaluating the evolution of network passenger flow and identifying key stations in subway networks using key eigenvectors. These results were then compared with those obtained from complex network methods. The analysis demonstrates that TSVD can effectively identify key network stations by considering the OD distribution. The outcomes from TSVD better represent the spatial distribution of network passenger flow than traditional methods. The results revealed that the spatial layout of key stations in Beijing's urban rail transit has evolved towards multiple centers, such as Northwest Xi’erqi and Southwest Fengtai Science Park. These stations are gradually forming network passenger flow centers and establishing connections. Additionally, stations like Southeast Tu Qiao and Northeast Fengbo are showing preliminary trends toward becoming network passenger flow centers.

To address the shortage of realtime data and the accuracy limitations of existing automatic line control systems, we propose an intelligent upgrade scheme for train control systems. First, considering the distinct characteristics of electric and air braking in train operations, we developed accurate braking models for both systems, incorporating the switch between electric and air braking. Next, we optimized the ATO controller and applied a sliding mode adaptive robust control strategy. This strategy adjusts the controller in real time, enhancing its robustness and adaptability to varying vehicle parameters and external environmental interferences. Using Beijing Metro Line 5 as a case study, we simulated the precise train braking model and the sliding mode adaptive robust controller to calculate the stopping accuracy and speed error of the train. The results demonstrate that, compared to proportionalintegralderivative (PID) control and sliding mode control, the proposed control algorithm significantly reduces parking accuracy and speed errors. Specifically, the average parking accuracy achieved is less than 8 cm.

To address the urgent need for vibration and noise reduction in the development of upper covers, this paper summarizes existing control measures for tracking vibration and noise in depots, emphasizing the necessity of implementing seamless rails in depot lines. We also examine the requirements for sleepers. Our calculations indicate that depots can meet the strength and stability requirements for seamless lines by using arm span resistance pillows in conjunction with other strengthening measures. Additionally, this paper introduces a seamless turnout technology for No.7 movable turnouts and verifies their seamless integration based on actual usage conditions in Beijing. The findings suggest that both the turnouts and the turnout groups are suitable for seamless application. A comparative test conducted at a speed of 15 km/h reveals that the movable turnout reduces vibration and noise by 35 dB compared to fixed turnouts.

This paper proposes an automated method for generating parametric BIM pipe fittings to tackle the complexity of urban rail transit pipelines and reduce the reliance on manual intervention for generating 3D models. The method addresses the challenge of accurately determining the start and end coordinates of pipelines due to irregularities during the drawing stage. The proposed approach employs spatial vector operations to automatically identify the types of fittings (such as elbows, tees, and crosses) required between two, three, and four pipelines based on the centerline coordinates of straight pipes. It then calculates the shape and positional parameters of these fittings by referencing standard dimension tables. The model is expressed using industry foundation classes (IFC), and the implementation leverages the C++ language to achieve the automatic generation of models. Verification of the method demonstrates significant improvements in efficiency and automation in the generation of piping models.

An integrated spatial finite element model of railbridgepier was developed and validated to investigate the effect of temperature on the interaction between bridges and rails, particularly focusing on smallradius curved bridges used by trams. This study compared and analyzed the bridgerail interaction laws between straight bridges and smallradius curved bridges. It specifically examined the additional expansion force of the rail, lateral forces at the top of bridge piers, and longitudinal forces under overall and local heating conditions. Under overall heating conditions, the research found that smallradius curved bridges experience greater lateral displacement of the steel rail and higher lateral forces at the top of bridge piers compared to straight bridges. Moreover, as the bridge temperature increased, the additional expansion force of the rail also increased. Calculations using overall heating conditions resulted in larger expansion forces and longitudinal forces on the top of piers compared to local heating conditions. Based on these findings, three different fastener arrangement schemes were proposed and evaluated. It was observed that fasteners with lower resistance could effectively reduce the additional expansion force of the rail. However, insufficient longitudinal resistance might increase the risk of rail joint fractures. In conclusion, the study provides valuable insights for designing continuously welded rails on smallradius curved bridges for tram systems, offering guidance on optimizing fastener arrangements to mitigate rail expansion effects while ensuring structural integrity.

