[Objective] Community residents’ pro-environmental willingness is a core element of national park ecological governance and plays a pivotal role in promoting the coordination between ecological conservation and community development in national parks. From a configurational perspective, this study investigates the formation pathways of pro-environmental willingness among community residents of the Northeast Tiger and Leopard National Park, thereby providing a reference for constructing a multi-stakeholder collaborative governance model for national parks. [Methods] Focusing on community residents of the Northeast Tiger and Leopard National Park, this study constructed an analytical framework of “cognitive perceptions—affective factors—external context” based on the theory of planned behavior, and applied fuzzy-set qualitative comparative analysis to identify the formation pathways of high and non-high levels of pro-environmental willingness. Furthermore, it analyzed the differences in the formation mechanisms of high-level pro-environmental willingness between the private and public spheres, and interpreted the results of the configurational analysis using inductive qualitative content analysis. [Results] (1) Awe is a necessary single condition influencing high-level pro-environmental willingness among community residents, and high-level pro-environmental willingness can be categorized into two configurational types: the endogenous emotion-cognition-driven type and exogenous norm-regulation-driven type. (2) The configurational pathways of non-high-level pro-environmental willingness among community residents are characterized by the combined absence of behavioral attitude, subjective norm, environmental regulation, and awe. (3) In the private sphere, the formation of high-level pro-environmental willingness is based on awe as a foundational core condition and jointly driven by multiple conditions, such as behavioral attitudes, perceived behavioral control, and environmental regulation. In the public sphere, the formation of such willingness requires internal motivation from behavioral attitude and awe, as well as enabling support from perceived behavioral control and environmental regulation. [Conclusion] The pro-environmental willingness of residents in national park communities is the result of a multifaceted interaction of cognitive, emotional, and external factors. To enhance this willingness, it is crucial to adhere to principles such as prioritizing essential conditions, accommodating heterogeneity, distinguishing between public and private spheres, and promoting multi-factor coordination. This approach will transform governance models to be more contextually adaptive.

[Objective] Tourism development in national parks can reshape community livelihood transitions and conservation outcomes, which is critical for local development and for achieving conservation goals. Therefore, it is of practical significance to examine how residents’ perceived tourism benefits can be effectively translated into ecological conservation behaviors. [Methods] This study draws on semi-structured interview data collected in Hubei’s Shennongjia National Park during 2022-2023 and 542 resident survey questionnaires. Using directed content analysis and partial least squares structural equation modeling (PLS-SEM), and grounded in social exchange theory, the study examines the mechanisms through which residents’ multidimensional perceived tourism benefits shape ecological conservation behaviors, and further investigates the mediating role of residents’ well-being and the moderating role of institutional trust, including subgroup differences. [Results] (1) Perceived economic, social, and cultural benefits had significant positive effects on residents’ ecological conservation behaviors, whereas the effect of perceived environmental benefits was not significant, likely due to the externality and time-lagged nature of ecological benefits. (2) Residents’ well-being functioned as a key affective mechanism facilitating ecological conservation behaviors. (3) Institutional trust in national park positively moderated the pathways from perceived cultural benefits and residents’ well-being to ecological conservation behaviors, but this moderating effect was markedly weaker in resettled communities with lower levels of trust. (4) Residents’ ecological conservation behaviors in national park is jointly shaped by multidimensional perceived tourism benefits and affective mechanisms, with the underlying pathways differing across community types. [Conclusion] This study extends the applicability of social exchange theory in contexts of strong public governance and delineates its boundary conditions. Ecological conservation behaviors in national parks exhibits a chained mechanism from perceived tourism benefits to residents’ well-being and, in turn, to conservation participation; the strength of this mechanism hinges on whether tourism development and institutional arrangements can deliver realizable benefits and reduce exchange uncertainty. Governance should strengthen institutional trust through procedural and distributive fairness, thereby sustaining residents’ ecological conservation behaviors, while adopting differentiated approaches across community types.

[Objective] Carrying out detailed research on the material cultural resources of national cultural parks can provide strong support for standardized park construction and resource protection and development, while also offering a new model for the value assessment of material cultural resources in similar parks. [Methods] Taking 302 material cultural resources in the East Kunlun Mountains area as the research objects and 1 km grid as the research unit, spatial analysis and value evaluation methods were adopted to explore their spatial differentiation pattern, comprehensively assess the value of material cultural resources in this region, and provide a practical path for the construction of the East Kunlun Mountain Cultural Park. [Results] (1) The material cultural resources in the East Kunlun Mountain Cultural Park generally present a hierarchical pattern of “single-core agglomeration-peripheral dispersion”. The hotspots are concentrated in low-altitude areas such as Dulan County and Xinghai County in the northern foot, and the sub-hotspots form dual characteristics of “radiation dependence” and “endogenous drive”; the agglomeration of resources is prominent, which can be summarized as a “one-core and multi-belt” model, forming one high-density core area in “Xinghai County-Tongde County” and one small sub-core in northern Dulan County. (2) The average value of resource development conditions in the study area is 8.29×10^-4, which is at a relatively high level overall; however, the overall levels of indicators such as resource value (average value 0.31×10^-4), resource attributes (average value 0.67×10^-4), natural environment conditions (average value 12.47×10^-4), and social and economic conditions (average value 20.43×10^-4) are all in the median area. (3) There are significant differences in the comprehensive value of material cultural resources between the northern and southern foots of the study area, showing a spatial differentiation pattern where the northern foot is relatively higher than the alpine area in the southern foot, and the overall value is at the median level. [Conclusion] The overall resource development conditions in the study area are good, but the intrinsic value of the resource itself (resource value, resource attributes) and the external supporting conditions (natural environment conditions, social and economic conditions) are both at a medium level, with significant spatial differentiation. Based on this result, it is suggested to construct a heritage corridor system of “one core, two wings and five nodes”, establish multi-functional cultural areas, implement a multi-element combined development strategy, and take multi-dimensional measures to promote the protection of material cultural resources and the construction of cultural parks.

[Objective] The national park system pilot is an important component of China’s ecological civilization development. Investigating its impact on newly established enterprises in the region is of great significance for achieving synergy between ecological conservation and economic development. [Methods] This study took the Wuyishan National Park pilot as its research subject. Based on the registration data of newly established enterprises in counties across Fujian Province (including counties, county-level cities, and municipal districts under prefecture-level cities) from 2000 to 2023, this study employed event study methodology, difference-in-differences, and machine learning models to reveal the impact of the national park system pilot on regional newly established enterprises and its underlying mechanisms. [Results] (1) The national park system pilot policy had a positive impact on the number of newly established enterprises at the county level. (2) Heterogeneity analysis showed that the national park system pilot had a stronger effect on the number of large enterprises than on medium, small, and micro enterprises, and a greater effect on private enterprises than on state-owned enterprises, Hong Kong-funded, Macao-funded, and Taiwan-funded enterprises, and foreign-funded enterprises. (3) Further analysis showed that the national park system pilot promoted industrial structure upgrading at the county level by attracting newly established enterprises in sectors such as culture, sports, and entertainment, accommodation and food services, and wholesale and retail trade. [Conclusion] The national park system pilot promotes the growth of the number of regional newly established enterprises, optimizes the regional industrial structure, and contributes to high-quality regional economic development. Local governments should formulate differentiated policies for enterprise development, support the development of green industries, and thereby achieve win-win coordination between ecological conservation and economic development.