This study addresses the environmental vibration issues of adjacent brickconcrete structures induced by subway operations, focusing on a 7story brickconcrete building as the primary investigation subject. Vibrations were measured at the tunnel, outdoor ground level, and various structural floors to analyze the propagation characteristics along the “tunnelgroundstructure" path. The study aims to identify reasons for vibration levels exceeding standards. Key factors contributing to the issue include the shallow depth of tunnel burial, the proximity of buildings to the tunnel, and their shared soil layer, resulting in inadequate vibration attenuation through the soil. Additionally, resonance effects within specific floor slabs of the structure contribute to vibration responses surpassing evaluation standards outdoors and on the first indoor floor. A finite element model of the brickconcrete structure was constructed using measured vertical accelerations at column bases as loads. The model's accuracy was validated against measured floor responses, confirming amplification effects on middle and upper floors. Parametric analysis explored the impacts of floor count, story height, slab thickness, and wall thickness on the spatial distribution of vibration responses. The findings from this study provide valuable insights for evaluating environmental vibrations in similar structures, offering guidance for mitigating effects and ensuring compliance with vibration standards.

To address the challenges posed by traditional opencut methods in subway station construction, such as disruptions, shop demolitions, and relocation of underground pipelines, this study investigates the construction technology of jacking a rectangular tube for a subway station, focusing on the Haibang Station of the Guangzhou Metro Line 3 East extension project. Initially, three different combinations of pipe jacking schemes are proposed, each with unique characteristics tailored to the specific station engineering requirements. Selection among these schemes is based on practical considerations. Subsequently, the study details the section design, selection of jacking equipment, design of pipe sections, and implementation of waterproofing measures for the station. Finally, the feasibility of employing the combined pipe jacking method is validated through theoretical calculations and numerical simulations. The results demonstrate that the construction technology of jacking a rectangular tube for subway stations effectively addresses the challenges associated with underground pipeline integration. It ensures safety and feasibility in subway station construction. This approach offers a promising alternative to traditional methods, potentially minimizing disruptions and optimizing construction efficiency in urban environments.

This study investigated and analyzed the assembly attitude of prefabricated partition walls on the Shanghai Airport Link Line to ensure high assembly quality within largediameter shield tunnels. Initially, the coordinate system of the partition walls was established. Subsequently, the study examined the assembly attitude under initial assembly errors and errorfree scenarios. It focused on obtaining precise attitude information and the analytical expression of the partition wall's bottom plane equation for each operational condition. The analytical results reveal the following: 1) In scenarios where there are no initial assembly errors or where errors are limited to translation or rotation, the selection of control points and jacking sequences within the regulating system does not affect the assembly quality of the partition walls. The assembly attitude can be effectively managed using the derived expression for the wall's attitude. 2) When initial assembly errors extend beyond simple translation or rotation, precise control of the partition wall's attitude becomes crucial. This involves adjusting the jacking sequences within the regulating system accordingly. Utilizing the obtained expression allows for improved assembly accuracy of the partition walls. 3) The study successfully applied an analytical formula to constructing partition walls, demonstrating favorable engineering outcomes in practical applications.

To address these challenges, a pragmatic design approach for the subway track panel and the substantial opening in the panel significantly reduces plate stiffness. Under construction conditions, traditional twodimensional frame section calculations fail to meet design requirements and realworld conditions. Drawing from a specific case involving the design of a stacked subway track panel in the highwaterpressure fine particle strata east of Beijing, this paper introduces the project's envelope and main structural design concepts. It examines critical structural calculation issues, consolidates design insights, and outlines operational conditions. The study yields a practical design scheme, offering valuable insights for future subway track panel designs during construction processes.

In order to enhance the excavation efficiency of an EPB/TBM dualmode shield machine and minimize disc cutter wear, the study was conducted on the performance of disc cutters along the Intercity Railway from Airport East Station to Huangmabu Station, Shenzhen. The research focused on the fullsection hard rock strata from ZDK8+583.0 to ZDK8+359.8 on the left side of the tunnel. Initially, the study analyzed cutter replacement conditions and wear patterns based on different functions and types of disc cutters to determine optimal performance criteria. Subsequently, the service life of the disc cutters under optimal conditions was evaluated to guide replacement scheduling. Finally, a tool information management system tailored to the project's requirements was established. The findings highlight that China Railway's wideblade disc cutter is wellsuited for excavating this specific formation. The implemented tool management system effectively manages comprehensive information about the tools, which helps ensure costeffective and efficient onsite operations. This research serves as a practical guide for choosing disc cutters for shield tunneling machines. It promotes better information management practices for disc cutters, leading to safer and more efficient operations.

To enhance the energy efficiency of urban rail traction powersupply systems, this study investigated various strategies aimed at reducing energy consumption. An equivalent circuit model of an urban rail transit traction power supply system was initially developed based on traditional power flow calculation methods. This model considered the nonlinear characteristics of traction energy for urban rail vehicles and variations in the equivalent circuit within a multivehicle context. Subsequently, a power flow analysis method was devised utilizing the established equivalent circuit model and node voltages. Finally, using data from Hefei rail transit line 1 and results from multitrain operation simulations, the study analyzed power, voltage, and energy consumption across different traction powersupply configurations: existing systems and three new systems integrating inverter feedback, energy storage, and photovoltaic technologies. The findings indicate significant advantages for the new systems: the system with inverter feedback notably reduces traction substation energy consumption, while the energy storage system effectively reduces peak power demands. Additionally, the system incorporating photovoltaic technology achieves a substantial 24.89% reduction in traction substation energy consumption compared to the existing setup. These results serve as a valuable reference for optimizing energy efficiency and emissions reduction efforts in urban rail transit systems, offering insights into practical strategies for enhancing operational sustainability.

The study addressed issues related to the nonaction and delayed response times of subway station fire protection systems, focusing on optimizing the automatic pump start method for fire water supply control systems utilizing municipal direct pressurized water supply. Initially, a field test was conducted on the automatic pump start system at a subway station, followed by a detailed analysis of the test data to understand pressure and flow rate change dynamics within the fire protection system. Based on this analysis, a novel approach was developed to determine optimal settings for the pressure switch, flow switch, and stabilizer pump unit, calibrated explicitly to the municipal water pressure thresholds at each station. Findings highlighted the necessity of employing highpressure stabilization due to the influence of municipal water pressure on the pressure switch. Additionally, it was noted that the interplay between pressure and flow switches is crucial under varying operational conditions, necessitating their complementary roles in enabling automatic pump start functionality to enhance reliability. Adjustments were recommended for the logical relationship between the flow switch activation threshold and the stabilizer pump unit settings in different pump room configurations. This adjustment aimed to prevent inadvertent pump startups triggered by fire pipe network leaks, thereby addressing concerns related to overly prolonged or rapid pump activation. These research outcomes are essential guidelines for designing new subway lines' fire hydrant water supply systems and fire pump rooms. Their application ensures smooth automatic initiation of station fire water supply systems, effectively enhancing efficiency and safety across subway network fire protection systems.

Urban rail transit dispatching and command work involve complex system engineering, and the emergency dispatching and command system, as the top priority of urban rail transit dispatching and command work, directly affects the level of enterprise operation services and train operation safety. The emergency dispatch and command system is a paramount component within this framework. Using the Tianjin Metro emergency dispatch as a case study, this research first outlines the foundational modes of emergency dispatch and command used in domestic urban rail transit. It also integrates current trends in information integration and intelligent operations within urban rail transit. The study then delineates the objectives and functional requirements specific to the Tianjin Metro emergency dispatch and command platform. It proposes an architecture comprising several key layers: infrastructure, data resources, application support, application software, information display, regulatory standards, and security systems. This structured approach ensures comprehensive coverage of operational needs and regulatory compliance. Furthermore, leveraging technologies such as cloud computing and big data, we explored the technical scheme and implementation plan of the Tianjin Metro emergency dispatch command platform for the integration demand and intelligent trend. The research results can provide decision support for the safe and orderly operation and dispatch of subways under networked conditions.

In response to the absence of experimental verification of smoke control and ventilation models for tunnel fires without fire doors in crosspassageways of urban rail transit projects, this study conducted a comprehensive ventilation and smoke control experiment in a typical tunnel of the Zhengzhou Metro. The experiment focused on varying locations of train fires within the tunnel. By assessing smoke control wind speeds in both the fire tunnel and crosspassageway under different conditions, our objective was to validate the impact of not installing fire doors in crosspassageways on tunnel fire ventilation and smoke control, and to evaluate the effectiveness of different ventilation and smoke control models. The results indicated that in tunnels with fully enclosed platform doors and one crosspassageway in the test sections, the absence of fire doors (i.e., with open fire doors) resulted in all tested ventilation and smoke control models achieving wind speeds exceeding 2 m/s blowing towards the side where the fire occurred at the door openings. Simultaneously, exhaust wind speeds inside the fire tunnels exceeded 2 m/s, meeting the regulatory requirements for smoke control. These findings suggest the feasibility of omitting fire doors in similar projects. Different ventilation and smoke control models demonstrated varying wind speeds at door openings. Models utilizing two tunnel fans to supply air to the fire tunnel and pressurize nonfire tunnels, coupled with four exhaust fans to extract smoke from the fire tunnel, achieved higher wind speeds at crosspassageway entrances.